{"id":171607,"date":"2026-09-05T15:40:48","date_gmt":"2026-09-05T15:40:48","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/?page_id=171607"},"modified":"2026-09-05T16:02:20","modified_gmt":"2026-09-05T16:02:20","slug":"bokor","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/bokor\/","title":{"rendered":"Bokor"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"171607\" class=\"elementor elementor-171607 elementor-2173 elementor-bc-flex-widget\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-10fdade e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"10fdade\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-herohlft0 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"herohlft0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c3ceb64 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"c3ceb64\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-96ae5e1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"96ae5e1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Bokor, esperit de la tradici\u00f3 haitiana<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e45238a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e45238a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Bokor \u00e9s un <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un \u00e9sser incorpori al qual s'atribueix influ\u00e8ncia en el m\u00f3n.\" tabindex=\"0\">esperit<\/span> de la tradici\u00f3 haitiana.<\/p><p><strong>Mestre de la <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Pr\u00e0ctiques que pretenen intervenir en el curs de les coses mitjan\u00e7ant accions o f\u00f3rmules especials.\" tabindex=\"0\">m\u00e0gia<\/span> fosca, senyor dels zombis i les maledicions.<\/strong> El Bokor \u00e9s la imatge oposada al <em>Houngan<\/em> (el bon sacerdot vod\u00fa). Mentre el Houngan serveix els Loa i guareix la comunitat, el Bokor es serveix a si mateix i a les forces obscures.<\/p><p>El seu coneixement \u00e9s real i temut: verins, rituals de desarrelament, zombificaci\u00f3, maleficis. El Bokor no \u00e9s sobrenatural, \u00e9s un hum\u00e0 que posa el seu talent per a la <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Pr\u00e0ctiques que pretenen intervenir en el curs de les coses mitjan\u00e7ant accions o f\u00f3rmules especials.\" tabindex=\"0\">m\u00e0gia<\/span> i la manipulaci\u00f3 al servei de la maldat.<\/p><p>El Bokor \u00e9s el mag vod\u00fa fosc d&#8217;Hait\u00ed, que treballa amb maleficis.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-klsbdg01 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"klsbdg01\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-klshtm01 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"klshtm01\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"iwg-pill-row\"><span class=\"iwg-klasse-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Esperit: \u00c9sser incorpori o semicorpori, difunts, \u00e9ssers de la natura, esperits de la llar o guardians de llindars. Actua en la vida quotidiana, sovint lligat a llocs o fam\u00edlies.\">Esperit<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/?page_id=171617\" class=\"iwg-kultur-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Tradici\u00f3 vod\u00fa haitiano-oest-africana amb \u00e9ssers lwa, originada hist\u00f2ricament a l'\u00c0frica occidental i traslladada al Carib.\">Vod\u00fa<\/a><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3f74855 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3f74855\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1c30362 elementor-toc--minimized-on-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-table-of-contents\" data-id=\"1c30362\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;exclude_headings_by_selector&quot;:[],&quot;no_headings_message&quot;:&quot;No s&#039;ha trobat cap encap\\u00e7alament en aquesta p\\u00e0gina.&quot;,&quot;headings_by_tags&quot;:[&quot;h2&quot;,&quot;h3&quot;],&quot;marker_view&quot;:&quot;bullets&quot;,&quot;minimize_box&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;icon&quot;:{&quot;value&quot;:&quot;fas fa-circle&quot;,&quot;library&quot;:&quot;fa-solid&quot;,&quot;rendered_tag&quot;:&quot;&lt;svg class=\\&quot;e-font-icon-svg e-fas-circle\\&quot; viewBox=\\&quot;0 0 512 512\\&quot; xmlns=\\&quot;http:\\\/\\\/www.w3.org\\\/2000\\\/svg\\&quot;&gt;&lt;path d=\\&quot;M256 8C119 8 8 119 8 256s111 248 248 248 248-111 248-248S393 8 256 8z\\&quot;&gt;&lt;\\\/path&gt;&lt;\\\/svg&gt;&quot;},&quot;minimized_on&quot;:&quot;tablet&quot;,&quot;hierarchical_view&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;min_height&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"table-of-contents.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__header\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-toc__header-title\">\n\t\t\t\t\u00cdndex\t\t\t<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--expand\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__1c30362\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Open table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-down\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M207.029 381.476L12.686 187.132c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941l22.667-22.667c9.357-9.357 24.522-9.375 33.901-.04L224 284.505l154.745-154.021c9.379-9.335 24.544-9.317 33.901.04l22.667 22.667c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941L240.971 381.476c-9.373 9.372-24.569 9.372-33.942 0z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--collapse\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__1c30362\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Close table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-up\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M240.971 130.524l194.343 194.343c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941l-22.667 22.667c-9.357 9.357-24.522 9.375-33.901.04L224 227.495 69.255 381.516c-9.379 9.335-24.544 9.317-33.901-.04l-22.667-22.667c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941L207.03 130.525c9.372-9.373 24.568-9.373 33.941-.001z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-toc__1c30362\" class=\"elementor-toc__body\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__spinner-container\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg class=\"elementor-toc__spinner eicon-animation-spin e-font-icon-svg e-eicon-loading\" aria-hidden=\"true\" viewBox=\"0 0 1000 1000\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M500 975V858C696 858 858 696 858 500S696 142 500 142 142 304 142 500H25C25 237 238 25 500 25S975 237 975 500 763 975 500 975Z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-herorght0 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"herorght0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-heroimg00 iwg-hero-image elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"heroimg00\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"683\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/praktiken_bokor-683x1024.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-1759\" alt=\"Bokor\" srcset=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/praktiken_bokor-683x1024.webp 683w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/praktiken_bokor-200x300.webp 200w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/praktiken_bokor-768x1152.webp 768w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/praktiken_bokor.webp 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 683px) 100vw, 683px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-32917199 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"32917199\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-26e916cb e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"26e916cb\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-253a40d4 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"253a40d4\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1200c304 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1200c304\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Bokor<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-159dcf9a e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"159dcf9a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-48cee66f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"48cee66f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">D'un cop d'ull: Bokor<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3f50d82c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"3f50d82c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Tipus:<\/strong> Pr\u00e0ctica vodou: sacerdot vodou de m\u00e0gia negra (contrapart del Houngan)<br><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"El conjunt dels d\u00e9us d'una religi\u00f3 o cultura.\" tabindex=\"0\">Pante\u00f3<\/span>: Vodou (Hait\u00ed), practicant, no \u00e9s un \u00e9sser<br>Funci\u00f3: pr\u00e0ctica de m\u00e0gia negra, creaci\u00f3 de zombis, vincles esclau-esclava<br>Atributs principals: vestimenta negre i vermella, saquets ouanga, ninots de fang, ritus obscurs<br>Principals llocs de culte: cap d&#8217;oficial, instal\u00b7lacions secretes semblants a Hounfor<br>Distinci\u00f3: Houngan (pr\u00e0ctica lluminosa) vs. Bokor (pr\u00e0ctica fosca)<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-18613602 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"18613602\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-262b8a9f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"262b8a9f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Context<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-46dcb7d e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"46dcb7d\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-61d3ab3 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"61d3ab3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-117c166 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"117c166\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Per\u00edode dels textos<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-73997a0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"73997a0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>La tradici\u00f3 del Bokor es desenvolupa a la Saint-Domingue colonial en paral\u00b7lel al sacerdoci vodou ortodox. Pr\u00e0ctica vodou categ\u00f2ricament fosca i de m\u00e0gia negra, el Bokor \u00abtreballa amb les dues mans\u00bb. El per\u00edode de major visibilitat etnogr\u00e0fica va ser el segle XIX-XX; <em>The Serpent and the Rainbow<\/em> (1985) de Wade Davis va portar el Bokor a la consci\u00e8ncia occidental. Encara avui present en regions rurals haitianes.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d47b156 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d47b156\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ff38c2b elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"ff38c2b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">\u00c0rea de difusi\u00f3<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4e49fcc elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4e49fcc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Est\u00e8s sobretot en regions rurals haitianes. A Port-au-Prince, la tradici\u00f3 ha quedat marginada des del segle XX. A la di\u00e0spora haitiana (Nova Orleans, Miami, Quimbanda al Brasil) \u00e9s rara i encoberta. Cap Bokor mant\u00e9 <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Una construcci\u00f3 dedicada a la veneraci\u00f3 d'una o m\u00e9s divinitats.\" tabindex=\"0\">temples<\/span> p\u00fablics; la pr\u00e0ctica \u00e9s clandestina i s&#8217;exerceix en privat o en instal\u00b7lacions secretes.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-db03c39 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"db03c39\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-229a87b e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"229a87b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1f471fc elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1f471fc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Estat de les fonts<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-36b1201 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"36b1201\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span data-nosnippet>Fonts centrals: <em>Divine Horsemen<\/em> de Maya Deren (1953, breu menci\u00f3), <em>The Serpent and the Rainbow<\/em> de Wade Davis (1985, etnografia controvertida sobre el Bokor), l&#8217;estudi acad\u00e8mic posterior de Davis <em>Passage of Darkness<\/em> (1988). Hist\u00f2ria de les religions: Hurbon, <em>Voodoo: Search for the Spirit<\/em>; M\u00e9traux, <em>Le Vaudou ha\u00eftien<\/em>. Reflexi\u00f3 cr\u00edtica: McAlister, <em>Rara!<\/em>; Ramsey, <em>The Spirits and the Law<\/em>.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3ae0637c e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"3ae0637c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-31d07739 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"31d07739\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Nom i variants<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b7642947 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"b7642947\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a086266 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a086266\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>A la literatura tamb\u00e9 apareixen grafies com Bok\u00f2, Bocor o Bokonon, tot i que aquesta darrera forma designa tamb\u00e9 l&#8217;endev\u00ed Fa a Ben\u00edn. Wade Davis descriu el Bokor, en els seus estudis sobre la zombificaci\u00f3, com un especialista que actua fora de la jerarquia regular dels temples i que sovint es relaciona amb societats secretes com els Bizango. Denominacions de rols similars per a experts rituals ambivalents es troben en moltes tradicions afrocaribenyes, com l&#8217;Obeah-man del Carib angl\u00f2fon.<\/p><p>La paraula Bokor (crioll haiti\u00e0 b\u00f2k\u00f2) designa en el Vodou haiti\u00e0 un m\u00e0gic que, segons l&#8217;expressi\u00f3 habitual, \u00abtreballa amb les dues mans\u00bb, \u00e9s a dir, que ofereix tant serveis curatius com nocius. El terme sovint es relaciona amb arrels de l&#8217;\u00c0frica occidental, per exemple amb denominacions per a endevins i experts rituals en la llengua fon de Dahomey. En l&#8217;\u00fas ling\u00fc\u00edstic es distingeix del Houngan, el sacerdot vodou regular, encara que en la pr\u00e0ctica els l\u00edmits poden ser difusos.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-709a44a8 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"709a44a8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2f585873 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2f585873\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Descripci\u00f3<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-70621c12 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"70621c12\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4296eb49 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4296eb49\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>El Bokor (crioll haiti\u00e0 <em>bok\u00f2<\/em>) \u00e9s, en el vod\u00fa haiti\u00e0, el practicant de la \u00abm\u00e0 esquerra\u00bb, el mag negre, a difer\u00e8ncia del Houngan\/Manbo leg\u00edtim de la tradici\u00f3 Rada (<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Pr\u00e0ctiques que pretenen intervenir en el curs de les coses mitjan\u00e7ant accions o f\u00f3rmules especials.\" tabindex=\"0\">m\u00e0gia<\/span> blanca). Els bokors treballen amb la l\u00ednia <em>Petro<\/em> dels loa agressius i amb els esperits dels morts.<\/p><p>La seva pr\u00e0ctica inclou l&#8217;encanteri (<em>maji<\/em>), la m\u00e0gia mal\u00e8fica (<em>wanga<\/em>), la creaci\u00f3 de zombis i la vinculaci\u00f3 d&#8217;<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"\u00c9sser incorpori al qual s'atribueix efecte en el m\u00f3n.\" tabindex=\"0\">esperits<\/span>. Operen als marges de la comunitat vod\u00fa ortodoxa i s\u00f3n menyspreats pels Houngan i les Manbo, per\u00f2 tamb\u00e9 temuts (cf. M\u00e9traux, <em>Voodoo in Haiti<\/em>; Hurbon, <em>Voodoo: Search for the Spirit<\/em>; Davis, <em>The Serpent and the Rainbow<\/em>).<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-44e71476 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"44e71476\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3c1fc3f0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3c1fc3f0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Fitxa: Bokor<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-84f33b8e e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"84f33b8e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-hqkdc67p elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"hqkdc67p\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Els aspectes m\u00e9s importants de la pr\u00e0ctica del Bokor d&#8217;un cop d&#8217;ull. Els camps seg\u00fcents resumeixen tradici\u00f3, funci\u00f3, aparen\u00e7a, pr\u00e0ctica, s\u00edmbols i paral\u00b7lelismes.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c5 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c1 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-qh9oavvu iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"qh9oavvu\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-awzx8k2k elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"awzx8k2k\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Origen del Bokor<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-x6rowhv0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"x6rowhv0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>El Bokor s&#8217;inscriu en la tradici\u00f3 vodou com a reflex fosc del <em>Houngan<\/em> (sacerdot vodou ortodox). Mentre el Houngan ajuda amb les dues mans, el Bokor tamb\u00e9 \u00abtreballa amb les dues mans\u00bb, la fosca inclosa, amb la qual pot perjudicar altres mitjan\u00e7ant la <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Pr\u00e0ctiques que pretenen intervenir en el curs de les coses mitjan\u00e7ant accions o f\u00f3rmules especials.\" tabindex=\"0\">m\u00e0gia<\/span>.<\/p><p>La formaci\u00f3 t\u00e9 lloc tradicionalment mitjan\u00e7ant la <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Admissi\u00f3 ritual en un orde religi\u00f3s o esot\u00e8ric; sovint associada a una mort i renaixement simb\u00f2lics.\">iniciaci\u00f3<\/span> amb un Bokor m\u00e9s vell; el coneixement es transmet en estricte secret. Els Bokors es troben fora de la jerarquia vodou ortodoxa.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8e3o4kxs iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"8e3o4kxs\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-08rkdgov elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"08rkdgov\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Destinataris del Bokor<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-uwjelx8s elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"uwjelx8s\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Funcions: perjudici de m\u00e0gia negra contra enemics per enc\u00e0rrec d&#8217;un client, creaci\u00f3 d&#8217;un <em>zombi<\/em> a partir d&#8217;una persona recentment morta, vinculaci\u00f3 d&#8217;una persona a un comprom\u00eds amor\u00f3s o de fidelitat contra la seva voluntat, curaci\u00f3 en casos extrems (on els Houngans no poden ajudar). Tamb\u00e9 protecci\u00f3 per a aquells que \u00abcompren\u00bb els serveis del Bokor. Condemnat \u00e8ticament per la comunitat vodou ortodoxa.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-jm2n74ec iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"jm2n74ec\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8vufse4c elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"8vufse4c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Aparen\u00e7a<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-mwb9u015 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"mwb9u015\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Els bokor s\u00f3n practicants humans, no una figura iconogr\u00e0fica fixa. Tradicionalment vesteixen de negre o negre i vermell, de vegades amb ins\u00edgnies criolles (ossos, calaveres, bosses de terra de cementiri). Eines: <em>ouanga<\/em> (bosses m\u00e0giques amb herbes, terres, parts del cos), nines de fang, terra de cementiri, calaveres, fulles de tabac, espelmes de color negre i vermell. Els rituals es fan tradicionalment de nit, sovint en encreuaments de camins o cementiris.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c2 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c2\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-37ss2yr6 iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"37ss2yr6\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3v0wp3wx elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3v0wp3wx\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">\u00c0mbit d'acci\u00f3<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-w3247g2m elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"w3247g2m\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>\u00c0mbit d&#8217;acci\u00f3:<\/strong> La pr\u00e0ctica del bokor \u00e9s temuda a les comunitats rurals haitianes. Qui se sent perjudicat (malaltia, baralles familiars, mala sort en els negocis, un comprom\u00eds no desitjat) de vegades sospita que un bokor est\u00e0 treballant contra ell.<\/p><p>La protecci\u00f3 es fa mitjan\u00e7ant una visita a un houngan propi i m\u00e0gia contr\u00e0ria. Els rituals de bokor es fan en secret; els seus clients sovint paguen sumes elevades de diners. En l&#8217;Hait\u00ed modern \u00e9s dif\u00edcil distingir entre el prejudici, la pr\u00e0ctica real i la formaci\u00f3 d&#8217;un <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Una narraci\u00f3 transmesa sobre d\u00e9us, or\u00edgens i l'ordre del m\u00f3n.\" tabindex=\"0\">mite<\/span> urb\u00e0.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0qpjal9w iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"0qpjal9w\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6ndoih0o elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6ndoih0o\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Formes de defensa<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6684tyh9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6684tyh9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Ouanga (bosses m\u00e0giques), nines de fang, terra de cementiri, espelmes negres i vermelles, calaveres i ossos, miralls, herbes (datura, estramoni, belladona), p\u00f3lvores (segons Davis: amb contingut de tetrodotoxina per a la creaci\u00f3 de zombis). Animals sagrats: gall negre, gos negre. Plantes sagrades: datura, belladona, estramoni.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3lfi7x32 iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3lfi7x32\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0kg99ga1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"0kg99ga1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Elements comparables<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-n0fum6kp elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"n0fum6kp\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><em>Houngan<\/em> (Vodou, contrapart ortodoxa), <em>Mambo<\/em> (sacerdotessa ortodoxa femenina del Vodou). Paral\u00b7lels globals de practicants de m\u00e0gia negra: <em>bruixot<\/em> (tradici\u00f3 popular germ\u00e0nica), <em>brujo<\/em> (llatinoameric\u00e0), <em>kahuna ana&#8217;ana<\/em> (hawai\u00e0, kahuna de la mort), <em>tantrikes de la tradici\u00f3 aghori<\/em> (hinduisme, no directament comparable per\u00f2 estructuralment ambivalent), <em>asipu de la <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Pr\u00e0ctiques que pretenen intervenir en el curs de les coses mitjan\u00e7ant accions o f\u00f3rmules especials.\" tabindex=\"0\">m\u00e0gia<\/span> negra<\/em> (Mesopot\u00e0mia).<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7533bc7a e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"7533bc7a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2447d18d elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2447d18d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Defensa pr\u00e0ctica<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d5d0260c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d5d0260c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-341be2ac elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"341be2ac\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3>Rituals apotropaics contra la m\u00e0gia bokor<\/h3><p>La protecci\u00f3 contra els sortilegis nocius dels bokor es fa mitjan\u00e7ant invocacions purificadores als Rada Loa, sobretot a Damballah i Erzulie Freda. Els houngans fan rituals de purificaci\u00f3 (<em>laver t\u00e8t<\/em>, \u00abrentat del cap\u00bb) amb infusions d&#8217;herbes i invocacions. Els banys de protecci\u00f3 amb p\u00e8tals blancs (gessam\u00ed, taronger) i aigua de col\u00f2nia s\u00f3n una pr\u00e0ctica habitual. En cas d&#8217;urg\u00e8ncia, es consulta un houngan experimentat per fer contram\u00e0gia contra el bokor (vegeu Deren, <em>Divine Horsemen<\/em>).<\/p><h3>Invocacions i f\u00f3rmules de <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Exclusi\u00f3 m\u00e0gica o eclesi\u00e0stica; tamb\u00e9 la vinculaci\u00f3 d'un poder mitjan\u00e7ant una f\u00f3rmula.\" tabindex=\"0\">bandeig<\/span><\/h3><p>Les invocacions anti-bokor criden els Loa lluminosos de la tradici\u00f3 Rada: \u00abAyibobo\u00bb com a invocaci\u00f3 de curaci\u00f3, \u00abDamballah W\u00e8do\u00bb com a protecci\u00f3 del d\u00e9u serpent. Els cants de purificaci\u00f3 criolls (<em>chants d\u00e9sorcelants<\/em>) es reciten durant els banys purificadors.<\/p><h3>Amulets i s\u00edmbols de protecci\u00f3<\/h3><p>Els amulets de protecci\u00f3 (<em>pak\u00e8t kongo<\/em>), petits farcells de tela amb herbes medicinals, pedres precioses i oracions escrites, es porten com a protecci\u00f3 contra la m\u00e0gia bokor. Diagrames v\u00e8v\u00e8 dels Loa protectors (Damballah, Erzulie Freda, Loko) a l&#8217;<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Lloc elevat o taula per a ofrenes i actes religiosos.\" tabindex=\"0\">altar<\/span> dom\u00e8stic. S&#8217;encenen espelmes blanques en honor dels Rada Loa. Banys de neteja anti-wanga amb sal i nou gotes d&#8217;oli de lavanda com a rutina setmanal a les llars amena\u00e7ades per un bokor.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5a584676 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"5a584676\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6d0757bf elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6d0757bf\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Bokor, paral\u00b7lels en altres cultures<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-60563f68 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"60563f68\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5a93fdd6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5a93fdd6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3>Arrels de l&#8217;\u00c0frica occidental i del Congo<\/h3><p>El bokor s&#8217;inscriu en la tradici\u00f3 dels mags de la \u00abm\u00e0 esquerra\u00bb de l&#8217;\u00c0frica occidental, sobretot en la divisi\u00f3 ioruba entre <em>babalawo<\/em> i <em>bibalawe<\/em>, i el <em>nganga ya kindoki<\/em> congol\u00e8s (doctor bruixot). En la tradici\u00f3 bambara de Mali es coneix el <em>soma<\/em> com a fetiller. La tradici\u00f3 del bokor haiti\u00e0 combina sobretot els conceptes de m\u00e0gia nociva de l&#8217;\u00c0frica occidental amb la <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Pr\u00e0ctiques que pretenen intervenir en el curs de les coses mitjan\u00e7ant accions o f\u00f3rmules especials.\" tabindex=\"0\">m\u00e0gia<\/span> dels morts congolesa (vegeu MacGaffey, <em>Religion and Society in Central Africa<\/em>).<\/p><h3>Hom\u00f2legs caribenys<\/h3><p>Hi ha figures de mag negre relacionades en l&#8217;home d&#8217;obeah jamaic\u00e0, el <em>palero<\/em> cub\u00e0 (practicant del Palo Mayombe), l&#8217;espiritista de Trinidad i el hoodoo dels estats del sud dels EUA. La di\u00e0spora d&#8217;esclaus va crear una tradici\u00f3 m\u00e0gica criolla-africana occidental cuyos components de m\u00e0gia negra tenen una estructura similar arreu.<\/p><h3>Recepci\u00f3 moderna<\/h3><p>El bokor va ser estilitzat en la tradici\u00f3 hollywoodenca nord-americana (William Seabrook, Victor Halperin, Wes Craven) com el \u00absacerdot vud\u00fa\u00bb estereotipat de les pel\u00b7l\u00edcules de terror, una distorsi\u00f3 dr\u00e0stica de la pr\u00e0ctica haitiana, molt m\u00e9s matisada. <em>The Serpent and the Rainbow<\/em> de Wes Craven (1988, basada en el llibre de Davis) tracta la transformaci\u00f3 de bokor a zombi. La recerca religiosa (Hurbon, McAlister) corregeix cont\u00ednuament aquests estereotips.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpbc822a0 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cpbc822a0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp084b49d elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp084b49d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Posici\u00f3 dins del Vodou haiti\u00e0<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2898e8f e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp2898e8f\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpa5ed1b1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cpa5ed1b1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>El bokor \u00e9s una denominaci\u00f3 de rol dins del Vodou haiti\u00e0 que designa un especialista que treballa amb les dues cares del poder ritual, la que guareix i la que perjudica.<\/p><p>Amb aix\u00f2 es diferencia del houngan i de la mambo, els sacerdots i sacerdotesses cuya activitat es relaciona sobretot amb la curaci\u00f3, la protecci\u00f3 i el servei als esperits, els Lwa. En el llenguatge popular es diu que el bokor serveix amb totes dues mans.<\/p><p>Aquesta doble vessant no s&#8217;ha d&#8217;entendre com una simple maldat. La literatura etnol\u00f2gica destaca que el l\u00edmit entre houngan i bokor pot ser dif\u00fas a la pr\u00e0ctica i dep\u00e8n en gran mesura del context social i la reputaci\u00f3 de cadasc\u00fa. Alguns sacerdots s\u00f3n anomenats d&#8217;una manera o de l&#8217;altra segons la situaci\u00f3 i qui parli.<\/p><p>El bokor est\u00e0 integrat en un sistema d&#8217;obligacions, l\u00ednies familiars i societats religioses. El seu poder es considera apr\u00e8s i transm\u00e8s, no lliurement disponible.<\/p><p>La recerca cient\u00edfica situa, doncs, aquesta figura dins l&#8217;entramat m\u00e9s ampli del Vodou, sorgit d&#8217;elements de l&#8217;\u00c0frica occidental, l&#8217;\u00c0frica central i el catolicisme sota les condicions de l&#8217;esclavitud al Carib. Es pot trobar m\u00e9s informaci\u00f3 a l&#8217;article general sobre el <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/?page_id=171617\">Vodou<\/a>.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp7f4e55d e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp7f4e55d\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpb35d48c elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cpb35d48c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">El bokor en la tradici\u00f3 del zombi<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp4ffbf07 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp4ffbf07\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpa3a7b63 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cpa3a7b63\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>El Bokor va assolir una notorietat especial per la seva vinculaci\u00f3 amb la figura del <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/?page_id=171605\">Zombi<\/a>. En la <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"La transmissi\u00f3 de coneixements i relats al llarg de generacions.\" tabindex=\"0\">tradici\u00f3<\/span> haitiana, el Bokor \u00e9s considerat aquella figura capa\u00e7 d&#8217;arrabassar a una persona l&#8217;\u00e0nima o una part d&#8217;aquesta, deixant-la en un estat de voluntat anul\u00b7lada. El Zombi resultant serviria llavors al Bokor per al treball o per a altres finalitats.<\/p><p><span data-nosnippet>L&#8217;etnobot\u00e0nic Wade Davis va formular, als anys 1980, en els llibres <em>The Serpent and the Rainbow<\/em> (1985) i <em>Passage of Darkness<\/em> (1988), la tesi de que en la zombificaci\u00f3 hi intervenien subst\u00e0ncies farmacol\u00f2gicament actives, entre elles una neurotoxina procedent de peixos globus.<\/span><\/p><p>Aquesta tesi ha estat objecte de debat controvertit en la toxicologia i l&#8217;<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ci\u00e8ncia que estudia comparativament les cultures i les societats.\" tabindex=\"0\">etnologia<\/span>, i ha rebut cr\u00edtiques en diversos punts. El que no \u00e9s discutit \u00e9s que la idea del Zombi a Hait\u00ed est\u00e0 estretament lligada al paper social del Bokor.<\/p><p>Un aspecte important per situar-ho correctament: en la percepci\u00f3 haitiana, no \u00e9s el Zombi all\u00f2 veritablement esfere\u00efdor, sin\u00f3 el proc\u00e9s de convertir-se en Zombi.<\/p><p>El Bokor encarna aix\u00ed una amena\u00e7a de car\u00e0cter social percebuda com real, per exemple com a inst\u00e0ncia de sanci\u00f3 o com a pantalla de projecci\u00f3 de conflictes. iWell Guard descriu aquestes idees com a <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"La transmissi\u00f3 de coneixements i relats al llarg de generacions.\" tabindex=\"0\">tradici\u00f3<\/span> cultural, no com a processos cient\u00edficament comprovats.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpf758ebb e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cpf758ebb\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpcf38748 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cpcf38748\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Percepci\u00f3 externa i hist\u00f2ria de la recerca<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp7ebe45a e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp7ebe45a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpee56a8c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cpee56a8c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span data-nosnippet>La figura del Bokor va ser durant molt de temps configurada, en la percepci\u00f3 occidental, a trav\u00e9s de representacions distorsionades. Relats de viatgers, literatura sensacionalista i el primer cinema, com <em>White Zombie<\/em> (1932), van dibuixar una imatge de sinistra <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Pr\u00e0ctiques que pretenen intervenir en el curs dels esdeveniments mitjan\u00e7ant accions o f\u00f3rmules especials.\" tabindex=\"0\">m\u00e0gia<\/span> negra, estretament vinculada a estereotips colonials i racistes sobre Hait\u00ed.<\/span><\/p><p>Aquesta percepci\u00f3 externa diu m\u00e9s sobre les projeccions dels observadors que sobre la pr\u00e0ctica religiosa en si mateixa.<\/p><p><span data-nosnippet>La recerca etnol\u00f2gica del segle XX es va esfor\u00e7ar a oferir descripcions m\u00e9s acurades. Treballs d&#8217;autores i autors com Zora Neale Hurston, Alfred M\u00e9traux amb <em>Le Vaudou ha\u00eftien<\/em> (1958) i Maya Deren van contribuir a presentar el Vodou com un sistema religi\u00f3s complex, en el qual el Bokor \u00e9s nom\u00e9s un dels diversos rols especialitzats.<\/span><\/p><p>Estudis posteriors van subratllar a m\u00e9s la import\u00e0ncia dels contextos locals i la diversitat de la pr\u00e0ctica.<\/p><p>En la <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"La ci\u00e8ncia que estudia les religions de manera comparativa i sense vincle de fe.\" tabindex=\"0\">ci\u00e8ncia de les religions<\/span> actual, el Bokor \u00e9s considerat un exemple de l&#8217;ambival\u00e8ncia del poder ritual, tal com apareix en moltes religions. Guarir i causar dany se solen considerar dues cares d&#8217;una mateixa capacitat. Qui s&#8217;interessi per especialistes i \u00e9ssers espirituals relacionats trobar\u00e0 punts de connexi\u00f3 en els articles sobre els <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/?page_id=171797\">Lwa<\/a> i sobre la figura del <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/?page_id=171605\">Zombi<\/a>.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-36dd7469 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"36dd7469\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-13760ab4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"13760ab4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Enlla\u00e7os relacionats<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-28c87796 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"28c87796\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5d6538df elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5d6538df\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/?page_id=171605\">Zombi, producte principal del Bokor<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/?page_id=171606\">Baron Samedi, Lwa dels morts, sense el perm\u00eds del qual no hi ha Zombi<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/?page_id=171488\">Voodoozauber, un altre terme gen\u00e8ric<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/?page_id=171617\">Vodou, panor\u00e0mica del pante\u00f3<\/a><\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-grl4kl40 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"grl4kl40\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bzsbfrmh elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"bzsbfrmh\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Bibliografia (selecci\u00f3)<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2c13224a e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"2c13224a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0eymh9ub elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"0eymh9ub\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<footer class=\"iwg-literatur\" data-nosnippet=\"true\"><ul><li><span data-nosnippet>Davis, Wade: <em>Passage of Darkness. The Ethnobiology of the Haitian Zombie<\/em>. Chapel Hill 1988.<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Davis, Wade: <em>The Serpent and the Rainbow<\/em>. New York 1985.<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>McAlister, Elizabeth: <em>Rara! Vodou, Power, and Performance in Haiti<\/em>. Berkeley 2002.<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Ramsey, Kate: <em>The Spirits and the Law. Vodou and Power in Haiti<\/em>. Chicago 2011.<\/span><\/li><\/ul><\/footer>\n<p class=\"iwg-bib-more\"><span data-nosnippet>M\u00e9s obres de refer\u00e8ncia al <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/?page_id=171483\">llistat bibliogr\u00e0fic<\/a>.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":1759,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"elementor_header_footer","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_focuskw":"Bokor Vodou","_yoast_wpseo_title":"Bokor \u2013 El m\u00e0gic fosc del Vodou haiti\u00e0 i el seu maleficiat","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"M\u00e0gic negre, creador de zombis i maledicions: la contrafigura del bon Houngan en la tradici\u00f3 vodou haitiana.","_yoast_wpseo_meta-robots-noindex":"","_yoast_wpseo_canonical":"","_angie_page":false,"gefaehrdungsstufe":"4","wesen_kultur":"vodou","wesen_klasse":"geister","footnotes":""},"categories":[],"class_list":["post-171607","page","type-page","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v27.7 (Yoast SEO v28.3) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Bokor \u2013 El m\u00e0gic fosc del Vodou haiti\u00e0 i el seu maleficiat<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"M\u00e0gic negre, creador de zombis i maledicions: la contrafigura del bon Houngan en la tradici\u00f3 vodou haitiana.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/bokor\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"ca_ES\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Bokor\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"M\u00e0gic negre, creador de zombis i maledicions: la contrafigura del bon Houngan en la tradici\u00f3 vodou haitiana.\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/bokor\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"iWell Guard\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2026-09-05T16:02:20+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/praktiken_bokor.webp\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"1024\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"1536\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/webp\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\\\/\\\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/iwell-guard.com\\\/ca\\\/bokor\\\/\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/iwell-guard.com\\\/ca\\\/bokor\\\/\",\"name\":\"Bokor \u2013 El m\u00e0gic fosc del Vodou haiti\u00e0 i el seu maleficiat\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/iwell-guard.com\\\/ca\\\/#website\"},\"primaryImageOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/iwell-guard.com\\\/ca\\\/bokor\\\/#primaryimage\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/iwell-guard.com\\\/ca\\\/bokor\\\/#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/iwell-guard.com\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2026\\\/04\\\/praktiken_bokor.webp\",\"datePublished\":\"2026-09-05T15:40:48+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2026-09-05T16:02:20+00:00\",\"description\":\"M\u00e0gic negre, creador de zombis i maledicions: la contrafigura del bon Houngan en la tradici\u00f3 vodou haitiana.\",\"breadcrumb\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/iwell-guard.com\\\/ca\\\/bokor\\\/#breadcrumb\"},\"inLanguage\":\"ca\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"ReadAction\",\"target\":[\"https:\\\/\\\/iwell-guard.com\\\/ca\\\/bokor\\\/\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"ca\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/iwell-guard.com\\\/ca\\\/bokor\\\/#primaryimage\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/iwell-guard.com\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2026\\\/04\\\/praktiken_bokor.webp\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/iwell-guard.com\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2026\\\/04\\\/praktiken_bokor.webp\",\"width\":1024,\"height\":1536,\"caption\":\"Pr\u00e0ctica. 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