{"id":171605,"date":"2026-09-05T15:40:48","date_gmt":"2026-09-05T15:40:48","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/?page_id=171605"},"modified":"2026-09-05T16:02:18","modified_gmt":"2026-09-05T16:02:18","slug":"zombi","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/zombi\/","title":{"rendered":"Zombi"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"171605\" class=\"elementor elementor-171605 elementor-2171 elementor-bc-flex-widget\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-10fdade e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"10fdade\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-herohlft0 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"herohlft0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c3ceb64 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"c3ceb64\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-96ae5e1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"96ae5e1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Zombi, esperit de la tradici\u00f3 haitiana<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e45238a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e45238a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>El zombi \u00e9s un <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un \u00e9sser incorpori al qual s'atribueix acci\u00f3 en el m\u00f3n.\" tabindex=\"0\">esperit<\/span> de la tradici\u00f3 haitiana.<\/p><p><strong>El cos sense \u00e0nima, la tomba vivent.<\/strong><\/p><p>El zombi \u00e9s, en el <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"La cultura popular transmesa amb costums, relats i can\u00e7ons.\" tabindex=\"0\">folklore<\/span> haiti\u00e0, un mort sense \u00e0nima.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-klsbdg01 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"klsbdg01\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-klshtm01 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"klshtm01\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"iwg-pill-row\"><span class=\"iwg-klasse-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Esperit: \u00c9sser incorpori o semicorpori, difunts, \u00e9ssers de la natura, esperits de la llar o guardians de llindars. Actua en la vida quotidiana, sovint lligat a llocs o fam\u00edlies.\">Esperit<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/?page_id=171617\" class=\"iwg-kultur-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Tradici\u00f3 vod\u00fa haitiano-oest-africana amb \u00e9ssers lwa, originada hist\u00f2ricament a l'\u00c0frica occidental i traslladada al Carib.\">Vod\u00fa<\/a><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3f74855 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3f74855\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1c30362 elementor-toc--minimized-on-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-table-of-contents\" data-id=\"1c30362\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;exclude_headings_by_selector&quot;:[],&quot;no_headings_message&quot;:&quot;No s&#039;ha trobat cap encap\\u00e7alament en aquesta p\\u00e0gina.&quot;,&quot;headings_by_tags&quot;:[&quot;h2&quot;,&quot;h3&quot;],&quot;marker_view&quot;:&quot;bullets&quot;,&quot;minimize_box&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;icon&quot;:{&quot;value&quot;:&quot;fas fa-circle&quot;,&quot;library&quot;:&quot;fa-solid&quot;,&quot;rendered_tag&quot;:&quot;&lt;svg class=\\&quot;e-font-icon-svg e-fas-circle\\&quot; viewBox=\\&quot;0 0 512 512\\&quot; xmlns=\\&quot;http:\\\/\\\/www.w3.org\\\/2000\\\/svg\\&quot;&gt;&lt;path d=\\&quot;M256 8C119 8 8 119 8 256s111 248 248 248 248-111 248-248S393 8 256 8z\\&quot;&gt;&lt;\\\/path&gt;&lt;\\\/svg&gt;&quot;},&quot;minimized_on&quot;:&quot;tablet&quot;,&quot;hierarchical_view&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;min_height&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"table-of-contents.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__header\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-toc__header-title\">\n\t\t\t\t\u00cdndex\t\t\t<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--expand\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__1c30362\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Open table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-down\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M207.029 381.476L12.686 187.132c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941l22.667-22.667c9.357-9.357 24.522-9.375 33.901-.04L224 284.505l154.745-154.021c9.379-9.335 24.544-9.317 33.901.04l22.667 22.667c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941L240.971 381.476c-9.373 9.372-24.569 9.372-33.942 0z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--collapse\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__1c30362\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Close table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-up\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M240.971 130.524l194.343 194.343c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941l-22.667 22.667c-9.357 9.357-24.522 9.375-33.901.04L224 227.495 69.255 381.516c-9.379 9.335-24.544 9.317-33.901-.04l-22.667-22.667c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941L207.03 130.525c9.372-9.373 24.568-9.373 33.941-.001z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-toc__1c30362\" class=\"elementor-toc__body\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__spinner-container\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg class=\"elementor-toc__spinner eicon-animation-spin e-font-icon-svg e-eicon-loading\" aria-hidden=\"true\" viewBox=\"0 0 1000 1000\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M500 975V858C696 858 858 696 858 500S696 142 500 142 142 304 142 500H25C25 237 238 25 500 25S975 237 975 500 763 975 500 975Z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-herorght0 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"herorght0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-heroimg00 iwg-hero-image elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"heroimg00\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"683\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/geister_vodou_zombi-683x1024.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-1771\" alt=\"Zombi\" srcset=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/geister_vodou_zombi-683x1024.webp 683w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/geister_vodou_zombi-200x300.webp 200w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/geister_vodou_zombi-768x1152.webp 768w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/geister_vodou_zombi.webp 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 683px) 100vw, 683px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-32917199 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"32917199\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-26e916cb e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"26e916cb\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-253a40d4 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"253a40d4\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1200c304 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1200c304\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Zombi<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-159dcf9a e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"159dcf9a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-48cee66f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"48cee66f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Resum: Zombi<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3f50d82c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"3f50d82c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Tipus:<\/strong> figura terror\u00edfica del vod\u00fa: mort sense \u00e0nima, reanimat per un bokor<br><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"El conjunt de d\u00e9us d'una religi\u00f3 o cultura.\" tabindex=\"0\">Pante\u00f3<\/span>: vod\u00fa (Hait\u00ed), no \u00e9s un loa, sin\u00f3 una <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ofrena a una divinitat per expressar gratitud, s\u00faplica o veneraci\u00f3.\" tabindex=\"0\">v\u00edctima<\/span> de pr\u00e0ctiques de m\u00e0gia negra<br>Funci\u00f3: servent sense voluntat del bokor (en la concepci\u00f3 tradicional); advert\u00e8ncia contra l&#8217;esclavitud social<br>Atributs principals: ulls buits, moviments mec\u00e0nics, postura r\u00edgida, expressi\u00f3 inexpressiva<br>Principals llocs de culte: cap, el zombi \u00e9s una figura terror\u00edfica de la tradici\u00f3 popular, no un objecte de culte<br>Adaptaci\u00f3 pop occidental: molt distorsionada (el \u00abzombie\u00bb de Hollywood a partir de 1968)<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-18613602 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"18613602\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-262b8a9f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"262b8a9f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Introducci\u00f3<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-46dcb7d e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"46dcb7d\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-61d3ab3 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"61d3ab3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-117c166 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"117c166\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Per\u00edode dels textos<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-73997a0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"73997a0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>La concepci\u00f3 del zombi a Hait\u00ed t\u00e9 arrels a l&#8217;\u00c0frica occidental (tradici\u00f3 kongo\/kongo-ioruba). En la seva forma desenvolupada, sorgeix a la col\u00f2nia de Saint-Domingue com a reacci\u00f3 a l&#8217;esclavitud: el <em>zombi<\/em> \u00e9s la forma \u00faltima de l&#8217;esclau, aquell a qui se li ha arrabassat la voluntat.<\/p><p><span data-nosnippet>El registre etnogr\u00e0fic comen\u00e7a al segle XIX; l&#8217;atenci\u00f3 cient\u00edfica arriba a partir dels anys 1980, sobretot gr\u00e0cies a l&#8217;estudi controvertit de Wade Davis <em>The Serpent and the Rainbow<\/em> (1985), que va popularitzar la hip\u00f2tesi de la tetrodotoxina.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d47b156 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d47b156\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ff38c2b elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"ff38c2b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">\u00c0rea de difusi\u00f3<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4e49fcc elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4e49fcc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Els relats sobre zombis s\u00f3n presents a tota regi\u00f3 rural haitiana, com a hist\u00f2ries d&#8217;advert\u00e8ncia contra els bokors (practicants de m\u00e0gia negra vod\u00fa) i com a crida social a la moderaci\u00f3. Els testimonis de casos actius de zombificaci\u00f3 s\u00f3n escassos i dif\u00edcils de verificar; alguns casos documentats (Cl\u00e9rvius Narcisse, 1962) han rebut atenci\u00f3 acad\u00e8mica. En la cultura popular s&#8217;ha est\u00e8s arreu del m\u00f3n, per\u00f2 amb poca connexi\u00f3 amb l&#8217;arrel haitiana original.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-db03c39 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"db03c39\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-229a87b e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"229a87b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1f471fc elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1f471fc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Estat de les fonts<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-36b1201 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"36b1201\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span data-nosnippet>Fonts centrals: <em>Divine Horsemen<\/em> de Maya Deren (menci\u00f3), <em>The Serpent and the Rainbow<\/em> de Wade Davis (1985, exageradament popularitzat, cient\u00edficament controvertit), la posterior <em>Passage of Darkness<\/em> de Davis (1988, m\u00e9s reflexiva i cr\u00edtica), <em>Zombi-Komplex<\/em> de Hans-Ulrich Sch\u00e4cht. Des de la hist\u00f2ria de les religions: <em>Le Vaudou ha\u00eftien<\/em> de M\u00e9traux; Hurbon, <em>Voodoo: Search for the Spirit<\/em>.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3ae0637c e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"3ae0637c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-31d07739 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"31d07739\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Nom i variants<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b7642947 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"b7642947\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a086266 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a086266\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Un zombi es representa com viu per\u00f2 marcit, lent, amb la mirada buida i veu mon\u00f2tona. Els moviments s\u00f3n r\u00edgids, el cos en descomposici\u00f3 o desintegrant-se. En el cinema popular, el zombi \u00e9s un monstre devorador de carn, per\u00f2 en el <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"La cultura popular transmesa amb costums, relats i can\u00e7ons.\" tabindex=\"0\">folklore<\/span> \u00e9s sobretot un esclau mut i obedient, que executa ordres sense voluntat pr\u00f2pia.<\/p><p>Sense <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Pr\u00e0ctiques que pretenen intervenir en el curs dels esdeveniments mitjan\u00e7ant accions o f\u00f3rmules especials.\" tabindex=\"0\">m\u00e0gia<\/span>, sense for\u00e7a sobrenatural, nom\u00e9s exist\u00e8ncia corporal sense pres\u00e8ncia interior. El zombi \u00e9s la imatge invertida de l&#8217;\u00e9sser hum\u00e0 viu, el c\u00e0stig per pecats morals o enemistats en vida.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-709a44a8 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"709a44a8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2f585873 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2f585873\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Descripci\u00f3<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-70621c12 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"70621c12\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4296eb49 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4296eb49\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>El zombi (del crioll haiti\u00e0 <em>zonbi<\/em>, del kongo <em>nzambi<\/em>, \u00ab<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un \u00e9sser incorpori al qual s'atribueix acci\u00f3 en el m\u00f3n.\" tabindex=\"0\">esperit<\/span>\u00ab, \u00abd\u00e9u\u00bb) \u00e9s, en el vod\u00fa haiti\u00e0, una persona convertida en un mort vivent sense voluntat mitjan\u00e7ant la pr\u00e0ctica d&#8217;un <em>bokor<\/em> (mag negre).<\/p><p>Antropol\u00f2gicament, la recerca distingeix dos tipus: el <em>zombi cadavre<\/em> (zombi corporal, sumit en una mort aparent mitjan\u00e7ant una barreja de tetrodotoxina i datura i \u00abressuscitat\u00bb com a esclau) i el <em>zombi astral<\/em> (zombi de l&#8217;\u00e0nima, en el qual l&#8217;\u00e0nima <em>ti bon ange<\/em> \u00e9s separada i tancada en un gerro de fang).<\/p><p><span data-nosnippet>Wade Davis va documentar la pr\u00e0ctica farmacol\u00f2gica a <em>The Serpent and the Rainbow<\/em> (1985), tot i que les seves conclusions han estat controvertides (vegeu tamb\u00e9 M\u00e9traux, <em>Voodoo in Haiti<\/em>; Hurbon).<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-44e71476 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"44e71476\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3c1fc3f0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3c1fc3f0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Fitxa: Zombi<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-84f33b8e e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"84f33b8e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-hqkdc67p elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"hqkdc67p\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Els aspectes m\u00e9s importants del zombi d&#8217;una ullada. Els camps seg\u00fcents resumeixen origen, funci\u00f3, aparen\u00e7a, \u00abveneraci\u00f3\u00bb (en realitat: evitaci\u00f3), s\u00edmbols i paral\u00b7lelismes.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c5 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c1 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-qh9oavvu iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"qh9oavvu\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-awzx8k2k elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"awzx8k2k\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Context cultural<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-x6rowhv0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"x6rowhv0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>En la concepci\u00f3 tradicional haitiana, el zombi \u00e9s creat per un <em>bokor<\/em> (practicant de m\u00e0gia negra vod\u00fa): la <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ofrena a una divinitat per expressar gratitud, s\u00faplica o veneraci\u00f3.\" tabindex=\"0\">v\u00edctima<\/span> \u00e9s sumida en un estat de mort aparent mitjan\u00e7ant una pols (segons la teoria de Davis, contenint tetrodotoxina, extreta de la fetge d&#8217;un peix globus), enterrada, i despr\u00e9s exhumada al cap d&#8217;uns dies i mantinguda com a servent sense voluntat.<\/p><p>L&#8217;\u00e0nima, el <em>ti bon ange<\/em> (petit bon <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"En les religions abrah\u00e0miques, un \u00e9sser missatger celestial de D\u00e9u.\" tabindex=\"0\">\u00e0ngel<\/span>), \u00e9s separada del cos i vigilada pel bokor dins d&#8217;una ampolla.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8e3o4kxs iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"8e3o4kxs\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-08rkdgov elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"08rkdgov\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Objecte d'acci\u00f3<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-uwjelx8s elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"uwjelx8s\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Funcionalment, el zombi \u00e9s un treballador sense voluntat, la intensificaci\u00f3 \u00faltima de l&#8217;esclavitud. Un bokor mant\u00e9 diversos zombis i els fa treballar als seus camps.<\/p><p>Des d&#8217;un punt de vista filos\u00f2fic i social, el zombi \u00e9s una advert\u00e8ncia: el dest\u00ed despr\u00e9s de la mort pot ser pitjor que la mort mateixa si un cau sota el poder d&#8217;un bokor. En el debat modern, sovint es fa servir com a al\u00b7legoria d&#8217;una exist\u00e8ncia de consum sense \u00e0nima.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-jm2n74ec iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"jm2n74ec\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8vufse4c elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"8vufse4c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Forma<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-mwb9u015 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"mwb9u015\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Figura masculina flac i inexpressiu, amb ulls buits (sovint blanc-vitris), moviments mec\u00e0nics alentits, caminar r\u00edgid, roba bruta i estripada. La pell sol ser p\u00e0l\u00b7lida-grisenca. No pot parlar o nom\u00e9s balbuceja. Nom\u00e9s reacciona a ordres directes del Bokor.<\/p><p><span data-nosnippet>En el zombi de Hollywood a partir de 1968 (<em>Night of the Living Dead<\/em>) aquesta imatge es va transformar radicalment: morts vivents sagnants, can\u00edbals i infecciosos, amb poca relaci\u00f3 amb la tradici\u00f3 haitiana.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c2 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c2\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-37ss2yr6 iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"37ss2yr6\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3v0wp3wx elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3v0wp3wx\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">\u00c0mbit d'acci\u00f3<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-w3247g2m elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"w3247g2m\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>\u00c0mbit d&#8217;acci\u00f3:<\/strong> El zombi no \u00e9s venerat, sin\u00f3 temut i evitat. Pr\u00e0ctiques de protecci\u00f3: sal a la boca del difunt (impedeix la reanimaci\u00f3, ja que el zombi reacciona a la sal amb el record), pedres pesades sobre la tomba (perqu\u00e8 el Bokor no pugui obrir-la), vigil\u00e0ncia de l&#8217;enterrament durant les primeres nits.<\/p><p>Si es sospita que un familiar ha estat zombificat, aix\u00f2 \u00e9s un esc\u00e0ndol familiar i un enc\u00e0rrec a un <em>Houngan<\/em> perqu\u00e8 recuperi l&#8217;\u00e0nima.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0qpjal9w iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"0qpjal9w\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6ndoih0o elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6ndoih0o\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Protecci\u00f3<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6684tyh9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6684tyh9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Ulls buits, moviments mec\u00e0nics, pell p\u00e0l\u00b7lida, una pols (pols del Bokor), una ampolla amb l&#8217;\u00e0nima capturada, sal (que trenca el <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Exclusi\u00f3 m\u00e0gica o eclesi\u00e0stica; tamb\u00e9 la vinculaci\u00f3 d'un poder mitjan\u00e7ant una f\u00f3rmula.\" tabindex=\"0\">bann<\/span>), terra de la tomba, ajudants del Bokor, pala i aixada. N\u00famero sagrat: cap.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3lfi7x32 iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3lfi7x32\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0kg99ga1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"0kg99ga1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Equivalents<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-n0fum6kp elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"n0fum6kp\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><em>Bokor<\/em> (Vodou, el creador), <em>Houngan<\/em> (Vodou, sacerdot redemptor per a casos de zombi). Paral\u00b7lelismes globals amb morts vivents: <em>Draugr<\/em> (germ\u00e0nic, mort activat per\u00f2 conscient), <em>Kuei\/Jiang-shi<\/em> (Xina, mort vivent que salta), <em>Edimmu<\/em> (Mesopot\u00e0mia, morts inquiets), <em>Wiederg\u00e4nger<\/em> (tradici\u00f3 popular germ\u00e0nica). Difer\u00e8ncia funcional: el zombi haiti\u00e0 \u00e9s desanimat, no animat.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7533bc7a e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"7533bc7a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2447d18d elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2447d18d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Pr\u00e0ctica de protecci\u00f3<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d5d0260c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d5d0260c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-341be2ac elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"341be2ac\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Rituals de protecci\u00f3<\/strong><\/p><p>Segons una creen\u00e7a estesa, un zombi ja despertat podia ser alliberat si se li donava sal per menjar, ja que aix\u00ed reconeixia el seu dest\u00ed i tornava a la tomba o a la llibertat. Tamb\u00e9 era essencial la protecci\u00f3 del ti bon ange, la part de l&#8217;\u00e0nima que el Bokor mant\u00e9 captiva en un recipient: si aquest es destrueix o s&#8217;allibera, s&#8217;acaba el seu poder. Aquests motius mostren que la protecci\u00f3 en el Vodou sempre s&#8217;orienta cap a l&#8217;\u00e0nima, no nom\u00e9s cap al cos.<\/p><p><strong>Invocacions<\/strong><\/p><p>En el Vodou haiti\u00e0, la pr\u00e0ctica de protecci\u00f3 no es dirigeix contra el zombi mateix, sin\u00f3 contra la zombificaci\u00f3 com a acte d&#8217;un Bokor. Tradicionalment, la preocupaci\u00f3 principal era protegir els morts recents: les fam\u00edlies vigilaven les tombes, les carregaven amb pedres o enterraven els morts a prop de la casa. L&#8217;etnobot\u00e0nic Wade Davis va documentar durant la d\u00e8cada de 1980 relats segons els quals la zombificaci\u00f3 s&#8217;entenia com una mesura punitiva dins la comunitat, fet que convertia les normes de bon comportament social en la veritable prevenci\u00f3.<\/p><p><strong>Amulets i s\u00edmbols de protecci\u00f3<\/strong><\/p><p>Des d&#8217;una perspectiva d&#8217;hist\u00f2ria de les religions, la creen\u00e7a en el zombi a Hait\u00ed tamb\u00e9 va servir com a control social: qui infringia les normes de la comunitat havia de t\u00e9mer la zombificaci\u00f3 com a sanci\u00f3. El Codi Penal haiti\u00e0 de 1864 fins i tot penalitzava en l&#8217;article 246 el fet de posar una persona en un estat semblant a la mort, i ho tractava jur\u00eddicament com un intent d&#8217;homicidi. Aix\u00ed, la idea ritual de protecci\u00f3 es va vincular amb una norma estatal.<\/p><p><strong><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"El conjunt d'actes de veneraci\u00f3 religiosa cap a una divinitat o figura sagrada.\" tabindex=\"0\">Culte<\/span> i veneraci\u00f3<\/strong><\/p><p><em>Zombi<\/em> no \u00e9s venerat, sin\u00f3 ent\u00e8s com una advert\u00e8ncia contra l&#8217;ab\u00fas de poder. Els rituals de protecci\u00f3 han de preservar de la transformaci\u00f3 en zombi. Els Bokor que creen zombis es consideren poderosos, per\u00f2 moralment condemnats. Els conceptes de zombi s&#8217;utilitzen en f\u00f3rmules de protecci\u00f3 i en discussions \u00e8tiques.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5a584676 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"5a584676\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6d0757bf elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6d0757bf\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Zombi, paral\u00b7lelismes en altres cultures<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-60563f68 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"60563f68\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5a93fdd6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5a93fdd6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Arrels de l&#8217;\u00c0frica occidental<\/strong><\/p><p>El concepte de zombi es remunta als termes <em>bantu<\/em> al voltant de <em>nzambi<\/em> (d\u00e9u, avantpassat, <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un \u00e9sser incorpori al qual s'atribueix efecte en el m\u00f3n.\" tabindex=\"0\">esperit<\/span>), que van arribar a Hait\u00ed amb el tr\u00e0fic d&#8217;esclaus dels segles XVII-XIX. En la tradici\u00f3 congolesa, <em>nzambi a mpungu<\/em> designa el d\u00e9u suprem. El canvi de significat haiti\u00e0 cap al \u00abmort vivent\u00bb \u00e9s una innovaci\u00f3 criolla haitiana que no apareix en cap font directa de l&#8217;\u00c0frica occidental.<\/p><p><strong>Equivalents del Carib<\/strong><\/p><p>Es troben conceptes relacionats en l&#8217;Obeah jamaic\u00e0 (<em>duppy<\/em> com a <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un \u00e9sser incorpori al qual s'atribueix efecte en el m\u00f3n.\" tabindex=\"0\">esperit<\/span> d&#8217;un mort), en el Palo Mayombe cub\u00e0 (<em>nfumbe<\/em> com a mort lligat a un esperit dins el pot <em>nganga<\/em>) i en l&#8217;espiritisme trinitari. L&#8217;economia esclavista i el <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Fusi\u00f3 d'elements de diferents religions o cultes en noves formes mixtes, com en el Vodou haiti\u00e0 (Lwa i sants cat\u00f2lics).\">sincretisme<\/span> amb la veneraci\u00f3 cat\u00f2lica dels morts van crear un concepte del Carib com\u00fa sobre els morts.<\/p><p><strong>Recepci\u00f3 moderna<\/strong><\/p><p>El zombi haiti\u00e0 es va convertir en una figura cinematogr\u00e0fica pr\u00f2pia dins la cultura popular nord-americana a partir del relat de viatges de William Seabrook <em>The Magic Island<\/em> (1929) i la pel\u00b7l\u00edcula de Victor Halperin <em>White Zombie<\/em> (1932).<\/p><p><span data-nosnippet><em>Night of the Living Dead<\/em> (1968), de George A. Romero, va crear el <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un relat transm\u00e8s sobre d\u00e9us, or\u00edgens i l'ordre del m\u00f3n.\" tabindex=\"0\">mite<\/span> modern i violent de l&#8217;apocalipsi zombi, que ja t\u00e9 ben poc en com\u00fa amb l&#8217;original haiti\u00e0 (cf. Bishop, <em>American Zombie Gothic<\/em>; Boluk\/Lenz, <em>Generation Zombie<\/em>).<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp6da1fb6 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp6da1fb6\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp124cc60 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp124cc60\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Origen del terme i rerefons religi\u00f3s<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpbcfaa85 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cpbcfaa85\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp234f8a8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp234f8a8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>El terme <em>Zombi<\/em> prov\u00e9 del crioll haiti\u00e0 i t\u00e9 molt probablement arrels d&#8217;\u00c0frica occidental i central. Sovint es fa refer\u00e8ncia a paraules de lleng\u00fces kongo relacionades amb l&#8217;<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un \u00e9sser incorpori al qual s'atribueix acci\u00f3 en el m\u00f3n.\" tabindex=\"0\">esperit<\/span>, l&#8217;\u00e0nima o els difunts. L&#8217;etimologia exacta no ha estat determinada de manera concloent en la recerca, per\u00f2 l&#8217;origen afric\u00e0 es considera ben establert.<\/p><p>En el vod\u00fa haiti\u00e0, el zombi s&#8217;inscriu en una concepci\u00f3 de la pluralitat de l&#8217;\u00e0nima. Segons una doctrina estesa, la persona posseeix diverses parts de l&#8217;\u00e0nima, entre les quals la coneguda com <em>gwo bon anj<\/em>.<\/p><p>La zombificaci\u00f3 s&#8217;interpreta com el fet que a una persona se li retira aquesta part i queda sota control ali\u00e8. El cos roman, per\u00f2 manca la voluntat pr\u00f2pia.<\/p><p>Amb aix\u00f2, el zombi haiti\u00e0 es diferencia radicalment de les representacions populars posteriors. No \u00e9s un cad\u00e0ver reanimat ni un monstre contagi\u00f3s, sin\u00f3 una persona viva en un estat considerat de no llibertat. Cient\u00edficament, aquesta concepci\u00f3 s&#8217;inscriu en el context de la doctrina de l&#8217;\u00e0nima, la mort i el control social dins del <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/?page_id=171617\">Vod\u00fa<\/a>, i \u00e9s dif\u00edcil de separar de les funcions del <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/?page_id=171607\">Bokor<\/a>.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp6ae73a3 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp6ae73a3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpd77a3bd elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cpd77a3bd\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">La tesi de Davis i el seu debat<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpff9980d e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cpff9980d\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp697908c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp697908c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>El tema va rebre atenci\u00f3 internacional gr\u00e0cies als treballs de l&#8217;etnobot\u00e0nic Wade Davis. A <em>The Serpent and the Rainbow<\/em> (1985) i a la versi\u00f3 acad\u00e8mica <em>Passage of Darkness<\/em> (1988), Davis va defensar la tesi que, en alguns casos documentats de zombificaci\u00f3, s&#8217;hauria utilitzat una pols amb la neurotoxina tetrodotoxina.<\/p><p>Aquesta toxina, present entre altres en els peixos globus, podria provocar un estat de mort aparent.<\/p><p>La tesi va ser \u00e0mpliament debatuda i criticada en diversos punts. Els toxic\u00f2legs van assenyalar que les concentracions trobades en les mostres analitzades eren molt variables i, en alguns casos, massa baixes per produir l&#8217;efecte suposat.<\/p><p>Altres especialistes van destacar debilitats metodol\u00f2giques en la selecci\u00f3 dels casos. El mateix Davis ha subratllat sempre que el component farmacol\u00f2gic \u00e9s nom\u00e9s un element, i que el factor decisiu rau en la interpretaci\u00f3 social i religiosa.<\/p><p>En aquest context es va fer conegut el cas de Clairvius Narcisse, un home que, segons es diu, va reapar\u00e8ixer anys despr\u00e9s que se n&#8217;hagu\u00e9s declarat oficialment la mort. Aquest cas tamb\u00e9 \u00e9s objecte de controv\u00e8rsia des del punt de vista de la cr\u00edtica de fonts. Es pot afirmar que la ci\u00e8ncia no coneix cap mecanisme demostrat de zombificaci\u00f3. iWell Guard presenta la tesi de Davis com una posici\u00f3 de recerca hist\u00f2ricament important, per\u00f2 controvertida, no com un fet demostrat.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp7c53a38 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp7c53a38\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpbc1c66a elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cpbc1c66a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Del zombi haiti\u00e0 al monstre de cinema<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp6ca1ee6 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp6ca1ee6\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpe6be875 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cpe6be875\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span data-nosnippet>La figura avui coneguda arreu del m\u00f3n del zombi com a mort vivent en descomposici\u00f3 i devorador de carn es va desvincular de la concepci\u00f3 haitiana nom\u00e9s al llarg del segle XX. Pel\u00b7l\u00edcules nord-americanes primerenques com <em>White Zombie<\/em> (1932) encara mostraven el zombi amb una clara refer\u00e8ncia a Hait\u00ed, tot i que fortament marcada per estereotips colonials. El treballador sense voluntat sota control ali\u00e8 n&#8217;era el centre.<\/span><\/p><p><span data-nosnippet>La ruptura decisiva la va marcar la pel\u00b7l\u00edcula de George A. Romero <em>Night of the Living Dead<\/em> (1968). Romero va desvincular la figura del context del vod\u00fa, la va convertir en una massa an\u00f2nima de morts reanimats i la va associar amb el contagi. De la persona individual controlada per un bokor va sorgir una amena\u00e7a sense rostre. Pel\u00b7l\u00edcules, s\u00e8ries i videojocs posteriors van desenvolupar aquest model.<\/span><\/p><p>Des de l&#8217;estudi de la cultura, aquesta evoluci\u00f3 es descriu com un exemple de com un motiu religi\u00f3s es desvincula del seu origen. El zombi de la cultura popular serveix avui com a pantalla de projecci\u00f3 per a temors molt diversos, com les epid\u00e8mies, la societat de masses o la p\u00e8rdua de control.<\/p><p>El zombi haiti\u00e0 s&#8217;ha de distingir d&#8217;aix\u00f2. Qui s&#8217;interessi per la figura religiosa original hauria de considerar-la separadament del monstre de cinema i llegir-la en relaci\u00f3 amb el <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/?page_id=171607\">Bokor<\/a> i el <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/?page_id=171617\">Vod\u00fa<\/a>.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-36dd7469 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"36dd7469\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-13760ab4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"13760ab4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Enlla\u00e7os relacionats<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-28c87796 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"28c87796\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5d6538df elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5d6538df\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/?page_id=171607\">Bokor, creador de m\u00e0gia negra<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/?page_id=171606\">Bar\u00f3 Samedi, patr\u00f3 dels morts, sense el perm\u00eds del qual no hi ha zombi<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/?page_id=171488\">Vodoo-magia, pr\u00e0ctica relacionada (terme gen\u00e8ric)<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/?page_id=171380\">Draugr, paral\u00b7lel germ\u00e0nic dels no-morts<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/?page_id=171617\">Vod\u00fa, visi\u00f3 general del pante\u00f3<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/?page_id=171429\">Esperits, visi\u00f3 general de classes<\/a><\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-grl4kl40 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"grl4kl40\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bzsbfrmh elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"bzsbfrmh\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Bibliografia de recerca<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2c13224a e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"2c13224a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0eymh9ub elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"0eymh9ub\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<footer class=\"iwg-literatur\" data-nosnippet=\"true\"><ul><li><span data-nosnippet>Davis, Wade: <em>Passage of Darkness. The Ethnobiology of the Haitian Zombie<\/em>. Chapel Hill 1988.<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Davis, Wade: <em>The Serpent and the Rainbow<\/em>. New York 1985 (popular, controvertit acad\u00e8micament).<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Sch&auml;cht, Hans-Ulrich: <em>Der Zombi-Komplex<\/em>. Hamburg 2003.<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Ackermann, Hans-W. \/ Gauthier, Jeanine: <em>The Ways and Nature of the Zombi<\/em>. A: <em>Journal of American <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"La cultura popular transmesa amb costums, relats i can\u00e7ons.\" tabindex=\"0\">Folklore<\/span><\/em> 104 (1991).<\/span><\/li><\/ul><\/footer>\n<p class=\"iwg-bib-more\"><span data-nosnippet>M\u00e9s obres de refer\u00e8ncia al <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/?page_id=171483\">llistat bibliogr\u00e0fic<\/a>.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7aeb366 e-con-boxed e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"7aeb366\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7aa5d87 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"7aa5d87\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n<h2>Preguntes freq\u00fcents sobre el Zombi<\/h2>\n<div class=\"iwg-faq-q\"><h3>Qu\u00e8 \u00e9s un Zombi en la tradici\u00f3 vod\u00fa?<\/h3><p>El Zombi (grafia vod\u00fa, anglicitzat Zombie) \u00e9s una figura central del vod\u00fa haiti\u00e0, no un cos mort ambulant en el sentit de la cultura popular moderna, sin\u00f3 una persona ressuscitada per un Bokor (bruixot) a la qual se li ha pres l&#8217;\u00e0nima.<\/p><p><span data-nosnippet>La creen\u00e7a tradicional en el zombi t\u00e9 una arrel real: la teoria del pols de peix globus de Wade Davis (1985) descriu una barreja de tetrodotoxina i subst\u00e0ncies psicotr\u00f2piques que pot provocar una mort aparent i posterior captivitat de la voluntat.<\/span><\/p><\/div>\n<div class=\"iwg-faq-q\"><h3>En qu\u00e8 es diferencia el zombi haiti\u00e0 del zombie de Hollywood?<\/h3><p>El zombi haiti\u00e0 \u00e9s un individu concret, esclavitzat per un Bokor, normalment for\u00e7at a treballar en camps de canya de sucre. No \u00e9s contagi\u00f3s, ni agressiu, ni can\u00edbal.<\/p><p><span data-nosnippet>El zombie de Hollywood de la tradici\u00f3 de George Romero (Night of the Living Dead, 1968) \u00e9s una invenci\u00f3 posterior que nom\u00e9s comparteix el nom amb el concepte vod\u00fa. La doctrina central del vod\u00fa diu: qui vulgui alliberar un zombi ha de donar-li sal per menjar, aleshores reconeix que ha mort i pot morir.<\/span><\/p><\/div>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\">{\"@context\":\"https:\/\/schema.org\",\"@type\":\"FAQPage\",\"mainEntity\":[{\"@type\":\"Question\",\"name\":\"Qu\u00e8 \u00e9s un Zombi en la tradici\u00f3 vod\u00fa?\",\"acceptedAnswer\":{\"@type\":\"Answer\",\"text\":\"El Zombi (grafia vod\u00fa, anglicitzat Zombie) \u00e9s una figura central del vod\u00fa haiti\u00e0 \\u2014 no un cos mort ambulant en el sentit de la cultura popular moderna, sin\u00f3 una persona ressuscitada per un Bokor (bruixot) a la qual se li ha pres l'\u00e0nima. 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