{"id":171573,"date":"2026-09-05T15:40:32","date_gmt":"2026-09-05T15:40:32","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/?page_id=171573"},"modified":"2026-09-05T16:01:28","modified_gmt":"2026-09-05T16:01:28","slug":"guan-yu","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/guan-yu\/","title":{"rendered":"Guan Yu"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"171573\" class=\"elementor elementor-171573 elementor-2104 elementor-bc-flex-widget\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-10fdade e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"10fdade\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-herohlft0 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"herohlft0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c3ceb64 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"c3ceb64\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-96ae5e1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"96ae5e1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Guan Yu, d\u00e9u de la tradici\u00f3 xinesa<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e45238a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e45238a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>El general de\u00efficat, <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un signe que representa una idea o un significat.\" tabindex=\"0\">s\u00edmbol<\/span> de la lleialtat, d\u00e9u de la guerra i de la just\u00edcia. Guan Yu no \u00e9s un d\u00e9u mitol\u00f2gic, sin\u00f3 un general hist\u00f2ric de l&#8217;\u00e8poca dels Tres Regnes (184-280 dC), de\u00efficat al llarg de segles de tradici\u00f3 popular.<\/p><p>Amb les galtes vermelles, una llarga barba negra i l&#8217;espasa flamejant *Guan Dao*, encarna la virtut, la lleialtat fins a la mort i l&#8217;honor guerrer.<\/p><p>A la novel\u00b7la *Romance of the Three Kingdoms*, la novel\u00b7la xinesa m\u00e9s llegida, Guan Yu \u00e9s una figura brillant: un general que no abandona el seu senyor tot i tenir la derrota a tocar.<\/p><p>La seva execuci\u00f3 es va convertir en <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un relat edificant, generalment sobre la vida de sants.\" tabindex=\"0\">llegenda<\/span>. M\u00e9s tard, Guan Yu va ser incorporat als <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un edifici dedicat a la veneraci\u00f3 d'una o diverses divinitats.\" tabindex=\"0\">temples<\/span>, i des d&#8217;all\u00e0 al <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"El conjunt de d\u00e9us d'una religi\u00f3 o cultura.\" tabindex=\"0\">pante\u00f3<\/span> taoista i budista, no com a d\u00e9u de la transcend\u00e8ncia, sin\u00f3 com a patr\u00f3 protector de les persones morals.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-klsbdg01 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"klsbdg01\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-klshtm01 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"klshtm01\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"iwg-pill-row\"><span class=\"iwg-klasse-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"D\u00e9u \/ Deessa: Poder suprem personificat en el pante\u00f3 d'una cultura, amb \u00e0mbits d'atribuci\u00f3 clars, forces de la natura, dest\u00ed, guerra, fertilitat. Venerat mitjan\u00e7ant cultes, ofrenes i institucions de temple.\">D\u00e9u<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/?page_id=171395\" class=\"iwg-kultur-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Religi\u00f3 xinesa dels d\u00e9us, esperits i religiositat popular, taoista, budista, confuciana.\">Xina<\/a><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3f74855 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3f74855\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1c30362 elementor-toc--minimized-on-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-table-of-contents\" data-id=\"1c30362\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;exclude_headings_by_selector&quot;:[],&quot;no_headings_message&quot;:&quot;No s&#039;ha trobat cap encap\\u00e7alament en aquesta p\\u00e0gina.&quot;,&quot;headings_by_tags&quot;:[&quot;h2&quot;,&quot;h3&quot;],&quot;marker_view&quot;:&quot;bullets&quot;,&quot;minimize_box&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;icon&quot;:{&quot;value&quot;:&quot;fas fa-circle&quot;,&quot;library&quot;:&quot;fa-solid&quot;,&quot;rendered_tag&quot;:&quot;&lt;svg class=\\&quot;e-font-icon-svg e-fas-circle\\&quot; viewBox=\\&quot;0 0 512 512\\&quot; xmlns=\\&quot;http:\\\/\\\/www.w3.org\\\/2000\\\/svg\\&quot;&gt;&lt;path d=\\&quot;M256 8C119 8 8 119 8 256s111 248 248 248 248-111 248-248S393 8 256 8z\\&quot;&gt;&lt;\\\/path&gt;&lt;\\\/svg&gt;&quot;},&quot;minimized_on&quot;:&quot;tablet&quot;,&quot;hierarchical_view&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;min_height&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"table-of-contents.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__header\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-toc__header-title\">\n\t\t\t\t\u00cdndex\t\t\t<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--expand\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__1c30362\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Open table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-down\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 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24.568-9.373 33.941-.001z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-toc__1c30362\" class=\"elementor-toc__body\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__spinner-container\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg class=\"elementor-toc__spinner eicon-animation-spin e-font-icon-svg e-eicon-loading\" aria-hidden=\"true\" viewBox=\"0 0 1000 1000\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M500 975V858C696 858 858 696 858 500S696 142 500 142 142 304 142 500H25C25 237 238 25 500 25S975 237 975 500 763 975 500 975Z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-herorght0 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"herorght0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-heroimg00 iwg-hero-image elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"heroimg00\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"683\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_china_guan-yu-683x1024.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-1557\" alt=\"Guan Yu\" srcset=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_china_guan-yu-683x1024.webp 683w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_china_guan-yu-200x300.webp 200w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_china_guan-yu-768x1152.webp 768w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_china_guan-yu.webp 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 683px) 100vw, 683px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-32917199 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"32917199\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-26e916cb e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"26e916cb\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-253a40d4 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"253a40d4\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1200c304 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1200c304\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Guan Yu<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-159dcf9a e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"159dcf9a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-48cee66f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"48cee66f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">D'un cop d'ull: Guan Yu<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3f50d82c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"3f50d82c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Tipus:<\/strong> Divinitat principal xinesa, d\u00e9u de la guerra i dels guerrers, heroi hist\u00f2ric divinitzat<br><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"El conjunt dels d\u00e9us d'una religi\u00f3 o cultura.\" tabindex=\"0\">Pante\u00f3<\/span>: <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Tradici\u00f3 religiosa i filos\u00f2fica xinesa que s'orienta cap al Dao, el Cam\u00ed.\" tabindex=\"0\">Taoisme<\/span>, religi\u00f3 popular xinesa, budisme (com a bodhisattva Sangharama)<br>Funci\u00f3: guerra, lleialtat, just\u00edcia, riquesa, protecci\u00f3 dels negocis i de la policia<br>Atributs principals: barba vermella, t\u00fanica verda, el cavall Roter Hase (Llebre Vermella), l&#8217;alabarda gegantina Guan Dao<br>Principals llocs de culte: <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un edifici dedicat a la veneraci\u00f3 d'una o diverses divinitats.\" tabindex=\"0\">temple<\/span> de Guandi a Luoyang (la seva tomba), Mont Yuquan, present a cada districte xin\u00e8s<br>Sincretisme <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Fusi\u00f3 d'elements de diferents religions o cultes en noves formes mixtes, com en el vod\u00fa haiti\u00e0 (lwa i sants cat\u00f2lics).\">budista<\/span>: bodhisattva Sangharama (protector dels <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un edifici dedicat a la veneraci\u00f3 d'una o diverses divinitats.\" tabindex=\"0\">temples<\/span>)<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-18613602 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"18613602\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-262b8a9f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"262b8a9f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Contextualitzaci\u00f3 hist\u00f2rica<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-46dcb7d e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"46dcb7d\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-61d3ab3 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"61d3ab3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-117c166 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"117c166\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Per\u00edode dels textos<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-73997a0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"73997a0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Guan Yu (162&ndash;220 dC) va ser un general hist\u00f2ric de la dinastia dels <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Concepte core\u00e0 de dolor profund i acumulat i d'injust\u00edcia no resolta; motor cl\u00e0ssic de la figura del cheonyeo-gwishin.\">Han<\/span> Posteriors, fet c\u00e8lebre per la novel\u00b7la <em>Sanguo Yanyi<\/em> (<em>El roman\u00e7 dels Tres Regnes<\/em>, s. XIV). La seva divinitzaci\u00f3 comen\u00e7a ja en la dinastia Sui (s. VI\/VII); assoleix un lloc can\u00f2nic en el <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"El conjunt dels d\u00e9us d'una religi\u00f3 o cultura.\" tabindex=\"0\">pante\u00f3<\/span> xin\u00e8s a partir de l&#8217;\u00e8poca Tang.<\/p><p>Durant l&#8217;imperi Ming (1368&ndash;1644) s&#8217;eleva a la categoria de \u00abSant Guerrer\u00bb (<em>W\u01d4 Sh\u00e8ng<\/em>), en paral\u00b7lel a Confuci com a \u00abSant Civil\u00bb. Durant la dinastia Qing s&#8217;institucionalitza com a d\u00e9u protector de l&#8217;imperi. Avui \u00e9s una de les divinitats populars xineses m\u00e9s venerades del m\u00f3n, present com a figura protectora en cada restaurant i negoci xin\u00e8s.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d47b156 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d47b156\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ff38c2b elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"ff38c2b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">\u00c0rea de difusi\u00f3<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4e49fcc elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4e49fcc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Principals llocs de culte: <strong><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un edifici dedicat a la veneraci\u00f3 d'una o diverses divinitats.\" tabindex=\"0\">Temple<\/span> de Guanlin<\/strong> a Luoyang (Henan, la seva tomba; un dels <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un edifici dedicat a la veneraci\u00f3 d'una o diverses divinitats.\" tabindex=\"0\">temples<\/span> de Guan Yu m\u00e9s grans del m\u00f3n), <strong><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un edifici dedicat a la veneraci\u00f3 d'una o diverses divinitats.\" tabindex=\"0\">Temple<\/span> de Yuquan<\/strong> a Hubei (lloc m\u00edtic d&#8217;acci\u00f3 del seu esperit), <strong><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un edifici dedicat a la veneraci\u00f3 d'una o diverses divinitats.\" tabindex=\"0\">Temple<\/span> de Guandi de Jiezhou<\/strong> a Shanxi (el seu lloc de naixement).<\/p><p>A cada ciutat xinesa hi ha diversos <em><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un edifici dedicat a la veneraci\u00f3 d'una o diverses divinitats.\" tabindex=\"0\">temples<\/span> de Guandi<\/em>. A nivell internacional, present a tots els restaurants xinesos, negocis, escoles d&#8217;arts marcials i a les comissaries de policia de Hong Kong (\u00e9s el sant patr\u00f3 dels policies i de les tr\u00edades).<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-db03c39 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"db03c39\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-229a87b e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"229a87b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1f471fc elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1f471fc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Estat de les fonts<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-36b1201 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"36b1201\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Fonts centrals: hist\u00f2ricament <em>Sanguozhi<\/em> (cr\u00f2nica del s. III dels Tres Regnes), liter\u00e0riament <em>Sanguo Yanyi<\/em> (Luo Guanzhong, s. XIV, font principal de la tradici\u00f3 popular), <em>Guan Sheng Dijun Sheng Ji Tu Zhi<\/em> (<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Narraci\u00f3 de sants, sovint edificant i estilitzada; g\u00e8nere literari amb convencions pr\u00f2pies des de la tardoantiguitat.\" tabindex=\"0\">hagiografia<\/span> de l&#8217;\u00e8poca Ming).<\/p><p>Bibliografia secund\u00e0ria: ter Haar, <em>Guan Yu. The Religious Afterlife of a Failed Hero<\/em>; Werner, <em>Myths and Legends of China<\/em>; Yang\/An, <em>Handbook of Chinese Mythology<\/em>.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3ae0637c e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"3ae0637c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-31d07739 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"31d07739\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Denominaci\u00f3 i grafies<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b7642947 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"b7642947\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a086266 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a086266\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Guan Yu \u00e9s reconeixible a l&#8217;instant: galtes vermelles (un <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un signe que representa una idea o un significat.\" tabindex=\"0\">s\u00edmbol<\/span> art\u00edstic que expressa el dolor de la lleialtat, no la ira), llarga barba negra, armadura tradicional o vestidures de seda. La seva espasa <em>Guan Dao<\/em> \u00e9s una espasa semillarga amb fulla en forma de mitja lluna, una arma m\u00e9s simb\u00f2lica que pr\u00e0ctica.<\/p><p>Sovint es representa a cavall, o entronitzat amb una pres\u00e8ncia serena i digna. A difer\u00e8ncia de Zhong Kui (salvatge) o Raijin (demon\u00edac), Guan Yu \u00e9s majestu\u00f3s, no aterridor. Art\u00edsticament, el seu retrat \u00e9s central als altars dels <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un edifici dedicat a la veneraci\u00f3 d'una o diverses divinitats.\" tabindex=\"0\">temples<\/span> i a les acad\u00e8mies militars. El color vermell \u00e9s central: galtes vermelles, i m\u00e9s tard t\u00faniques vermelles a les representacions dels <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un edifici dedicat a la veneraci\u00f3 d'una o diverses divinitats.\" tabindex=\"0\">temples<\/span>.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-709a44a8 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"709a44a8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2f585873 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2f585873\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Descripci\u00f3<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-70621c12 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"70621c12\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4296eb49 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4296eb49\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Guan Yu \u00e9s venerat com a patr\u00f3 de la lleialtat, de la fidelitat als contractes comercials i de l&#8217;honor militar. Els comerciants col\u00b7loquen una est\u00e0tua de Guan Yu per jurar honestedat en els contractes comercials. Acad\u00e8mies militars, la policia i institucions militars el veneren.<\/p><p>A difer\u00e8ncia d&#8217;altres divinitats, a Guan Yu no se li demana <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Invocaci\u00f3 de b\u00e9 i protecci\u00f3, sovint en una f\u00f3rmula ling\u00fc\u00edstica fixa.\" tabindex=\"0\">benedicci\u00f3<\/span>, sin\u00f3 for\u00e7a moral. El seu festival de naixement \u00e9s el sis\u00e8 dia del cinqu\u00e8 mes lunar.<\/p><p>El <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un edifici destinat a la veneraci\u00f3 d'una o diverses divinitats.\" tabindex=\"0\">temple<\/span> de Guan Gong a Guangzhou \u00e9s un dels m\u00e9s grans i antics, amb mil anys d&#8217;hist\u00f2ria. Cercles budistes identifiquen Guan Yu com a manifestaci\u00f3 del <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"En el budisme mahayana, un il\u00b7luminat que ajorna el seu propi alliberament en benefici de l'ensenyament per a altres \u00e9ssers.\">Bodhisattva<\/span> Guan Gong, no com a transformaci\u00f3, sin\u00f3 com a reconeixement de la seva qualitat espiritual.<\/p><p>A difer\u00e8ncia de Yuhuang (administraci\u00f3) o Yanluo (judici), Guan Yu \u00e9s personalment accessible: se li pot demanar consell, no nom\u00e9s un perm\u00eds formal.<\/p><p><strong>Aparen\u00e7a i simbolisme<\/strong><\/p><p><em>Guan Yu<\/em> es representa com un home alt, vermell, de barba llarga, sovint amb armadura de guerra. Porta una llan\u00e7a (Guandao) i cavalca un cavall verd. El seu rostre vermell simbolitza la rectitud i el coratge. Sovint es representa juntament amb els seus companys (dos altres generals hist\u00f2rics) formant una tr\u00edada.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-44e71476 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"44e71476\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3c1fc3f0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3c1fc3f0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Fitxa: Guan Yu<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-84f33b8e e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"84f33b8e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-hqkdc67p elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"hqkdc67p\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Els aspectes m\u00e9s importants de Guan Yu d&#8217;un cop d&#8217;ull. Els camps seg\u00fcents resumeixen origen, funci\u00f3, aparen\u00e7a, veneraci\u00f3, s\u00edmbols i paral\u00b7lelismes culturals.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c5 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c1 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-qh9oavvu iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"qh9oavvu\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-awzx8k2k elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"awzx8k2k\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Origen de Guan Yu<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-x6rowhv0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"x6rowhv0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Guan Yu va n\u00e9ixer l&#8217;any 162 dC a Hedong (actualment Yuncheng, Shanxi) i va morir l&#8217;any 220 com a general de Liu Bei durant la tardana dinastia <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Concepte core\u00e0 de dolor profund i acumulat i d'injust\u00edcia no resolta; motor del motiu del cheonyeo-gwishin.\">Han<\/span>. En l&#8217;obra hist\u00f2rica <em>Sanguo Yanyi<\/em> \u00e9s immortalitzat com a germ\u00e0 en el jurament del jard\u00ed dels presseguers amb Liu Bei i Zhang Fei, la imatge de fraternitat m\u00e9s famosa de la tradici\u00f3 xinesa.<\/p><p>La seva mort (execuci\u00f3 ordenada per Sun Quan) es considera una separaci\u00f3 injusta. L&#8217;esposa i el fill apareixen a les fonts, per\u00f2 s\u00f3n figures secund\u00e0ries; el tema mitol\u00f2gic principal \u00e9s la lleialtat inquebrantable a Liu Bei.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8e3o4kxs iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"8e3o4kxs\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-08rkdgov elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"08rkdgov\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Objecte d'acci\u00f3<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-uwjelx8s elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"uwjelx8s\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Patr\u00f3 de la <em>lleialtat<\/em> (zhong) i de la <em>just\u00edcia<\/em> (yi), les dues virtuts confucianes centrals en la seva encarnaci\u00f3 mitol\u00f2gica. D\u00e9u protector de guerrers, policies i, paradoxalment, de les societats secretes criminals (les tr\u00edades).<\/p><p>Patr\u00f3 de comerciants i homes de negocis, perqu\u00e8 segons la <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un relat edificant, generalment sobre la vida de sants.\" tabindex=\"0\">llegenda<\/span> sempre pagava els deutes amb honor. A la Xina moderna i a Hong Kong: protecci\u00f3 contra p\u00e8rdues financeres, socis comercials fraudulents i perills professionals.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-jm2n74ec iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"jm2n74ec\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8vufse4c elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"8vufse4c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Representaci\u00f3<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-mwb9u015 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"mwb9u015\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Es representa caracter\u00edsticament amb <strong>barba i rostre vermells<\/strong> (<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un signe que representa una idea o significat.\" tabindex=\"0\">s\u00edmbol<\/span> de puresa interior i lleialtat, una iconografia rara i inconfusible), t\u00fanica verda (de vegades daurada) de m\u00e0nigues llargues i barret d&#8217;oficial. A la m\u00e0 dreta porta el <em>Guan Dao<\/em> (una arma llarga en forma de fulcell, anomenada aix\u00ed en honor seu).<\/p><p>Sovint apareix muntant el seu fam\u00f3s cavall <em>Cavall Roig<\/em> (Chitu). L&#8217;acompanyen el seu fill adoptiu Guan Ping i el seu fidel servent Zhou Cang. En postures dretes o assegudes, sempre amb una calma majest\u00e0tica.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c2 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c2\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-37ss2yr6 iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"37ss2yr6\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3v0wp3wx elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3v0wp3wx\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Activitat<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-w3247g2m elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"w3247g2m\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>\u00c0mbit d&#8217;acci\u00f3:<\/strong> Guan Yu \u00e9s venerat a tots els restaurants xinesos, comer\u00e7os, escoles d&#8217;arts marcials i moltes cases privades: \u00e9s una de les poques divinitats amb est\u00e0tua present fins i tot en espais seculars moderns. Encens diari davant del seu altar dom\u00e8stic.<\/p><p>El seu aniversari, el dia 13 del 5\u00e8 mes (calendari xin\u00e8s), se celebra amb grans festes. A Hong Kong i Taiwan, les comissaries de policia el tenen com a patr\u00f3. En les tr\u00edades tradicionals, paradoxalment, ell \u00e9s tamb\u00e9 el receptor central dels juraments, una tensi\u00f3 cultural \u00e0mpliament discutida.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0qpjal9w iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"0qpjal9w\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6ndoih0o elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6ndoih0o\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Defensa de Guan Yu<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6684tyh9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6684tyh9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Guan Dao (fulcell en forma de fal\u00e7\u00f3, anomenat en honor seu), barba vermella, rostre vermell, t\u00fanica verda de m\u00e0nigues llargues, barret d&#8217;oficial, cavall Cavall Roig (Chitu), fill adoptiu Guan Ping, servent Zhou Cang. Plantes sagrades: presseguer (jurament del jard\u00ed dels presseguers). Animals sagrats: cavall Cavall Roig. Colors sagrats: vermell i verd.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3lfi7x32 iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3lfi7x32\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0kg99ga1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"0kg99ga1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Elements comparables<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-n0fum6kp elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"n0fum6kp\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><em>Sangharama-Bodhisattva<\/em> (budisme, <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Fusi\u00f3 d'elements de diferents religions o cultes en formes mixtes, com en el vod\u00fa haiti\u00e0.\">sincretisme<\/span> budista xin\u00e8s), <em>Bishamonten<\/em> (Jap\u00f3, d\u00e9u protector i guerrer), <em>Mart<\/em> (Roma, d\u00e9u de la guerra), <em>Tyr<\/em> (germ\u00e0nic, d\u00e9u guerrer), <em>Karttikeya\/Skanda<\/em> (hinduisme, d\u00e9u de la guerra), <em>Inguri<\/em> (vod\u00fa, loa guerrer). Comparable com a \u00abheroi hist\u00f2ric divinitzat\u00bb: <em>Sant Jordi<\/em> (cristi\u00e0), <em>Gengis Khan<\/em> (mongol en algunes tradicions populars). Guan Yu \u00e9s la transformaci\u00f3 de \u00abpersona hist\u00f2rica a divinitat principal\u00bb m\u00e9s famosa de la hist\u00f2ria religiosa xinesa.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7533bc7a e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"7533bc7a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2447d18d elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2447d18d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Protecci\u00f3 en la vida quotidiana<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d5d0260c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d5d0260c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-341be2ac elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"341be2ac\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Rituals de veneraci\u00f3<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Guan Yu \u00e9s venerat a la Xina com a d\u00e9u de la lleialtat (Guandi\/\u95dc\u5e1d), amb grans <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un edifici dedicat a la veneraci\u00f3 d'una o diverses divinitats.\" tabindex=\"0\">temples<\/span> de Guan Yu a totes les grans ciutats xineses. Festa principal: Guandi Sheng Dan (aniversari el dia 24 del sis\u00e8 mes lunar) amb ofrenes rituals (fruita, carn, vi, encens).<\/p><p>Veneraci\u00f3 en comunitats comercials i militars, est\u00e0tues en comissaries i oficines com a s\u00edmbol de lleialtat i coratge. Pr\u00e0ctica popular xinesa: rever\u00e8ncies matinals davant els altars de Guan Yu.<\/p>\n\n<p><strong>Invocacions i preg\u00e0ries<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"L'acte de pregar o invocar una divinitat o poder, sol\u00b7licitant la seva ajuda.\" tabindex=\"0\">Invocaci\u00f3<\/span> taoista: \u201e\u95dc\u516c\u95dc\u8056\u5e1d\u541b\u4fdd\u4f51\u300d (Guan Gong Guan Sheng Dijun Baoyou, Gran General Guan, Emperador Sant, protegiu-nos). Els textos hist\u00f2rics utilitzen escenes de la novel\u00b7la dels Tres Regnes (Sanguo Yan Yi) com a base de preg\u00e0ria. Els <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un objecte al qual s'atribueix un efecte que porta sort o \u00e8xit.\" tabindex=\"0\">talismans<\/span> amb el retrat de Guan Yu i segells taoistes s&#8217;obtenen amb sacerdots taoistes.<\/p>\n\n<p><strong>Amulets i s\u00edmbols de protecci\u00f3<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Est\u00e0tues de Guan Yu i imatges de <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un objecte al qual s'atribueix un efecte que porta sort o \u00e8xit.\" tabindex=\"0\">talismans<\/span> (Fu) en comer\u00e7os, comissaries de policia i monuments de guerra. Proves arqueol\u00f2giques: est\u00e0tues de bronze de Guan Yu del per\u00edode Ming (segles XIV-XVII), relleus de <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un edifici dedicat a la veneraci\u00f3 d'una o diverses divinitats.\" tabindex=\"0\">temples<\/span> a Changshu i Shaoxing. Els santuaris moderns de Guan Yu a Taiwan, Hong Kong i Singapur mostren una tradici\u00f3 de veneraci\u00f3 continuada des de l&#8217;\u00e8poca dels Tres Regnes (segles II-III).<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5a584676 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"5a584676\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6d0757bf elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6d0757bf\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Guan Yu, paral\u00b7lelismes en altres cultures<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-60563f68 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"60563f68\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5a93fdd6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5a93fdd6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Guan Yu s&#8217;assembla al Sant Jordi europeu (soldat, virtut), a l&#8217;Aquil\u00b7les grec (guerrer, honor), al David hebreu (coratge, lleialtat al rei). A difer\u00e8ncia d&#8217;ells, Guan Yu est\u00e0 clarament documentat hist\u00f2ricament, no \u00e9s una figura mitol\u00f2gica o po\u00e8tica. Amb l&#8217;aztec Huitzilopochtli comparteix l&#8217;estatus de d\u00e9u de la guerra, per\u00f2 Huitzilopochtli \u00e9s prim\u00e0riament un d\u00e9u, mentre que Guan Yu \u00e9s prim\u00e0riament un hum\u00e0 de\u00efficat.<\/p><p>Amb Susanoo (d\u00e9u japon\u00e8s de la tempesta) comparteix aspectes b\u00e8l\u00b7lics, per\u00f2 Susanoo \u00e9s un d\u00e9u c\u00f2smic, mentre que Guan Yu \u00e9s un heroi moral. El que \u00e9s \u00fanic \u00e9s la mediaci\u00f3 liter\u00e0ria: una novel\u00b7la va convertir un general en d\u00e9u, mostrant el poder de la narrativa sobre l&#8217;espiritualitat.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp3a7ace3 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp3a7ace3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpd95eaa2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cpd95eaa2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Del general al d\u00e9u: la persona hist\u00f2rica Guan Yu<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpc7628f5 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cpc7628f5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpd8338cc elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cpd8338cc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Guan Yu va ser en primer lloc una figura hist\u00f2rica. Va viure a finals del segle II i principis del segle III, cap al final de la dinastia Han, i va servir com a general sota Liu Bei, un dels senyors de la guerra dels conflictes dels quals va sorgir l&#8217;\u00e8poca dels Tres Regnes.<\/p><p>Les not\u00edcies m\u00e9s antigues sobre ell apareixen al <em>Sanguozhi<\/em>, la \u00abCr\u00f2nica dels Tres Regnes\u00bb de l&#8217;historiador Chen Shou, de finals del segle III, ampliada pel comentari de Pei Songzhi del segle V.<\/p><p>La <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"La transmissi\u00f3 de coneixements i relats al llarg de generacions.\" tabindex=\"0\">tradici\u00f3<\/span> hist\u00f2rica presenta Guan Yu com un comandant capa\u00e7, per\u00f2 tamb\u00e9 orgull\u00f3s. Est\u00e0 documentada la seva captura i execuci\u00f3 cap al 220 despr\u00e9s d&#8217;una derrota militar contra el regne de Wu. Les cr\u00f2niques s\u00f2bries gaireb\u00e9 no donen indicis de la posterior veneraci\u00f3 religiosa; mostren un home del seu temps, la reputaci\u00f3 del qual es basava sobretot en la lleialtat a Liu Bei.<\/p><p>El cam\u00ed des d&#8217;aquesta persona fins a convertir-se en <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un \u00e9sser venerat com a div\u00ed dins d'una religi\u00f3.\" tabindex=\"0\">divinitat<\/span> es va desenvolupar al llarg de segles. Cultes locals van sorgir en el lloc de la seva mort i en llocs on havia actuat, durant la dinastia Tang i, sobretot, durant la dinastia Song.<\/p><p>Va ser decisiu que la persona de Guan Yu es convert\u00eds en portador de la virtut de la lleialtat (<em>zhong<\/em>) i de la rectitud (<em>yi<\/em>), \u00e9s a dir, de valors apreciats tant per l&#8217;estat confuci\u00e0 com pels cercles budistes i taoistes.<\/p><p>La de\u00efficaci\u00f3 no va ser, doncs, una ruptura, sin\u00f3 una c\u00e0rrega gradual d&#8217;una biografia real amb significat moral. La recerca en ci\u00e8ncies de la religi\u00f3, com els treballs de Prasenjit Duara sobre el \u00absuperscribing\u00bb de s\u00edmbols, ha mostrat com diferents grups socials van omplir el <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"El conjunt d'actes de veneraci\u00f3 religiosa dedicats a una divinitat o figura sagrada.\" tabindex=\"0\">culte<\/span> amb continguts propis.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2c25cc6 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp2c25cc6\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp5d88841 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp5d88841\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">La novel\u00b7la dels Tres Regnes i la formaci\u00f3 de la llegenda<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpa948130 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cpa948130\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp0247704 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp0247704\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>La imatge de Guan Yu que avui \u00e9s popular procedeix menys de les cr\u00f2niques que de la novel\u00b7la <em>Sanguo Yanyi<\/em>, la \u00abHist\u00f2ria dels Tres Regnes\u00bb, que en la seva forma coneguda va sorgir al segle XIV i s&#8217;atribueix a Luo Guanzhong. La novel\u00b7la reelabora relats orals m\u00e9s antics, materials teatrals i historiografia en una narraci\u00f3 elaborada.<\/p><p>En aquesta obra, Guan Yu rep els seus atributs i episodis coneguts. El jurament al jard\u00ed de les presseguers, en el qual Liu Bei, Guan Yu i Zhang Fei es juren fraternitat fins a la mort, marca la seva imatge com a encarnaci\u00f3 de la lleialtat.<\/p><p>Episodis com el pas per cinc passos, en el qual s&#8217;obre cam\u00ed des d&#8217;un campament enemic fins al seu senyor, o la seva fermesa davant el dolor, quan el metge Hua Tuo li obre el bra\u00e7 enverinat mentre ell continua jugant tranquil\u00b7lament, es condensen en un repertori fix.<\/p><p>La novel\u00b7la tamb\u00e9 va donar a Guan Yu els seus trets iconogr\u00e0fics: la cara vermella, la llarga barba, la ganivella anomenada \u00abDrac Verd\u00bb i el cavall Llebre Roja. Aquests trets es van difondre tant a trav\u00e9s de l&#8217;\u00f2pera i l&#8217;estampa popular que avui defineixen qualsevol <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un edifici destinat a la veneraci\u00f3 d'una o diverses divinitats.\" tabindex=\"0\">temple<\/span> i qualsevol est\u00e0tua.<\/p><p>Per a la investigaci\u00f3 \u00e9s important la interacci\u00f3: la novel\u00b7la va alimentar el <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"El conjunt de pr\u00e0ctiques de veneraci\u00f3 religiosa d'una divinitat o figura sagrada.\" tabindex=\"0\">culte<\/span> amb material narratiu, i el creixent <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"El conjunt de pr\u00e0ctiques de veneraci\u00f3 religiosa d'una divinitat o figura sagrada.\" tabindex=\"0\">culte<\/span> va fer, al seu torn, m\u00e9s popular la novel\u00b7la. Per aix\u00f2, la <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"La transmissi\u00f3 de coneixements i relats al llarg de generacions.\" tabindex=\"0\">transmissi\u00f3<\/span> liter\u00e0ria i la religiosa no es poden separar netament. Qui llegeix la novel\u00b7la llegeix alhora una font religiosa, i qui estudia el <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"El conjunt de pr\u00e0ctiques de veneraci\u00f3 religiosa d'una divinitat o figura sagrada.\" tabindex=\"0\">culte<\/span> no pot passar per alt la novel\u00b7la.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp4efd7b0 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp4efd7b0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpd6e038a elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cpd6e038a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Guan Di: t\u00edtols imperials i la carrera d'un d\u00e9u de l'Estat<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp9fa1445 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp9fa1445\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpf229dc3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cpf229dc3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>L&#8217;elevaci\u00f3 de Guan Yu a d\u00e9u de l&#8217;Estat es va produir mitjan\u00e7ant una llarga s\u00e8rie de concessions de t\u00edtols imperials. Ja en l&#8217;\u00e8poca Song va rebre dignitats, per\u00f2 l&#8217;ascens decisiu va tenir lloc durant les dinasties Ming i Qing.<\/p><p>Els governants manx\u00fas dels Qing van fomentar el <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"El conjunt de pr\u00e0ctiques de veneraci\u00f3 religiosa d'una divinitat o figura sagrada.\" tabindex=\"0\">culte<\/span> amb especial insist\u00e8ncia; veien en la lleialtat encarnada per Guan Yu un model que els seus s\u00fabdits havien d&#8217;interioritzar.<\/p><p>Els t\u00edtols es van anar incrementant al llarg dels segles. D&#8217;un \u00abpr\u00edncep\u00bb va passar a ser \u00abemperador\u00bb (<em>di<\/em>), d&#8217;on va sorgir el nom habitual de Guan Di.<\/p><p>Al segle XIX el seu t\u00edtol oficial s&#8217;havia convertit en una llarga cadena d&#8217;ep\u00edtets honor\u00edfics, i el seu <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"El conjunt de pr\u00e0ctiques de veneraci\u00f3 religiosa d'una divinitat o figura sagrada.\" tabindex=\"0\">culte<\/span> estava integrat en el sistema estatal de sacrificis, amb temples propis a la capital i a les ciutats de prov\u00edncia. Els funcionaris li oferien <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ofrena a una divinitat per expressar agra\u00efment, petici\u00f3 o veneraci\u00f3.\" tabindex=\"0\">ofrenes<\/span> regulars.<\/p><p>Aquesta promoci\u00f3 estatal va convertir Guan Yu en una de les poques figures reclamades alhora pel confucianisme, pel <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Tradici\u00f3 religiosa i filos\u00f2fica xinesa orientada al Dao, el Cam\u00ed.\" tabindex=\"0\">taoisme<\/span> i pel budisme. L&#8217;Estat confuci\u00e0 hi veia el servidor lleial, el <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Tradici\u00f3 religiosa i filos\u00f2fica xinesa orientada al Dao, el Cam\u00ed.\" tabindex=\"0\">taoisme<\/span> el va incorporar al seu <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"El conjunt de d\u00e9us d'una religi\u00f3 o cultura.\" tabindex=\"0\">pante\u00f3<\/span>, i el budisme el venerava com a divinitat protectora (<em>qielan<\/em>) dels monestirs.<\/p><p>La investigaci\u00f3 en ci\u00e8ncies de la religi\u00f3 ha reconegut en aquesta pertinen\u00e7a m\u00faltiple un tret t\u00edpic de la pr\u00e0ctica religiosa xinesa, en la qual la mateixa <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un \u00e9sser venerat com a div\u00ed dins d'una religi\u00f3.\" tabindex=\"0\">divinitat<\/span> pot ser interpretada de manera diferent per tradicions i grups socials diversos i, tot i aix\u00ed, ser venerada conjuntament. Amb la fi de l&#8217;Imperi el 1911, el culte estatal va perdre el seu marc oficial, per\u00f2 el <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"El conjunt de pr\u00e0ctiques de veneraci\u00f3 religiosa d'una divinitat o figura sagrada.\" tabindex=\"0\">culte<\/span> popular va continuar sense interrupci\u00f3.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpd152391 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cpd152391\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp7445922 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp7445922\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Guan Yu com a d\u00e9u del comer\u00e7 i de les societats secretes<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp9704ab3 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp9704ab3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpf91cc68 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cpf91cc68\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Un dels desenvolupaments m\u00e9s notables del culte \u00e9s la veneraci\u00f3 de Guan Yu com a d\u00e9u protector dels comerciants. A primera vista sembla incongruent que un heroi guerrer esdevingui patr\u00f3 del comer\u00e7. La recerca ho explica sobretot pel valor de la <em>yi<\/em>, la rectitud i la fidelitat als pactes.<\/p><p>En la vida comercial, que es basava en la fiabilitat i la fidelitat a la paraula donada, Guan Yu es va convertir en garant dels acords honestos. Els gremis de mercaders li van erigir <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un edifici dedicat a la veneraci\u00f3 d'una o diverses divinitats.\" tabindex=\"0\">temples<\/span>, i la seva imatge presidia i encara presideix nombrosos negocis, sovint acompanyada d&#8217;una <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"L'objecte concret o l'aliment que s'ofrena a una divinitat.\" tabindex=\"0\">ofrena<\/span>.<\/p><p>Una segona l\u00ednia, en part relacionada amb l&#8217;anterior, \u00e9s la veneraci\u00f3 per part de germandats i societats secretes. Organitzacions basades en una fraternitat jurada es referien al jurament del jard\u00ed dels presseguers com a model m\u00edtic. Els nous membres feien el seu jurament davant la imatge de Guan Yu, que esdevenia aix\u00ed el garant de la fidelitat dins el grup.<\/p><p>Aquesta funci\u00f3 el va convertir alhora en divinitat protectora de soldats i de policies, professions que depenen de la camaraderia i de la confian\u00e7a m\u00fatua.<\/p><p>Encara avui les seves imatges es troben tant en comissaries de policia com en locals d&#8217;organitzacions criminals, la qual cosa mostra que en el <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"El conjunt d'actes rituals de veneraci\u00f3 dedicats a una divinitat o figura sagrada.\" tabindex=\"0\">culte<\/span> el que compta \u00e9s la l\u00f2gica social del jurament vinculant, no una determinada moral del grup.<\/p><p>Amb la migraci\u00f3 xinesa, la veneraci\u00f3 de Guan Yu es va estendre pel Sud-est asi\u00e0tic fins a Am\u00e8rica del Nord i Europa. A les Chinatowns d&#8217;arreu del m\u00f3n, el seu <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un edifici dedicat a la veneraci\u00f3 d'una o diverses divinitats.\" tabindex=\"0\">temple<\/span> forma part de la infraestructura b\u00e0sica de la comunitat. La recerca acad\u00e8mica utilitza aquest <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"El conjunt d'actes rituals de veneraci\u00f3 dedicats a una divinitat o figura sagrada.\" tabindex=\"0\">culte<\/span>, ampli i adaptable, com a exemple de com una sola <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un \u00e9sser venerat com a div\u00ed dins d'una religi\u00f3.\" tabindex=\"0\">divinitat<\/span> pot alhora consolidar religiosament l&#8217;Estat, l&#8217;economia i l&#8217;ordre social informal.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp8b64f44 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp8b64f44\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp1aff45b elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp1aff45b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Iconografia: la cara vermella i el drac verd<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp81d29fc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp81d29fc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp0e8c7c9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp0e8c7c9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>La representaci\u00f3 iconogr\u00e0fica de Guan Yu \u00e9s tan fixa que resulta immediatament reconeixible en est\u00e0tues, imatges i a l&#8217;\u00f2pera. L&#8217;element definitori \u00e9s la cara vermell intens, que en la tradici\u00f3 teatral xinesa simbolitza la lleialtat i el car\u00e0cter recte.<\/p><p>La novel\u00b7la explica el color mitjan\u00e7ant un episodi propi, per\u00f2 el seu significat real prov\u00e9 del llenguatge simb\u00f2lic de l&#8217;escena, d&#8217;on va passar a les imatges religioses.<\/p><p>Altres trets distintius fixos s\u00f3n la llarga barba ben cuidada, que li va valer a les fonts el sobrenom \u00abl&#8217;home de la bella barba\u00bb, aix\u00ed com la pesada alabarda coneguda com \u00abfulla de mitja lluna del drac verd\u00bb.<\/p><p>Sovint porta armadura i la vestimenta verda d&#8217;un general, i de vegades sost\u00e9 en canvi un llibre, els annals <em>Chunqiu<\/em>, la qual cosa subratlla la seva formaci\u00f3 i el seu car\u00e0cter confuci\u00e0.<\/p><p>Als temples, Guan Yu sovint no apareix sol. Als seus costats hi solen figurar el seu fill o fill adoptiu Guan Ping, amb el segell del comandament militar, i el seu fidel portador d&#8217;armes Zhou Cang, amb l&#8217;alabarda. Aquest trio constitueix una unitat iconogr\u00e0fica pr\u00f2pia. La disposici\u00f3 segueix el patr\u00f3 d&#8217;una cort i subratlla el rang de Guan Yu com a d\u00e9u imperial.<\/p><p>La cultura material es troba molt m\u00e9s enll\u00e0 dels grans <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Una construcci\u00f3 destinada a la veneraci\u00f3 d'una o diverses divinitats.\" tabindex=\"0\">temples<\/span>. Altars dom\u00e8stics, gravats per a l&#8217;Any Nou, amulets i capelles comercials difonen la seva imatge en la vida quotidiana. La const\u00e0ncia de la <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"L'estudi dels continguts visuals i el seu significat.\" tabindex=\"0\">iconografia<\/span> t\u00e9 una ra\u00f3 pr\u00e0ctica: va fer que el d\u00e9u fos immediatament identificable, durant segles, per a una poblaci\u00f3 en gran part analfabeta, independentment de la regi\u00f3 i la classe social.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp08e2bd8 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp08e2bd8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp5c21acd elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp5c21acd\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Guan Yu en el taoisme i el budisme<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp8da37e8 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp8da37e8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp1463288 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp1463288\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Les religions institucionals de la Xina han incorporat Guan Yu als seus propis sistemes, sense que aix\u00f2 hagi despla\u00e7at el <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"El conjunt d'actes de veneraci\u00f3 religiosa cap a una divinitat o figura sagrada.\" tabindex=\"0\">culte<\/span> popular. En el <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Tradici\u00f3 religiosa i filos\u00f2fica xinesa que s'orienta pel Dao, el Cam\u00ed.\" tabindex=\"0\">taoisme<\/span> va rebre un lloc fix dins l&#8217;aparell burocr\u00e0tic celestial.<\/p><p>Els textos i <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un edifici destinat a la veneraci\u00f3 d'una o diverses divinitats.\" tabindex=\"0\">temples<\/span> taoistes l&#8217;esmenten amb t\u00edtols elevats; \u00e9s considerat, entre altres coses, vencedor de dimonis i <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un \u00e9sser venerat com a div\u00ed dins d'una religi\u00f3.\" tabindex=\"0\">divinitat<\/span> que vigila els juraments i castiga les injust\u00edcies.<\/p><p>Una <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un relat edificant, generalment sobre la vida de sants.\" tabindex=\"0\">llegenda<\/span> molt estesa explica com el mestre taoista Zhang Daoling va invocar l&#8217;<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un \u00e9sser incorpori al qual s'atribueix acci\u00f3 en el m\u00f3n.\" tabindex=\"0\">esperit<\/span> de Guan Yu per sotmetre un <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"\u00c9sser espiritual al qual s'atribueix una acci\u00f3 perjudicial o ambivalent.\" tabindex=\"0\">dimoni<\/span>, fet que fonamenta m\u00edtica la seva incorporaci\u00f3 a la tradici\u00f3 taoista.<\/p><p>En el budisme, Guan Yu \u00e9s venerat com a <em>qielan pusa<\/em>, una divinitat protectora que vetlla per recintes mon\u00e0stics i comunitats.<\/p><p>La <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un relat edificant, generalment sobre la vida de sants.\" tabindex=\"0\">llegenda<\/span> corresponent situa la seva conversi\u00f3 a la muntanya Yuquan: el seu <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un \u00e9sser incorpori al qual s'atribueix acci\u00f3 en el m\u00f3n.\" tabindex=\"0\">esperit<\/span> inquiet hi hauria trobat un mestre budista, que li va ensenyar la llei del karma, despr\u00e9s de la qual cosa Guan Yu es va consagrar al <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"En les religions \u00edndies, la doctrina i l'ordre correcte de l'acci\u00f3.\" tabindex=\"0\">dharma<\/span> i es va convertir en protector de la doctrina. Per aix\u00f2, en molts monestirs xinesos la seva figura ocupa un lloc destacat com a guardi\u00e0.<\/p><p>Aquesta pertinen\u00e7a m\u00faltiple resulta cient\u00edficament reveladora. Mostra que la religiositat xinesa no pensa en confessions estrictament separades, sin\u00f3 que una mateixa figura poderosa pot ser reclamada i interpretada per diverses tradicions.<\/p><p>Guan Yu no \u00e9s un cas excepcional, per\u00f2 s\u00ed un exemple especialment clar, ja que en ell conflueixen en una sola persona el confucianisme estatal, el <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"El conjunt de de\u00eftats d'una religi\u00f3 o cultura.\" tabindex=\"0\">pante\u00f3<\/span> taoista, la protecci\u00f3 mon\u00e0stica budista i la veneraci\u00f3 popular. La recerca parla aqu\u00ed d&#8217;un <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un signe que representa una idea o un significat.\" tabindex=\"0\">s\u00edmbol<\/span> compartit, que precisament gr\u00e0cies a la seva obertura interpretativa ha pogut perdurar i estendre&#8217;s tant.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-36dd7469 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"36dd7469\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-13760ab4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"13760ab4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Enlla\u00e7os relacionats<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-28c87796 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"28c87796\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5d6538df elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5d6538df\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/?page_id=171526\">Zhong Kui, d\u00e9u protector xin\u00e8s emparentat<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/?page_id=171527\">Yuhuang, sobir\u00e0 celestial superior a ell<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/?page_id=171574\">Mazu, divinitat popular xinesa emparentada<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/?page_id=171395\">Xina, panorama del pante\u00f3<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/?page_id=171459\">Divinitats superiors, subcategoria<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/?page_id=171431\">D\u00e9us, panorama de classes<\/a><\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-grl4kl40 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"grl4kl40\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bzsbfrmh elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"bzsbfrmh\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Fonts i bibliografia<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2c13224a e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"2c13224a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0eymh9ub elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"0eymh9ub\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<footer class=\"iwg-literatura\" data-nosnippet=\"true\"><ul><li><span data-nosnippet>ter Haar, Barend J.: <em>Guan Yu. The Religious Afterlife of a Failed Hero<\/em>. Oxford 2017 (obra de refer\u00e8ncia).<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Yang, Lihui \/ An, Deming: <em>Handbook of Chinese Mythology<\/em>. Santa Barbara 2005.<\/span><\/li><li>Luo, Guanzhong: <em>Sange Yanyi<\/em> (Novel\u00b7la dels Tres Regnes, nombroses traduccions).<\/li><li>Sangguozhi (font cronol\u00f2gica del segle III).<\/li><li>Walde, Christine (ed.): <em>Der Neue Pauly<\/em> (entrada &bdquo;Guan Yu&ldquo;).<\/li><\/ul><\/footer>\n<p class=\"iwg-bib-more\"><span data-nosnippet>M\u00e9s obres de refer\u00e8ncia a la <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/?page_id=171483\">bibliografia<\/a>.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-70278ac e-con-boxed e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"70278ac\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-18984c2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"18984c2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n<h2>Preguntes freq\u00fcents sobre Guan Yu<\/h2>\n<div class=\"iwg-faq-q\"><h3>Qui era Guan Yu i com va esdevenir un d\u00e9u?<\/h3><p>Guan Yu va ser un general hist\u00f2ric que va viure al segle II i principis del segle III durant l&#8217;\u00e8poca dels Tres Regnes a la Xina, i va ser executat l&#8217;any 220. Es va fer fam\u00f3s per la seva proverbial lleialtat, valentia i honestedat, sobretot gr\u00e0cies a la novel\u00b7la cl\u00e0ssica La hist\u00f2ria dels Tres Regnes.<\/p><p>Al llarg dels segles, el record que se&#8217;n tenia es va transformar en veneraci\u00f3 religiosa: va ser de\u00efficat i va rebre t\u00edtols de diversos emperadors, fins a assolir el rang de d\u00e9u.<\/p><\/div>\n<div class=\"iwg-faq-q\"><h3>Quin paper t\u00e9 avui Guan Yu, tamb\u00e9 anomenat Guandi?<\/h3><p>Com a <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un \u00e9sser venerat com a div\u00ed dins d'una religi\u00f3.\" tabindex=\"0\">divinitat<\/span> Guandi o Guangong, Guan Yu continua sent \u00e0mpliament venerat avui dia. Se&#8217;l considera el d\u00e9u de la lleialtat i la just\u00edcia i alhora se l&#8217;invoca com a d\u00e9u de la guerra i com a patr\u00f3 protector de comerciants i negocis, ja que l&#8217;honestedat es considera la base del comer\u00e7.<\/p><p>La seva imatge es troba en temples, botigues, restaurants i fins i tot a la policia i en germandats criminals, que tots dos invoquen el seu codi d&#8217;honor. Guan Yu tamb\u00e9 \u00e9s venerat en el <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Tradici\u00f3 religiosa i filos\u00f2fica xinesa orientada al Dao, el Cam\u00ed.\" tabindex=\"0\">taoisme<\/span>, en el budisme i en el confucianisme.<\/p><\/div>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\">{\"@context\":\"https:\/\/schema.org\",\"@type\":\"FAQPage\",\"mainEntity\":[{\"@type\":\"Question\",\"name\":\"Qui era Guan Yu i com va esdevenir un d\u00e9u?\",\"acceptedAnswer\":{\"@type\":\"Answer\",\"text\":\"Guan Yu va ser un general hist\u00f2ric que va viure al segle II i principis del segle III durant l'\u00e8poca dels Tres Regnes a la Xina, i va ser executat l'any 220. Es va fer fam\u00f3s per la seva proverbial lleialtat, valentia i honestedat, sobretot gr\u00e0cies a la novel\u00b7la cl\u00e0ssica La hist\u00f2ria dels Tres Regnes.Al llarg dels segles, el record que se'n tenia es va transformar en veneraci\u00f3 religiosa: va ser de\u00efficat i va rebre t\u00edtols de diversos emperadors, fins a assolir el rang de d\u00e9u.\"}},{\"@type\":\"Question\",\"name\":\"Quin paper t\u00e9 avui Guan Yu, tamb\u00e9 anomenat Guandi?\",\"acceptedAnswer\":{\"@type\":\"Answer\",\"text\":\"Com a divinitat Guandi o Guangong, Guan Yu continua sent \u00e0mpliament venerat avui dia. Se'l considera el d\u00e9u de la lleialtat i la just\u00edcia i alhora se l'invoca com a d\u00e9u de la guerra i com a patr\u00f3 protector de comerciants i negocis, ja que l'honestedat es considera la base del comer\u00e7.La seva imatge es troba en temples, botigues, restaurants i fins i tot a la policia i en germandats criminals, que tots dos invoquen el seu codi d'honor. 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