{"id":171561,"date":"2026-09-05T15:40:26","date_gmt":"2026-09-05T15:40:26","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/?page_id=171561"},"modified":"2026-09-05T16:01:08","modified_gmt":"2026-09-05T16:01:08","slug":"shamash","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/shamash\/","title":{"rendered":"Shamash"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"171561\" class=\"elementor elementor-171561 elementor-2081 elementor-bc-flex-widget\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-10fdade e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"10fdade\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-herohlft0 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"herohlft0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c3ceb64 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"c3ceb64\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-96ae5e1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"96ae5e1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Shamash, d\u00e9u de la tradici\u00f3 mesopot\u00e0mica<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e45238a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e45238a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Shamash \u00e9s d\u00e9u de la tradici\u00f3 mesopot\u00e0mica.<\/p><p><strong>D\u00e9u del sol, guardi\u00e0 de la just\u00edcia, llum sobre totes les coses.<\/strong> Shamash (en sumeri Utu) \u00e9s un dels d\u00e9us m\u00e9s profundament venerats de Mesopot\u00e0mia, no com un foc salvatge, sin\u00f3 com una for\u00e7a resplendent i constant de l&#8217;ordre. Cada dia travessa el cel amb el seu carro, veu tot el que els homes fan a l&#8217;amagat i ho porta tot davant la just\u00edcia. Cap secret roman ocult a Shamash, cap injust\u00edcia queda sense expiar.\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-klsbdg01 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"klsbdg01\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-klshtm01 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"klshtm01\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"iwg-pill-row\"><span class=\"iwg-klasse-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"D\u00e9u \/ Deessa: Poder suprem personificat en el pante\u00f3 d'una cultura, amb \u00e0mbits d'acci\u00f3 clars, com les forces naturals, el dest\u00ed, la guerra o la fertilitat. Venerat mitjan\u00e7ant cultes, ofrenes i institucions de temple.\">D\u00e9u<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/mesopotamia\/\" class=\"iwg-kultur-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Bressol de la religi\u00f3 documentada: Sumer, Accad, Babil\u00f2nia, Ass\u00edria (aprox. 3500 aC fins 330 aC).\">Mesopot\u00e0mia<\/a><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3f74855 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3f74855\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1c30362 elementor-toc--minimized-on-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-table-of-contents\" data-id=\"1c30362\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;exclude_headings_by_selector&quot;:[],&quot;no_headings_message&quot;:&quot;No s&#039;ha trobat cap encap\\u00e7alament en aquesta p\\u00e0gina.&quot;,&quot;headings_by_tags&quot;:[&quot;h2&quot;,&quot;h3&quot;],&quot;marker_view&quot;:&quot;bullets&quot;,&quot;minimize_box&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;icon&quot;:{&quot;value&quot;:&quot;fas fa-circle&quot;,&quot;library&quot;:&quot;fa-solid&quot;,&quot;rendered_tag&quot;:&quot;&lt;svg class=\\&quot;e-font-icon-svg e-fas-circle\\&quot; viewBox=\\&quot;0 0 512 512\\&quot; xmlns=\\&quot;http:\\\/\\\/www.w3.org\\\/2000\\\/svg\\&quot;&gt;&lt;path d=\\&quot;M256 8C119 8 8 119 8 256s111 248 248 248 248-111 248-248S393 8 256 8z\\&quot;&gt;&lt;\\\/path&gt;&lt;\\\/svg&gt;&quot;},&quot;minimized_on&quot;:&quot;tablet&quot;,&quot;hierarchical_view&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;min_height&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"table-of-contents.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__header\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-toc__header-title\">\n\t\t\t\t\u00cdndex\t\t\t<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--expand\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__1c30362\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Open table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-down\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M207.029 381.476L12.686 187.132c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941l22.667-22.667c9.357-9.357 24.522-9.375 33.901-.04L224 284.505l154.745-154.021c9.379-9.335 24.544-9.317 33.901.04l22.667 22.667c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941L240.971 381.476c-9.373 9.372-24.569 9.372-33.942 0z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--collapse\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__1c30362\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Close table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-up\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M240.971 130.524l194.343 194.343c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941l-22.667 22.667c-9.357 9.357-24.522 9.375-33.901.04L224 227.495 69.255 381.516c-9.379 9.335-24.544 9.317-33.901-.04l-22.667-22.667c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941L207.03 130.525c9.372-9.373 24.568-9.373 33.941-.001z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-toc__1c30362\" class=\"elementor-toc__body\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__spinner-container\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg class=\"elementor-toc__spinner eicon-animation-spin e-font-icon-svg e-eicon-loading\" aria-hidden=\"true\" viewBox=\"0 0 1000 1000\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M500 975V858C696 858 858 696 858 500S696 142 500 142 142 304 142 500H25C25 237 238 25 500 25S975 237 975 500 763 975 500 975Z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-herorght0 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"herorght0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-heroimg00 iwg-hero-image elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"heroimg00\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"683\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_mesopotamien_shamash-683x1024.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-173816\" alt=\"Shamash - D\u00e9us de la tradici\u00f3 mesopot\u00e0mica, il\u00b7lustraci\u00f3 hist\u00f2rica\" srcset=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_mesopotamien_shamash-683x1024.webp 683w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_mesopotamien_shamash-200x300.webp 200w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_mesopotamien_shamash-768x1152.webp 768w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_mesopotamien_shamash.webp 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 683px) 100vw, 683px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-32917199 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"32917199\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-26e916cb e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"26e916cb\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-253a40d4 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"253a40d4\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1200c304 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1200c304\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Shamash<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-159dcf9a e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"159dcf9a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-48cee66f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"48cee66f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Resum r\u00e0pid: Shamash<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3f50d82c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"3f50d82c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Tipus:<\/strong> Divinitat principal mesopot\u00e0mica, d\u00e9u solar i Jutge Div\u00ed<br><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"El conjunt dels d\u00e9us d'una religi\u00f3 o cultura.\" tabindex=\"0\">Pante\u00f3<\/span>: Sumer (com Utu), Acad\/Babil\u00f2nia\/Assur (com Shamash)<br>Funci\u00f3: sol, llum del dia, dret, just\u00edcia, veritat<br>Atributs principals: disc solar alat, serra (talla el que \u00e9s fals), bast\u00f3 i anell<br>Principals llocs de culte: Sippar (lloc de culte principal, temple E-babbar), Larsa, Ur, N\u00ednive<br>Germans: Sin (lluna) com a pare, Inanna\/Ishtar com a germana<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-18613602 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"18613602\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-262b8a9f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"262b8a9f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Contextualitzaci\u00f3 hist\u00f2rica<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-46dcb7d e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"46dcb7d\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-61d3ab3 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"61d3ab3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-117c166 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"117c166\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Per\u00edode dels textos<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-73997a0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"73997a0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Utu\/Shamash est\u00e0 documentat des de l&#8217;\u00e8poca protosum\u00e8ria (III mil\u00b7lenni aC); el d\u00e9u solar era la divinitat principal de Sippar i Larsa. El per\u00edode de m\u00e0xim esplendor de la tradici\u00f3 de Shamash \u00e9s l&#8217;\u00e8poca paleobabil\u00f2nica (l&#8217;<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Una llosa de pedra o fusta dreta, inscrita o il\u00b7lustrada.\" tabindex=\"0\">estela<\/span> d&#8217;Hammurabi mostra Shamash com a Jutge Div\u00ed, lliurant a Hammurabi el codi de lleis).<\/p><p>Continua sent central en l&#8217;imperi neobabil\u00f2nic i assiri. Amb la decad\u00e8ncia de l&#8217;imperi babil\u00f2nic (segle I dC) s&#8217;extingeix el <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"El conjunt de pr\u00e0ctiques de veneraci\u00f3 religiosa d'una divinitat o figura sagrada.\" tabindex=\"0\">culte<\/span>.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d47b156 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d47b156\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ff38c2b elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"ff38c2b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">\u00c0rea de difusi\u00f3<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4e49fcc elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4e49fcc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Principals llocs de culte: <strong>Sippar<\/strong> (actual Tell Abu Habba, al nord de Babil\u00f2nia) amb el temple solar <em>E-babbar<\/em> (\u00abCasa Blanca\u00bb), <strong>Larsa<\/strong> (al sud, tamb\u00e9 amb temple E-babbar), Babil\u00f2nia, N\u00ednive, Mari. Les ofrenes de cendra en milers de tombes babil\u00f2niques i ass\u00edries testimonien l&#8217;abast del culte. En els textos b\u00edblics apareix com a <em>Shemesh<\/em> (Bet-X\u00e8mesh = \u00abCasa del Sol\u00bb).<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-db03c39 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"db03c39\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-229a87b e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"229a87b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1f471fc elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1f471fc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Estat de les fonts<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-36b1201 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"36b1201\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span data-nosnippet>Fonts centrals: l&#8217;<em>estela d&#8217;Hammurabi<\/em> (cap al 1750 aC, on Shamash lliura la llei), el pr\u00f2leg del <em>Codi d&#8217;Hammurabi<\/em>, el gran <em>Himne a Shamash<\/em> (paleobabil\u00f2nic), la tauleta de Nabu-apla-iddina (segle IX aC, amb la representaci\u00f3 pintada del disc solar de Shamash), tauletes d&#8217;encanteris. Bibliografia secund\u00e0ria: Schwemer, <em>Die Wettergottgestalten Mesopotamiens<\/em>; Bott\u00e9ro, <em>La plus vieille religion<\/em>; Black\/Green, <em>Gods, Demons and Symbols<\/em>.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3ae0637c e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"3ae0637c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-31d07739 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"31d07739\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Denominaci\u00f3 i grafies<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b7642947 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"b7642947\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a086266 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a086266\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Shamash es representa com un home majestu\u00f3s amb una diadema o corona solar resplendent, sovint amb un disc solar sobre el cap. Seu en un tron o es dre\u00e7a al seu carro, tirat per dos cavalls incandescents.<\/p><p>De vegades porta una aur\u00e8ola de flames o est\u00e0 envoltat de raigs de llum. El disc estelat de vuit puntes (el <em>s\u00edmbol de \u0160ama\u0161<\/em>) \u00e9s el seu tret distintiu. Pot anar acompanyat d&#8217;un bast\u00f3 de jutge o d&#8217;una espasa de la just\u00edcia.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-709a44a8 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"709a44a8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2f585873 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2f585873\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Descripci\u00f3<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-70621c12 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"70621c12\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4296eb49 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4296eb49\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Shamash \u00e9s el d\u00e9u del sol i de la just\u00edcia, dues forces \u00edntimament relacionades. Els jutges li pregaven abans dels judicis per dictar sent\u00e8ncies justes. Els malalts l&#8217;invocaven per guarir-se, ja que el sol guareix i purifica. El d\u00e9u dels rius (Ea\/Enki) est\u00e0 sota la supervisi\u00f3 de Shamash, l&#8217;aigua necessita la llum solar per ser f\u00e8rtil.<\/p><p>El seu temple principal era l&#8217;<em>\u00c9-babbar<\/em> (Casa de l&#8217;Esplendor) a Sippar, un c\u00e8lebre centre d&#8217;astronomia i de dret. Cada dia els sacerdots feien ofrenes a l&#8217;alba i pregaven pel seu retorn. Shamash no era nom\u00e9s venerat, sin\u00f3 estimat, el m\u00e9s fiable de tots els d\u00e9us.<\/p><h3>Aparen\u00e7a i simbolisme<\/h3><p><em>Shamash<\/em> es representa com un home barbut dins un disc solar o envoltat d&#8217;una llum resplendent. Sovint porta vestits reials i una corona que representa el disc solar. A la m\u00e0 pot sostenir un ceptre de just\u00edcia o flames del sol.<\/p><p>El seu cos \u00e9s daurat i llumin\u00f3s. El toro o el cavall s\u00f3n de vegades els seus animals sagrats, ja que segueixen el sol. <em>Shamash<\/em> sovint es representa amb ales o aur\u00e8oles de llum. Els quatre raigs del sol s\u00f3n el seu <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un signe que representa una idea o significat.\" tabindex=\"0\">s\u00edmbol<\/span>.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-44e71476 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"44e71476\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3c1fc3f0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3c1fc3f0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Fitxa: Shamash<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-84f33b8e e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"84f33b8e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-hqkdc67p elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"hqkdc67p\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Els aspectes m\u00e9s importants de Shamash d&#8217;un cop d&#8217;ull. Els camps seg\u00fcents resumeixen origen, funci\u00f3, aparen\u00e7a, veneraci\u00f3, s\u00edmbols i paral\u00b7lelismes.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c5 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c1 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-qh9oavvu iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"qh9oavvu\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-awzx8k2k elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"awzx8k2k\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Context cultural<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-x6rowhv0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"x6rowhv0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Shamash \u00e9s fill del d\u00e9u de la lluna <em>Sin<\/em> (Nanna) i de <em>Ningal<\/em>, germ\u00e0 de la deessa de l&#8217;amor i de la guerra <em>Inanna\/Ixtar<\/em>. Esp\u00f2s d&#8217;<em>Aya<\/em> (deessa de l&#8217;alba). En l&#8217;ordre teog\u00f2nic pertany a la segona generaci\u00f3 del pante\u00f3 babil\u00f2nic. En l&#8217;imperi neobabil\u00f2nic gaireb\u00e9 equiparable a Marduk.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8e3o4kxs iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"8e3o4kxs\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-08rkdgov elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"08rkdgov\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Objecte d'acci\u00f3<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-uwjelx8s elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"uwjelx8s\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>D\u00e9u del sol i jutge div\u00ed. El seu ull ho veu tot, per aix\u00f2 presideix sobre el crim i la just\u00edcia. Els juraments es fan \u00abdavant Shamash\u00bb; les sent\u00e8ncies judicials s\u00f3n <em>dinu \u0161a Shamash<\/em> (sent\u00e8ncies de Shamash). Junt amb Adad (d\u00e9u de les tempestes), principal transmissor dels missatges divins (textos de presagis). Patr\u00f3 dels viatgers (especialment de dia) i de la pr\u00e0ctica de l&#8217;endevinaci\u00f3. Protector dels desemparats: v\u00eddues, orfes, esclaus.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-jm2n74ec iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"jm2n74ec\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8vufse4c elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"8vufse4c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Aparen\u00e7a<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-mwb9u015 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"mwb9u015\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Antropomorf, representat com una figura masculina barbuda amb un alt diadema en forma de barret (sovint amb disc solar) i una llarga t\u00fanica de m\u00faltiples capes. Atributs caracter\u00edstics: <em>raigs de sol sortint de les espatlles<\/em> (o d&#8217;un disc solar superposat), <em>serra<\/em> (a la m\u00e0, amb la qual talla el que \u00e9s fals) i <em>bast\u00f3 i anell<\/em> (ins\u00edgnies del judici).<\/p><p>Sovint apareix assegut en un tron amb els raigs de sol. A l&#8217;<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Una placa de pedra o fusta dreta, inscrita o decorada amb imatges.\" tabindex=\"0\">estela<\/span> d&#8217;Hammurabi apareix orientat cap al rei, lliurant-li el codi de lleis. <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un signe que representa una idea o significat.\" tabindex=\"0\">S\u00edmbol<\/span>: disc solar alat.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c2 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c2\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-37ss2yr6 iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"37ss2yr6\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3v0wp3wx elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3v0wp3wx\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">L'acci\u00f3 de Shamash<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-w3247g2m elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"w3247g2m\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>\u00c0mbit d&#8217;acci\u00f3:<\/strong> Shamash era invocat per jutges, viatgers, endevins i tots aquells que buscaven just\u00edcia. S&#8217;oferien sacrificis abans dels processos judicials. Era central en l&#8217;endevinaci\u00f3: l&#8217;examen de fetges (haruspicium) i l&#8217;<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"La interpretaci\u00f3 de signes per con\u00e8ixer el que \u00e9s ocult o futur.\" tabindex=\"0\">endevinaci\u00f3<\/span> per oli sobre aigua (lecanomancia) eren pr\u00e0ctiques associades a Shamash. La <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"L'acte de dirigir-se a una divinitat o poder amb una s\u00faplica o conjur.\" tabindex=\"0\">invocaci\u00f3<\/span> personal es feia abans de decisions importants, en viatges o en demandes judicials. Sippar era destinaci\u00f3 de pelegrinatge per als peticionaris en q\u00fcestions d&#8217;endevinaci\u00f3 i just\u00edcia.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0qpjal9w iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"0qpjal9w\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6ndoih0o elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6ndoih0o\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Amulets protectors<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6684tyh9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6684tyh9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Raigs de sol sortint de les espatlles, disc solar alat, serra (que talla el que \u00e9s fals), bast\u00f3 i anell (ins\u00edgnies judicials), alt diadema en forma de barret, llarga t\u00fanica, toro (animal secundari). Plantes: tamariu. N\u00famero sagrat: 20. Direcci\u00f3 sagrada: est (sortida del sol).<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3lfi7x32 iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3lfi7x32\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0kg99ga1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"0kg99ga1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">\u00c9ssers relacionats<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-n0fum6kp elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"n0fum6kp\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><em>Utu<\/em> (sumeri, precursor), <em>Shemesh<\/em> (hebreu), <em>Re\/Ra<\/em> (Egipte, d\u00e9u solar principal), <em>Helios<\/em> (Gr\u00e8cia), <em>Sol<\/em> (Roma), <em>Sol Invictus<\/em> (rom\u00e0 tard\u00e0), <em>S\u016brya<\/em> (hinduisme), <em>Amaterasu<\/em> (Jap\u00f3, deessa solar femenina), <em>Mithra<\/em> (persa, d\u00e9u solar de la just\u00edcia). Funcionalment, tots els jutges divins (Yama, Anubis, aspectes d&#8217;Hades) comparteixen funcions amb Shamash.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7533bc7a e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"7533bc7a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2447d18d elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2447d18d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Defensa pr\u00e0ctica<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d5d0260c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d5d0260c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-341be2ac elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"341be2ac\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3>Rituals de veneraci\u00f3<\/h3><p>Shamash, d\u00e9u del sol i de la just\u00edcia, tenia el seu centre de culte principal al <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un edifici dedicat a la veneraci\u00f3 d'una o diverses divinitats.\" tabindex=\"0\">temple<\/span> E-babbar a Sippar (i a Larsa). Els sacrificis diaris a la sortida del sol (\u00abnu\u1e2batim\u00bb, pans cuits, d\u00e0tils, cervesa) eren obligaci\u00f3 de la classe sacerdotal <em>\u0161angu<\/em>.<\/p><p>La festa del solstici d&#8217;estiu <em>b\u012bt sab\u012bti<\/em>, amb <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Una desfilada religiosa solemne.\" tabindex=\"0\">process\u00f3<\/span> de l&#8217;est\u00e0tua del d\u00e9u fins a la riba de l&#8217;Eufrates, est\u00e0 documentada des de l&#8217;\u00e8poca d&#8217;Hammurabi (segle XVIII a.C.); fins i tot el mateix Codi d&#8217;Hammurabi comen\u00e7a amb una <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"L'acte de dirigir-se a una divinitat o poder amb una s\u00faplica o conjur.\" tabindex=\"0\">invocaci\u00f3<\/span> a Shamash com a garant de la just\u00edcia (cf. Bott\u00e9ro).<\/p><h3>Invocacions i himnes<\/h3><p>El \u00abGran Himne a Shamash\u00bb (BWL 121-138, Lambert), de m\u00e9s de 200 l\u00ednies, \u00e9s un dels textos himnics m\u00e9s centrals de la religi\u00f3 acc\u00e0dia. Les invocacions matinals di\u00e0ries comen\u00e7aven amb \u00ab\u0160ama\u0161 mu\u0161t\u0113\u0161er kibr\u0101t\u00bb (Shamash, guia de les quatre regions del m\u00f3n). Abans dels processos judicials, Shamash era invocat com a testimoni ocular.<\/p><h3>Amulets i s\u00edmbols de protecci\u00f3<\/h3><p>Els s\u00edmbols solars (disc solar alat, estrella de quatre raigs en cercle) es troben en cilindres-segell babil\u00f2nics (cf. Black\/Green, <em>Gods, Demons and Symbols<\/em>). Es portaven plaquetes solars de calced\u00f2nia o cristall de roca com a protecci\u00f3 contra la malaltia i la injust\u00edcia. L&#8217;anell solar de dotze raigs (Babil\u00f2nia, segle VII a.C.) simbolitza l&#8217;omnipres\u00e8ncia de Shamash.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5a584676 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"5a584676\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6d0757bf elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6d0757bf\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Shamash, paral\u00b7lelismes en altres cultures<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-60563f68 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"60563f68\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5a93fdd6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5a93fdd6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Shamash s&#8217;assembla al d\u00e9u egipci Ra o At\u00f3n, tots dos d\u00e9us solars amb visi\u00f3 total. Amb el grec Apol\u00b7lo comparteix aspectes d&#8217;ordre i curaci\u00f3. El d\u00e9u hebreu a vegades es descriu amb funcions similars a les de Shamash, el que ho veu tot i jutja.<\/p><p>En les cultures \u00edndies s&#8217;assembla a Surya, el d\u00e9u del sol, o a Mitra, el d\u00e9u dels pactes i la just\u00edcia. Shamash continua sent, en totes les cultures, una figura central de l&#8217;ordre i la llum.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpbf8fe6e e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cpbf8fe6e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpc5b3c70 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cpc5b3c70\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">El Codi d'Hammurabi i el sol com a jutge<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpcd489b1 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cpcd489b1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpa50d0d6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cpa50d0d6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>La relaci\u00f3 m\u00e9s coneguda entre Shamash i la impartici\u00f3 de just\u00edcia reial es mostra en el relleu de la part superior de l&#8217;<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Una placa de pedra o fusta dreta, inscrita o decorada amb imatges.\" tabindex=\"0\">estela<\/span> del <em>Codi d&#8217;Hammurabi<\/em>, avui al Louvre. S&#8217;hi representa el rei babiloni Hammurabi dret davant un d\u00e9u entronitzat.<\/p><p>La investigaci\u00f3 m\u00e9s antiga va interpretar durant molt temps la figura com Shamash, ja que del d\u00e9u li surten raigs de les espatlles i lliura un anell i un bast\u00f3, ins\u00edgnies que en el llenguatge iconogr\u00e0fic mesopot\u00e0mic estaven vinculades a la transmissi\u00f3 d&#8217;autoritat legal. Alguns investigadors han proposat alternativament Marduk, per\u00f2 els atributs dels raigs apunten cap a Shamash.<\/p><p>Pel que fa al contingut, l&#8217;escena s&#8217;ajusta a l&#8217;autopercepci\u00f3 del text. En el pr\u00f2leg i l&#8217;ep\u00edleg del Codi, Hammurabi al\u00b7lega diverses vegades haver establert el dret al pa\u00eds, i Shamash hi apareix com el d\u00e9u que garanteix el dret i la just\u00edcia.<\/p><p>El d\u00e9u del sol ho veu tot el que passa durant el dia, i aquesta omnivid\u00e8ncia el va convertir, en la concepci\u00f3 mesopot\u00e0mica, en el garant natural del jurament, del pacte i de la sent\u00e8ncia.<\/p><p>Aquest paper \u00e9s anterior a Hammurabi. Ja en els himnes sumeris a Utu, el precursor de Shamash, el d\u00e9u \u00e9s invocat per descobrir la injust\u00edcia i ajudar l&#8217;oprimit. En documents judicials i f\u00f3rmules de jurament del segon i primer mil\u00b7lenni, el seu nom apareix regularment. Qui trencava un jurament fet davant Shamash s&#8217;exposava al seu c\u00e0stig.<\/p><p>La connexi\u00f3 entre la met\u00e0fora de la llum i la idea de just\u00edcia, la llum que porta a la llum del dia el que est\u00e0 ocult, es mant\u00e9 tan consistent en les fonts que es pot considerar un tret fonamental de la concepci\u00f3 divina mesopot\u00e0mica. Alhora, mostra com d&#8217;estretament vinculades estaven la <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"La concepci\u00f3, dins d'una cultura, de l'estructura i l'ordre del m\u00f3n.\" tabindex=\"0\">cosmologia<\/span> i l&#8217;ordre social en aquesta cultura.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2921025 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp2921025\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2a869b7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp2a869b7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Sippar i Larsa: els grans centres de culte<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp40bfd84 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp40bfd84\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpb809579 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cpb809579\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Shamash tenia dos temples principals, tots dos amb el nom d&#8217;<em>E-babbar<\/em>, la casa resplendent o blanca. Un s&#8217;al\u00e7ava a Sippar, al nord de Babil\u00f2nia, i l&#8217;altre a Larsa, al sud. Ambdues ciutats van ser considerades durant mil\u00b7lennis els centres principals del culte solar, i els seus <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Una construcci\u00f3 destinada a la veneraci\u00f3 d'una o diverses divinitats.\" tabindex=\"0\">temples<\/span> van ser restaurats i dotats per nombrosos governants.<\/p><p>Per a Sippar, l&#8217;estat de les fonts \u00e9s especialment bo. Les excavacions van proporcionar amplis arxius de temple d&#8217;\u00e8poca paleobabil\u00f2nica i neobabil\u00f2nica, que ofereixen una visi\u00f3 de l&#8217;economia, l&#8217;administraci\u00f3 i el personal del santuari. Un objecte molt citat \u00e9s l&#8217;anomenada Tauleta del Sol de Nabu-apla-iddina, una tauleta de pedra del segle IX abans de la nostra era.<\/p><p>Mostra en <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Una representaci\u00f3 pl\u00e0stica en relleu treballada sobre una superf\u00edcie.\" tabindex=\"0\">relleu<\/span> Shamash entronitzat i narra en el text com el rei, despr\u00e9s d&#8217;un llarg per\u00edode de neglig\u00e8ncia, va fer fabricar una nova <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Representaci\u00f3 figurativa d'una divinitat que \u00e9s venerada en un temple o santuari.\" tabindex=\"0\">imatge de culte<\/span> del d\u00e9u, despr\u00e9s que fos trobat un antic model d&#8217;argila. El text documenta aix\u00ed tamb\u00e9 la preocupaci\u00f3 per la restauraci\u00f3 correcta d&#8217;una imatge de culte perduda.<\/p><p>A Larsa, el <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"El conjunt d'actes religiosos de veneraci\u00f3 dedicats a una divinitat o figura sagrada.\" tabindex=\"0\">culte<\/span> a Shamash va viure un per\u00edode d&#8217;esplendor sota reis com Rim-Sin. Tamb\u00e9 aqu\u00ed els governants van fer renovar l&#8217;E-babbar, i les inscripcions de construcci\u00f3 registren les seves donacions. La continu\u00eftat \u00e9s notable: fins i tot el rei neobabil\u00f2nic Nabonid, conegut sobretot pel seu foment del d\u00e9u lunar Sin, es va ocupar dels temples solars de totes dues ciutats.<\/p><p>La duplicaci\u00f3 dels centres de culte al nord i al sud reflecteix l&#8217;estructura geogr\u00e0fica de Babil\u00f2nia i va assegurar al d\u00e9u solar una pres\u00e8ncia arreu del pa\u00eds, per damunt dels vincles locals.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpda201f0 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cpda201f0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp3bb6221 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp3bb6221\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Shamash en l'endevinaci\u00f3 i en l'Epopeia de Gilgameix<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp60b57ff e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp60b57ff\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp3fcf874 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp3fcf874\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>A m\u00e9s del seu paper com a jutge, Shamash era el d\u00e9u de l&#8217;extisp\u00edcia i de la pr\u00e0ctica oracular. L&#8217;examen de les entranyes mesopot\u00e0mic, en el qual els sacerdots llegien signes al fetge dels animals sacrificats, adre\u00e7ava sovint les seves consultes a Shamash juntament amb el d\u00e9u del temps Adad.<\/p><p>Els anomenats preg\u00e0ries d&#8217;extisp\u00edcia, sovint anomenats en la investigaci\u00f3 textos <em>tamitu<\/em> o consultes a l&#8217;<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un lloc o instituci\u00f3 on s'obt\u00e9 una resposta divina.\" tabindex=\"0\">oracle<\/span>, formulaven preguntes concretes, per exemple si una campanya militar tindria \u00e8xit, i demanaven al d\u00e9u que escriv\u00eds la seva resposta a les entranyes. Aix\u00ed, Shamash no era nom\u00e9s aquell que descobria les injust\u00edcies existents, sin\u00f3 tamb\u00e9 aquell que comunicava all\u00f2 ocult sobre el futur.<\/p><p>En l&#8217;<em>Epopeia de Gilgameix<\/em>, Shamash apareix com a d\u00e9u protector dels herois. Abans de la campanya contra Humbaba, guardi\u00e0 del bosc de cedres, Gilgameix s&#8217;adre\u00e7a al d\u00e9u del sol i li demana ajuda. Shamash envia llavors vents que assetgen Humbaba i proporcionen a l&#8217;heroi l&#8217;avantatge decisiu.<\/p><p>M\u00e9s tard, quan Enkidu es troba a punt de morir i pronuncia la seva <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"F\u00f3rmula amb la qual es vol infligir mal a una persona o cosa.\" tabindex=\"0\">maledicci\u00f3<\/span> contra la meuca que l&#8217;ha portat a la civilitzaci\u00f3, \u00e9s Shamash qui el repr\u00e8n i li recorda el b\u00e9 que ha rebut. Enkidu retira llavors la <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"F\u00f3rmula amb la qual es vol infligir mal a una persona o cosa.\" tabindex=\"0\">maledicci\u00f3<\/span>.<\/p><p>Aquests episodis mostren Shamash com una inst\u00e0ncia ordenadora i moderadora dins la narraci\u00f3. No interv\u00e9 arbitr\u00e0riament, sin\u00f3 que dona suport a qui s&#8217;adre\u00e7a a ell i crida a la reflexi\u00f3 on amena\u00e7a la desmesura. Aix\u00ed, el seu paper en l&#8217;epopeia s&#8217;ajusta a la imatge general que dibuixen els himnes i els textos jur\u00eddics.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp66f75a0 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp66f75a0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp846bc1f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp846bc1f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">D'Utu a Shamash: etimologia i arrels sum\u00e8ries<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp7fc2d21 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp7fc2d21\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp61cd3cc elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp61cd3cc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>El nom Shamash \u00e9s el mot accadi per a \u00absol\u00bb i pertany a una arrel sem\u00edtica comuna, que es troba en forma semblant tamb\u00e9 en hebreu com <em>schemesch<\/em>, en \u00e0rab com <em>schams<\/em> i en altres lleng\u00fces sem\u00edtiques. El d\u00e9u i l&#8217;astre celeste porten aix\u00ed el mateix nom, cosa que subratlla l&#8217;estreta relaci\u00f3 entre el fenomen natural i la persona divina.<\/p><p>El predecessor sumeri es deia Utu. Amb la fusi\u00f3 de la religi\u00f3 sum\u00e8ria i acc\u00e0dia al llarg del tercer i segon mil\u00b7lenni, Utu i Shamash van ser en gran mesura equiparats, sense que la figura m\u00e9s antiga desaparegu\u00e9s del tot. En textos biling\u00fces, tots dos noms apareixen junts.<\/p><p>Utu ja era considerat en l&#8217;\u00e8poca sum\u00e8ria fill del d\u00e9u lunar Nanna i de Ningal, i germ\u00e0 d&#8217;Inanna, la posterior Ixtar. Aquestes relacions familiars van ser adoptades en els textos accadis: Shamash \u00e9s fill de Sin i germ\u00e0 d&#8217;Ixtar.<\/p><p>Resulta notable la posici\u00f3 del sol com a fill de la lluna. En moltes altres mitologies, \u00e9s al contrari: el sol es considera l&#8217;astre de rang o antiguitat superior. Sovint s&#8217;explica l&#8217;ordenaci\u00f3 mesopot\u00e0mica pel fet que el d\u00e9u lunar tenia a Ur un <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"El conjunt d'actes religiosos de veneraci\u00f3 dedicats a una divinitat o figura sagrada.\" tabindex=\"0\">culte<\/span> especialment antic i prestigi\u00f3s.<\/p><p>La genealogia reflecteix, doncs, m\u00e9s b\u00e9 la hist\u00f2ria dels centres de culte que una astronomia sistem\u00e0tica. Tamb\u00e9 \u00e9s revelador l&#8217;escriptura del nom: el signe del sol podia llegir-se tant sum\u00e8riament com Utu com acc\u00e0diament com Shamash, de manera que els textos sovint deixen obert quina forma ling\u00fc\u00edstica tenia present l&#8217;escriba.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp75cc266 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp75cc266\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpa19f12f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cpa19f12f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Recepci\u00f3: el d\u00e9u del sol en la investigaci\u00f3 de l'Orient Antic<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpa0bc082 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cpa0bc082\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp636a807 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp636a807\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Shamash \u00e9s una de les divinitats que van tornar a ser conegudes aviat gr\u00e0cies al desxiframent de l&#8217;escriptura cune\u00efforme al segle XIX.<\/p><p><span data-nosnippet>La <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Una placa de pedra o fusta dreta, inscrita o il\u00b7lustrada.\" tabindex=\"0\">estela<\/span> del <em>Codex Hammurapi<\/em>, trobada el 1901 i 1902 per una expedici\u00f3 francesa a Susa, va convertir la imatge del d\u00e9u entronitzat amb els raigs a les espatlles en una de les representacions m\u00e9s conegudes de tot l&#8217;Orient Antic. Apareix reprodu\u00efda en innombrables manuals i encara avui marca la imatge popular de la religi\u00f3 mesopot\u00e0mica.<\/span><\/p><p>En el debat cient\u00edfic, la q\u00fcesti\u00f3 que ha ocupat durant molt temps un lloc central \u00e9s fins a quin punt el culte solar mesopot\u00e0mic estava lligat a concepcions jur\u00eddiques i si aquesta vinculaci\u00f3 va irradiar a cultures ve\u00efnes.<\/p><p>Els historiadors de les religions han discutit paral\u00b7lelismes amb met\u00e0fores jur\u00eddiques de la llum en textos sem\u00edtics occidentals i b\u00edblics, per exemple all\u00e0 on la just\u00edcia i la salvaci\u00f3 es comparen amb la sortida del sol. Aquestes comparacions s&#8217;han de fer amb prud\u00e8ncia, ja que met\u00e0fores similars poden sorgir de manera independent, per\u00f2 el testimoni mesopot\u00e0mic est\u00e0 especialment ben documentat gr\u00e0cies a la gran quantitat de fonts.<\/p><p>Per a l&#8217;estudi modern s\u00f3n fonamentals les edicions dels himnes i preg\u00e0ries, entre les quals destaca el gran himne a Shamash, transm\u00e8s en diversos testimonis textuals, que lloa \u00e0mpliament el d\u00e9u com a guardi\u00e0 omniscient de la just\u00edcia.<\/p><p>Ha estat tradu\u00eft i comentat en repetides ocasions i es considera un dels textos religiosos m\u00e9s impressionants de Mesopot\u00e0mia. Qui s&#8217;endinsi en el <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"El conjunt de d\u00e9us d'una religi\u00f3 o cultura.\" tabindex=\"0\">pante\u00f3<\/span> mesopot\u00e0mic pot continuar des de Shamash cap a figures relacionades, com el seu pare <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/?page_id=171787\">Sin<\/a> o la seva germana <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/?page_id=171551\">Ishtar<\/a>.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-36dd7469 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"36dd7469\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-13760ab4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"13760ab4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Enlla\u00e7os relacionats<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-28c87796 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"28c87796\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5d6538df elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5d6538df\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/?page_id=171551\">Ishtar, germana<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/?page_id=171467\">Marduk, superior en el pante\u00f3 neobabil\u00f2nic<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/mesopotamia\/\">Mesopot\u00e0mia, panorama del pante\u00f3<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/?page_id=171459\">Grans divinitats, subcategoria<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/?page_id=171431\">D\u00e9us, panorama de classes<\/a><\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-grl4kl40 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"grl4kl40\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bzsbfrmh elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"bzsbfrmh\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Bibliografia (selecci\u00f3)<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2c13224a e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"2c13224a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0eymh9ub elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"0eymh9ub\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<footer class=\"iwg-literatur\" data-nosnippet=\"true\"><ul><li><span data-nosnippet>Schwemer, Daniel: <em>Die Wettergottgestalten Mesopotamiens und Nordsyriens<\/em>. Wiesbaden 2001.<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Roth, Martha T.: <em>Law Collections from Mesopotamia and Asia Minor<\/em>. Atlanta 1995 (Codex Hammurabi).<\/span><\/li><li>Walde, Christine (ed.): <em>Der Neue Pauly<\/em> (entrada &bdquo;Shamash&ldquo;).<\/li><\/ul><\/footer>\n<p class=\"iwg-bib-more\"><span data-nosnippet>M\u00e9s obres de refer\u00e8ncia a la <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/?page_id=171483\">bibliografia<\/a>.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":1637,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"elementor_header_footer","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_focuskw":"Shamash","_yoast_wpseo_title":"Shamash \u2013 D\u00e9u del sol i guardi\u00e0 de la just\u00edcia","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"Shamash, d\u00e9u del sol mesopot\u00e0mic i guardi\u00e0 de la just\u00edcia. El seu paper en el Codi d'Hammurabi, temples a Sippar i Larsa, el seu recorregut diari pel cel.","_yoast_wpseo_meta-robots-noindex":"","_yoast_wpseo_canonical":"","_angie_page":false,"gefaehrdungsstufe":"2","wesen_kultur":"mesopotamien","wesen_klasse":"goetter","footnotes":""},"categories":[],"class_list":["post-171561","page","type-page","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v27.7 (Yoast SEO v28.3) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Shamash \u2013 D\u00e9u del sol i guardi\u00e0 de la just\u00edcia<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Shamash, d\u00e9u del sol mesopot\u00e0mic i guardi\u00e0 de la just\u00edcia. 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