{"id":171532,"date":"2026-09-05T15:40:11","date_gmt":"2026-09-05T15:40:11","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/?page_id=171532"},"modified":"2026-09-05T16:00:21","modified_gmt":"2026-09-05T16:00:21","slug":"mahakala","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/mahakala\/","title":{"rendered":"Mahakala"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"171532\" class=\"elementor elementor-171532 elementor-2021 elementor-bc-flex-widget\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-10fdade e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"10fdade\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-herohlft0 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"herohlft0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c3ceb64 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"c3ceb64\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-96ae5e1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"96ae5e1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Mahakala, d\u00e9u de la tradici\u00f3 tibetana<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e45238a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e45238a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Mah\u0101k\u0101la, en s\u00e0nscrit \u00abel Gran Negre\u00bb, en tibet\u00e0 Nagpo Chenpo, \u00e9s un Dharmap\u0101la (d\u00e9u protector) central de la tradici\u00f3 budista tibetana. Des del punt de vista de la hist\u00f2ria de les religions, combina aspectes hinduistes de Shiva amb la soteriologia t\u00e0ntrica budista, i des del segle VIII s&#8217;ha establert a l&#8217;\u00cdndia i al Tibet com a protector de la doctrina. En les quatre escoles del budisme tibet\u00e0 figura entre les divinitats protectores m\u00e9s venerades.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-klsbdg01 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"klsbdg01\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-klshtm01 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"klshtm01\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"iwg-pill-row\"><span class=\"iwg-klasse-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"D\u00e9u \/ Deessa: Poder suprem personificat dins el pante\u00f3 d'una cultura, amb atribucions clares sobre forces naturals, el dest\u00ed, la guerra o la fertilitat. Venerat mitjan\u00e7ant cultes, ofrenes i institucions templ\u00e0ries.\">D\u00e9u<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/?page_id=171413\" class=\"iwg-kultur-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Tradici\u00f3 budista tibetana i b\u00f6n, yidam, Dharmap\u0101la, m\u00f3n dels nagues.\">Tibet<\/a><span class=\"iwg-tradition-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Classe de divinitats protectores del budisme tibet\u00e0.\">Dharmap\u0101la<\/span><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3f74855 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3f74855\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1c30362 elementor-toc--minimized-on-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-table-of-contents\" data-id=\"1c30362\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;exclude_headings_by_selector&quot;:[],&quot;no_headings_message&quot;:&quot;No s&#039;ha trobat cap encap\\u00e7alament en aquesta p\\u00e0gina.&quot;,&quot;headings_by_tags&quot;:[&quot;h2&quot;,&quot;h3&quot;],&quot;marker_view&quot;:&quot;bullets&quot;,&quot;minimize_box&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;icon&quot;:{&quot;value&quot;:&quot;fas fa-circle&quot;,&quot;library&quot;:&quot;fa-solid&quot;,&quot;rendered_tag&quot;:&quot;&lt;svg class=\\&quot;e-font-icon-svg e-fas-circle\\&quot; viewBox=\\&quot;0 0 512 512\\&quot; xmlns=\\&quot;http:\\\/\\\/www.w3.org\\\/2000\\\/svg\\&quot;&gt;&lt;path d=\\&quot;M256 8C119 8 8 119 8 256s111 248 248 248 248-111 248-248S393 8 256 8z\\&quot;&gt;&lt;\\\/path&gt;&lt;\\\/svg&gt;&quot;},&quot;minimized_on&quot;:&quot;tablet&quot;,&quot;hierarchical_view&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;min_height&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"table-of-contents.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__header\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-toc__header-title\">\n\t\t\t\t\u00cdndex\t\t\t<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--expand\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__1c30362\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Open table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-down\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M207.029 381.476L12.686 187.132c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941l22.667-22.667c9.357-9.357 24.522-9.375 33.901-.04L224 284.505l154.745-154.021c9.379-9.335 24.544-9.317 33.901.04l22.667 22.667c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941L240.971 381.476c-9.373 9.372-24.569 9.372-33.942 0z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--collapse\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__1c30362\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Close table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-up\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M240.971 130.524l194.343 194.343c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941l-22.667 22.667c-9.357 9.357-24.522 9.375-33.901.04L224 227.495 69.255 381.516c-9.379 9.335-24.544 9.317-33.901-.04l-22.667-22.667c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941L207.03 130.525c9.372-9.373 24.568-9.373 33.941-.001z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-toc__1c30362\" class=\"elementor-toc__body\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__spinner-container\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg class=\"elementor-toc__spinner eicon-animation-spin e-font-icon-svg e-eicon-loading\" aria-hidden=\"true\" viewBox=\"0 0 1000 1000\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M500 975V858C696 858 858 696 858 500S696 142 500 142 142 304 142 500H25C25 237 238 25 500 25S975 237 975 500 763 975 500 975Z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-herorght0 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"herorght0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-heroimg00 iwg-hero-image elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"heroimg00\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"683\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_tibet_mahakala-683x1024.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-1767\" alt=\"Mahakala\" srcset=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_tibet_mahakala-683x1024.webp 683w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_tibet_mahakala-200x300.webp 200w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_tibet_mahakala-768x1152.webp 768w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_tibet_mahakala.webp 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 683px) 100vw, 683px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-32917199 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"32917199\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-26e916cb e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"26e916cb\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-253a40d4 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"253a40d4\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1200c304 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1200c304\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Mahakala<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-11758e7f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"11758e7f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Mah\u0101k\u0101la apareix en nombroses formes iconogr\u00e0fiques, amb dos, quatre o sis bra\u00e7os, de cos negre o blau fosc, amb una corona de calaveres, una garlanda de caps tallats i un davantal de pell de tigre.<\/p><p>La forma de dos bra\u00e7os, Bernagchen, es considera la protecci\u00f3 principal de l&#8217;escola Karma Kagyu; la forma de quatre bra\u00e7os, Caturbhuja, la protecci\u00f3 de les escoles Sakya i Gelug; i la forma de sis bra\u00e7os, Shadbhuja, la protecci\u00f3 en el context d&#8217;Avalokite\u015bvara. Funcionalment protegeix els practicants, els monestirs i la transmissi\u00f3 del <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"En les religions \u00edndies, la doctrina i l'ordre recte de l'acci\u00f3.\" tabindex=\"0\">Dharma<\/span> mateixa, allunya els obstacles i dona suport a l&#8217;activitat il\u00b7luminada.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-159dcf9a e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"159dcf9a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-48cee66f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"48cee66f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">D'un cop d'ull: Mahakala<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3f50d82c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"3f50d82c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Tipus:<\/strong> Divinitat principal del budisme <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"'Vehicle de diamant'; forma t\u00e0ntrica del budisme mahayana, principalment al Tibet, amb la pr\u00e0ctica yidam i la t\u00e8cnica del mantra al centre.\">Vajrayana<\/span>, yidam protector iracund<br><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"El conjunt de d\u00e9us d'una religi\u00f3 o cultura.\" tabindex=\"0\">Pante\u00f3<\/span>: Budisme tibet\u00e0 (totes les escoles), adoptat del Bhairava\/Shiva hinduista<br>Funci\u00f3: Protecci\u00f3 del <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"En les religions \u00edndies, la doctrina i l'ordre recte de l'acci\u00f3.\" tabindex=\"0\">Dharma<\/span>, destrucci\u00f3 d&#8217;obstacles i de forces demon\u00edaques, protector de les l\u00ednies mon\u00e0stiques<br>Atributs principals: Sis bra\u00e7os (forma de sis bra\u00e7os, la m\u00e9s popular), corona de calaveres, aur\u00e8ola flamejant, davantal de pell de tigre, copa de calavera<br>Principals llocs de culte: tots els monestirs tibetans (com a <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un \u00e9sser venerat com a div\u00ed dins una religi\u00f3.\" tabindex=\"0\">divinitat<\/span> central en cada cambra protectora), Mont Wutai (Xina)<br>Formes principals: Mahakala de sis bra\u00e7os, Mahakala de quatre bra\u00e7os, Brahmanrupa-Mahakala, Pancanatha-Mahakala (de cinc caps)<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-18613602 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"18613602\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-262b8a9f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"262b8a9f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Context<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-46dcb7d e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"46dcb7d\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-61d3ab3 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"61d3ab3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-117c166 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"117c166\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Per\u00edode dels textos<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-73997a0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"73997a0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Mahakala (s\u00e0nscrit, \u00abel gran negre\u00bb o \u00abel gran temps\u00bb) sorgeix en la tradici\u00f3 hind\u00fa-t\u00e0ntrica com a aspecte airat de Shiva (= <em>Bhairava<\/em>), \u00e9s adoptat pel budisme Vajrayana als segles VIII-IX i esdev\u00e9 la principal divinitat protectora de la tradici\u00f3 tibetana.<\/p><p>El per\u00edode de m\u00e0xim esplendor de la veneraci\u00f3 de Mahakala al Tibet va ser als segles XI-XIV, amb la segona difusi\u00f3 del budisme a trav\u00e9s d&#8217;Atisha. En el Tibet modern continua sent central a tots els monestirs. En el budisme xin\u00e8s \u00e9s conegut com a <em>Daheitian<\/em> (patr\u00f3 dels ec\u00f2noms de monestir), i al Jap\u00f3 com a <em>Daikokuten<\/em> (un dels set d\u00e9us de la fortuna, transformat ir\u00f2nicament en una benigna <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"\u00c9sser venerat com a div\u00ed dins d'una religi\u00f3.\" tabindex=\"0\">divinitat<\/span> de la prosperitat).<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d47b156 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d47b156\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ff38c2b elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"ff38c2b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">\u00c0rea de difusi\u00f3<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4e49fcc elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4e49fcc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Principals llocs de culte: en <strong>cada monestir tibet\u00e0<\/strong>, Mahakala t\u00e9 una cambra protectora pr\u00f2pia (<em>Gonkhang<\/em>). Monestirs principals amb una tradici\u00f3 destacada de Mahakala: <strong>Tashilhunpo<\/strong> (seu del Panchen Lama), <strong>Drepung<\/strong>, <strong>Sera<\/strong>, <strong>Gand\u00e4n<\/strong>, <strong>Sakya<\/strong>. Present tamb\u00e9 en molts complexos mon\u00e0stics de Bhutan i el Nepal.<\/p><p>A Mong\u00f2lia \u00e9s central (tradici\u00f3 del Bogd Khan). Al Jap\u00f3 \u00e9s present en cada <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un edifici dedicat a la veneraci\u00f3 d'una o diverses divinitats.\" tabindex=\"0\">temple<\/span> com a Daikokuten (amb la seva caracter\u00edstica aparen\u00e7a benigna, amb un saquet d&#8217;arr\u00f2s en lloc de la copa de calavera), i en els temples xinesos com a Daheitian.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-db03c39 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"db03c39\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-229a87b e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"229a87b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1f471fc elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1f471fc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Estat de les fonts<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-36b1201 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"36b1201\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Fonts centrals: <em>Mahakala-Tantra<\/em> (diverses versions per a les diferents formes de Mahakala), <em>Sadhanamala<\/em>, <em>Nispannayogavali<\/em>. Textos pr\u00e0ctics tibetans: corpus de <em>Mahakala-Sadhana<\/em> de cada escola.<\/p><p>Bibliografia secund\u00e0ria: Linrothe, <em>Ruthless Compassion. Wrathful Deities in Early Indo-Tibetan Esoteric Buddhist Art<\/em> (obra de refer\u00e8ncia); Stablein, <em>The Mah\u00e2k\u00e2la Tantra. A Lectionary on Vajray\u00e2na Buddhism<\/em>; Kohn, <em>Lord of the Dance. The Mani Rimdu Festival in Tibet and Nepal<\/em>; Lopez, <em>Religions of Tibet in Practice<\/em>.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3ae0637c e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"3ae0637c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-31d07739 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"31d07739\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Nom<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b7642947 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"b7642947\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a086266 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a086266\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Mahakala es representa amb determinats elements iconogr\u00e0fics codificats simb\u00f2licament i carregats d&#8217;un significat profund. Aquests elements transmeten essencialment les funcions, les fonts de poder, l&#8217;\u00e0mbit d&#8217;actuaci\u00f3 i el paper c\u00f2smic d&#8217;aquesta entitat. El sistema visual permet als iniciats i a les persones amb formaci\u00f3 cultural captar-ne el significat profund.<\/p><p>En les representacions de Mahakala, cada element visual ve fixat pels textos tibetans de sadhana: el color de la pell negre o blau fosc, el ganivet ganxut (kartika) a la m\u00e0 dreta i la copa de calavera (kapala) a la m\u00e0 esquerra, a m\u00e9s de la corona de calaveres i l&#8217;aur\u00e8ola flamejant. Els pintors dels monestirs reprodueixen aquestes indicacions des de fa segles seguint les mateixes regles iconom\u00e8triques, de manera que la forma protectora d&#8217;Avalokiteshvara resta clarament identificable en totes les escoles.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-709a44a8 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"709a44a8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2f585873 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2f585873\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Caracter\u00edstiques<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-70621c12 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"70621c12\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4296eb49 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4296eb49\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Mahakala va ser central en la pr\u00e0ctica religiosa i la comprensi\u00f3 quotidiana del Tibet. En situacions cr\u00edtiques o en determinades \u00e8poques rituals de l&#8217;any, les persones s&#8217;adre\u00e7aven a aquesta entitat mitjan\u00e7ant rituals estructurats, preg\u00e0ries o ofrenes. La pr\u00e0ctica es transmetia amb precisi\u00f3 i sovint era dirigida per sacerdots o especialistes.<\/p><p>El fet que els monestirs tibetans continu\u00efn duent a terme di\u00e0riament els ritus de Mahakala fins avui demostra la import\u00e0ncia vinculant d&#8217;aquesta pr\u00e0ctica de protecci\u00f3 dins la tradici\u00f3. Les funcions atribu\u00efdes estan clarament repartides: com a Dharmapala, Mahakala allunya els obstacles abans que pertorbin la pr\u00e0ctica, elimina les pertorbacions existents en el cam\u00ed espiritual, acompanya els practicants durant les iniciacions t\u00e0ntriques i, com a protector dels monestirs, vetlla permanentment per l&#8217;ensenyament i els seus llocs.<\/p><p><strong>Aparen\u00e7a i simbologia<\/strong><\/p><p><em>Mahakala<\/em> es representa com un d\u00e9u negre o blau fosc de cabells salvatges, sovint amb quatre bra\u00e7os. Porta una diadema de calaveres, un collar de caps i sost\u00e9 una copa feta de crani i una fulla corba. El seu tercer ull flameja. Se sost\u00e9 sobre cad\u00e0vers o dimonis. Aquesta <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Disciplina que estudia el contingut de les imatges i el seu significat.\" tabindex=\"0\">iconografia<\/span> simbolitza la destrucci\u00f3 de l&#8217;ego i de l&#8217;aferrament.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-44e71476 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"44e71476\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3c1fc3f0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3c1fc3f0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Fitxa: Mahakala<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-84f33b8e e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"84f33b8e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-hqkdc67p elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"hqkdc67p\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Els aspectes m\u00e9s importants de Mahakala d&#8217;un cop d&#8217;ull. Els camps seg\u00fcents resumeixen el seu origen, funci\u00f3, aparen\u00e7a, veneraci\u00f3, s\u00edmbols i paral\u00b7lelismes culturals.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c5 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c1 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-qh9oavvu iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"qh9oavvu\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-awzx8k2k elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"awzx8k2k\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Context cultural<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-x6rowhv0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"x6rowhv0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Mahakala sorgeix de la tradici\u00f3 hinduista-t\u00e0ntrica com a aspecte irat (wrathful) de Shiva (Bhairava), o b\u00e9 com a forma emanada d&#8217;Avalokiteshvara en el seu aspecte irat (una de les reinterpretacions budistes). En el sistema tibet\u00e0 hi ha diverses formes principals: <em>Mahakala de sis bra\u00e7os<\/em> (la m\u00e9s popular, protector de l&#8217;ensenyament del Karma), <em>Mahakala de quatre bra\u00e7os<\/em> (tradici\u00f3 Sakya), <em>Brahmanrupa-Mahakala<\/em> (en forma de brahm\u00e0), <em>Panchanatha-Mahakala<\/em> (de cinc caps). Cada forma t\u00e9 el seu propi tantra i el seu propi <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Pr\u00e0ctica espiritual dins l'hinduisme i el budisme; compr\u00e8n mantra, visualitzaci\u00f3 i ritu, sovint associada a un yidam.\">sadhana<\/span>.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8e3o4kxs iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"8e3o4kxs\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-08rkdgov elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"08rkdgov\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Objecte d'acci\u00f3<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-uwjelx8s elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"uwjelx8s\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Yidam protector (divinitat de meditaci\u00f3 protectora) de l&#8217;ensenyament budista i de la sangha practicant. Destrueix obstacles, poders demon\u00edacs i esperits mal\u00e8vols. En els monestirs tibetans, el cicle mensual del puja a Mahakala mant\u00e9 protegits l&#8217;ensenyament i el monestir. Patr\u00f3 de la transmissi\u00f3 mestre-deixeble. En les danses cham, confrontaci\u00f3 ritual amb els poders negatius. Al Jap\u00f3, com a Daikokuten, transformaci\u00f3 paradoxal en una divinitat ben\u00e8vola de la prosperitat <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un \u00e9sser venerat com a div\u00ed dins d'una religi\u00f3.\" tabindex=\"0\">(divinitat)<\/span> (bossa de tresors i seient de sacs d&#8217;arr\u00f2s).<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-jm2n74ec iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"jm2n74ec\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8vufse4c elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"8vufse4c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Aparen\u00e7a<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-mwb9u015 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"mwb9u015\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Forma de sis bra\u00e7os (la m\u00e9s popular): cos mascul\u00ed irat, negre carb\u00f3 (o blau fosc), molt muscul\u00f3s, tres ulls (el tercer vertical al front), boca oberta amb ullals, cabells flamejants i despentinats amb cinc calaveres com a corona. Sis bra\u00e7os: a les mans, una <em>espasa<\/em> (khadga), una <em>copa de crani<\/em> (kapala) amb sang o amrita, un <em>khatvanga<\/em> (bast\u00f3 amb crani), un <em>damaru<\/em> (tambor), un <em>pasha<\/em> (lla\u00e7) i un trishula (trident).<\/p><p><em>Faldilla de pell de tigre<\/em>, collar de serps, ornaments d&#8217;os. Es mant\u00e9 dret o ajupit sobre un cos hum\u00e0 inconscient (<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un signe que representa una idea o un significat.\" tabindex=\"0\">s\u00edmbol<\/span> de l&#8217;egocentrisme ven\u00e7ut), envoltat d&#8217;una aur\u00e8ola flamejant. Al Jap\u00f3, com a Daikokuten, apareix paradoxalment amb un aspecte suau i pac\u00edfic, amb un sac d&#8217;arr\u00f2s i un bast\u00f3.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c2 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c2\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-37ss2yr6 iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"37ss2yr6\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3v0wp3wx elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3v0wp3wx\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">L'acci\u00f3 de Mahakala<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-w3247g2m elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"w3247g2m\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>\u00c0mbit d&#8217;acci\u00f3:<\/strong> Mahakala \u00e9s venerat di\u00e0riament a cada monestir tibet\u00e0. El <em>puja a Mahakala<\/em> (sovint el dia 29 del calendari lunar tibet\u00e0, el dia de protecci\u00f3) \u00e9s un dels rituals principals. En la pr\u00e0ctica t\u00e0ntrica es medita com a <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"En el budisme tibet\u00e0, una divinitat de meditaci\u00f3 amb la qual el practicant treballa en identificaci\u00f3 per encarnar aspectes de l'iluminaci\u00f3.\">yidam<\/span>.<\/p><p>En el <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"El conjunt d'actes de veneraci\u00f3 religiosa dedicats a una divinitat o figura sagrada.\" tabindex=\"0\">culte<\/span> personal contra la malaltia, s&#8217;hi fa <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"L'acte de dirigir-se a una divinitat o poder amb s\u00faplica o invocaci\u00f3.\" tabindex=\"0\">invocaci\u00f3<\/span> per demanar protecci\u00f3 contra causes demon\u00edaques de malaltia. En les danses cham (especialment el festival Mani Rimdu als monestirs sherpa) t\u00e9 un paper central com a portador de m\u00e0scara. Al Jap\u00f3, com a Daikokuten, \u00e9s venerat a cada altar dom\u00e8stic com a d\u00e9u de la prosperitat. A Mong\u00f2lia i a la Xina, com a Daheitian.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0qpjal9w iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"0qpjal9w\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6ndoih0o elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6ndoih0o\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Protecci\u00f3<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6684tyh9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6684tyh9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Espasa (khadga), copa de crani (kapala), khatvanga (bast\u00f3 amb crani), damaru (tambor), pasha (lla\u00e7), trishula (trident). Corona de calaveres (5 calaveres), cabells flamejants, tercer ull, faldilla de pell de tigre, ornaments de serp, ornaments d&#8217;os. Muntura (en algunes formes): un \u00e9sser hum\u00e0 sota els peus. Plantes sagrades: l&#8217;arbre bilva. Colors sagrats: negre, blau fosc. Dies sagrats: dia 29 del calendari lunar.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3lfi7x32 iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3lfi7x32\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0kg99ga1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"0kg99ga1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Elements comparables<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-n0fum6kp elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"n0fum6kp\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><em>Bhairava<\/em> (hinduisme, precursor directe), <em>Shiva<\/em> (hinduisme, aspecte t\u00e0ntric), <em>Yamantaka<\/em> (Vajrayana, p\u00e0gina pr\u00f2pia, forma irada relacionada), <em>Daikokuten<\/em> (Jap\u00f3, transformaci\u00f3 paradoxal pr\u00f2pia), <em>Daheitian<\/em> (Xina, forma budista xinesa), <em>Yamadharaja<\/em> (Tibet, divinitat irada relacionada), <em>Hayagriva<\/em> (budisme). Paral\u00b7lelismes globals de divinitats irades: <em>Sekhmet<\/em> (Egipte), <em>Set<\/em> (Egipte, aspecte del caos), <em>Er\u00ednies<\/em> (Gr\u00e8cia), <em>Kali<\/em> (hinduisme, paral\u00b7lel femen\u00ed).<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5a584676 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"5a584676\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6d0757bf elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6d0757bf\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Mahakala, paral\u00b7lelismes en altres cultures<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-60563f68 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"60563f68\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5a93fdd6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5a93fdd6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Les divinitats protectores iracundes que apareixen com a aspectes d&#8217;una <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un \u00e9sser venerat com a div\u00ed dins d'una religi\u00f3.\" tabindex=\"0\">divinitat<\/span> superior s\u00f3n un t\u00f2pic dels budismes indo-tibetans, comparable a Bhairava, Yamantaka o les figures Heruka; la funci\u00f3 de guardi\u00e0 de llindars i protector del <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"En les religions \u00edndies, la doctrina i l'ordre recte de l'acci\u00f3.\" tabindex=\"0\">Dharma<\/span> \u00e9s constant.<\/p>\n<p><span data-nosnippet><strong>Tradici\u00f3 jueva:<\/strong> No hi ha una correspond\u00e8ncia directa; llunyanament emparentats hi s\u00f3n els arc\u00e0ngels guerrers com Miquel, la funci\u00f3 protectora dels quals contra adversaris c\u00f2smics \u00e9s estructuralment paral\u00b7lela al paper de dharmap\u0101la (cf. Gershom Scholem: Ursprung und Anf\u00e4nge der <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"M\u00edstica jueva amb obres principals el Sefer Yetzir\u00e0, el Zohar i l'escola luri\u00e0nica; doctrina de les Sefirot, el Tetragrama i el Tikkun.\">C\u00e0bala<\/span>, Berl\u00edn 1962).<\/span><\/p><p><span data-nosnippet><strong>M\u00f3n grecorom\u00e0:<\/strong> Comparables s\u00f3n divinitats ct\u00f2niques terror\u00edfiques com H\u00e8cate-Brimo o Plut\u00f3 en el seu aspecte iracund, que igualment fan de guardians de llindars rituals. Walter Burkert (Griechische Religion, Munic 1977) assenyala el paral\u00b7lelisme estructural entre les divinitats negres apotropaiques en les religions indoeuropees.<\/span><\/p><p><span data-nosnippet><strong>Mesopot\u00e0mia:<\/strong> Nergal, com a d\u00e9u del m\u00f3n subterrani i de la destrucci\u00f3 b\u00e8l\u00b7lica, presenta elements iconogr\u00e0fics comparables (calaveres, armes, color negre). Jean Bott\u00e9ro (Die Religion in Mesopotamien, Munic 1985) descriu la seva funci\u00f3 com a portador de malalties i canviador de la guerra, que correspon estructuralment a l&#8217;activitat iracunda de Mah\u0101k\u0101la.<\/span><\/p><p><span data-nosnippet><strong>\u00cdndia\/\u00c0sia:<\/strong> Mah\u0101k\u0101la es remunta a l&#8217;aspecte hinduista de Xiva anomenat Mah\u0101k\u0101la (Linga Pur\u0101\u1e47a, Skanda Pur\u0101\u1e47a) i \u00e9s venerat com a Bhairava principal en els cultes t\u00e0ntrics yogini. En el budisme xin\u00e8s apareix com a Daheitian (\u5927\u9ed1\u5929), i en el budisme japon\u00e8s shingon com a Daikokuten, on va ser reinterpretat en gran mesura com a d\u00e9u de la fortuna (cf. Bernard Faure: Protectors and Predators, Honolulu 2016).<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpe558ae4 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cpe558ae4\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpcce325f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cpcce325f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">La transmissi\u00f3 de l'\u00cdndia al Tibet<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpb6dfa6b e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cpb6dfa6b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp3f39156 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp3f39156\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Mah\u0101k\u0101la no \u00e9s una figura genu\u00efnament tibetana, sin\u00f3 que va ser adoptada del budisme t\u00e0ntric indi i desenvolupada al Tibet al llarg dels segles.<\/p><p>Les seves arrels \u00edndies es troben, d&#8217;una banda, en l&#8217;entorn de Xiva, on <em>mah\u0101k\u0101la<\/em> (\u00abel gran temps\u00bb, \u00abel gran negre\u00bb) \u00e9s un ep\u00edtet de l&#8217;aspecte destructor de Xiva, i de l&#8217;altra, en l&#8217;apropiaci\u00f3 budista, que en va fer una divinitat protectora (<em>dharmap\u0101la<\/em>). Els tantres budistes, com els textos entorn de Cakrasa\u1e43vara i Hevajra, li donen el seu lloc en el <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Diagrama circular que, en l'hinduisme i el budisme, representa el cosmos.\" tabindex=\"0\">mandala<\/span>.<\/p><p>La recepci\u00f3 tibetana comen\u00e7a amb la segona difusi\u00f3 del budisme a partir dels segles X i XI.<\/p><p>Traductors i mestres com les figures de la primera tradici\u00f3 sakya van portar els tantres de Mah\u0101k\u0101la al Tibet i van establir-hi el seu <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"El conjunt d'accions de veneraci\u00f3 religiosa dedicades a una divinitat o figura sagrada.\" tabindex=\"0\">culte<\/span>. Cadascuna de les grans escoles va desenvolupar llavors els seus propis \u00e8mfasis: la tradici\u00f3 sakya cultiva especialment el Mah\u0101k\u0101la de dos bra\u00e7os en la forma de <em>Pa\u00f1jaran\u0101tha<\/em>, el \u00absenyor del baldaqu\u00ed\u00bb o \u00abMah\u0101k\u0101la de la tenda\u00bb, estretament vinculat al cicle d&#8217;Hevajra.<\/p><p>L&#8217;escola karma kagyu t\u00e9 una l\u00ednia pr\u00f2pia en la qual Mah\u0101k\u0101la exerceix un paper destacat com a protector dels Karmapes.<\/p><p>Aquesta hist\u00f2ria de transmissi\u00f3 explica per qu\u00e8 no existeix un \u00fanic Mah\u0101k\u0101la, sin\u00f3 tota una fam\u00edlia de formes que es distingeixen pel nombre de bra\u00e7os, les figures acompanyants i l&#8217;assignaci\u00f3 ritual.<\/p><p>Les variants de dos, quatre i sis bra\u00e7os no s\u00f3n contradiccions, sin\u00f3 aspectes diferents, cadascun vinculat a determinats cicles t\u00e0ntrics i l\u00ednies de transmissi\u00f3. Qui vulgui entendre Mah\u0101k\u0101la ha de llegir-lo com un conjunt de tradicions format hist\u00f2ricament, no com una figura \u00fanica i fixa.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpde6d358 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cpde6d358\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp6f8f58e elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp6f8f58e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Iconografia de la forma de sis bra\u00e7os<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp8bb3c4b e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp8bb3c4b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpd215f7e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cpd215f7e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>La representaci\u00f3 m\u00e9s estesa a l&#8217;\u00e0mbit tibet\u00e0 \u00e9s el Mah\u0101k\u0101la de sis bra\u00e7os, anomenat sovint en tibet\u00e0 <em>mGon po phyag drug pa<\/em>. Aquesta forma est\u00e0 estretament vinculada a l&#8217;escola gelug, per\u00f2 tamb\u00e9 es venera en altres tradicions. La <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"La doctrina dels continguts ic\u00f2nics i el seu significat.\" tabindex=\"0\">iconografia<\/span> est\u00e0 estrictament regulada i fixada als textos de s\u0101dhana, de manera que una representaci\u00f3 executada correctament pot servir com a base de meditaci\u00f3.<\/p><p>El cos \u00e9s negre o blau fosc, robust i vigor\u00f3s, amb un rostre iracund, tres ulls i una corona de cinc calaveres, que simbolitzen els cinc verins mentals transformats.<\/p><p>Els sis bra\u00e7os porten cadascun determinats atributs: un ganivet corbat (<em>kart\u1e5bk\u0101<\/em>), una copa de calavera (<em>kap\u0101la<\/em>), un rosari d&#8217;ossos, un petit tambor de m\u00e0 (<em>\u1e0damaru<\/em>), un trident i un lla\u00e7 o corda.<\/p><p>Aquests objectes no s\u00f3n simples armes, sin\u00f3 portadors de significats codificats: el ganivet corbat talla l&#8217;adher\u00e8ncia, la copa de calavera acull el m\u00f3n de l&#8217;aparen\u00e7a buidada, el lla\u00e7 lliga les forces pertorbadores.<\/p><p>Sota els peus hi jeu normalment un \u00e9sser amb cap d&#8217;elefant, que encarna els obstacles que cal abatre. Mah\u0101k\u0101la es dre\u00e7a enmig d&#8217;una aur\u00e8ola de flames, envoltat d&#8217;atributs propis dels camps de cad\u00e0vers, que mostren la seva connexi\u00f3 amb els Charnel Grounds, els llocs d&#8217;inhumaci\u00f3 que, en el tantra, es consideren espais de transformaci\u00f3 radical.<\/p><p>La pintura thangka i la fosa en bronze han transm\u00e8s aquesta f\u00f3rmula ic\u00f2nica al llarg dels segles; se&#8217;n troben exemples ben datats a les grans col\u00b7leccions muse\u00edstiques i als tresors dels monestirs. L&#8217;aparent ferocitat \u00e9s, per\u00f2, iconogr\u00e0ficament precisa: cada detall remet a un aspecte del cam\u00ed, no a una simple amena\u00e7a.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpcceee43 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cpcceee43\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpe2ce5fc elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cpe2ce5fc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Divinitat protectora, no dimoni: la classificaci\u00f3 teol\u00f2gica<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp0c308aa e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp0c308aa\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpefcc766 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cpefcc766\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Una interpretaci\u00f3 err\u00f2nia habitual fora del context tibet\u00e0 tracta figures iracundes com Mah\u0101k\u0101la com a esperits malignes o dimonis. Dins del budisme tibet\u00e0, aquesta classificaci\u00f3 \u00e9s incorrecta. Mah\u0101k\u0101la pertany a la classe dels <em>dharmap\u0101la<\/em>, els protectors de la doctrina.<\/p><p>En la sistem\u00e0tica global se&#8217;l considera una emanaci\u00f3 iracunda d&#8217;un \u00e9sser il\u00b7luminat, segons la tradici\u00f3 del bodhisattva Avalokite\u015bvara o d&#8217;un dels Budes. La forma iracunda no \u00e9s expressi\u00f3 d&#8217;agressivitat, sin\u00f3 una determinada modalitat de l&#8217;activitat il\u00b7luminada que elimina obstacles sense implicar-se en l&#8217;odi.<\/p><p>La tradici\u00f3 tibetana distingeix aqu\u00ed entre protectors \u00abmundans\u00bb, que poden ser esperits locals no domesticats, i protectors \u00absupramundans\u00bb, que estan m\u00e9s enll\u00e0 del cicle de l&#8217;exist\u00e8ncia. Mah\u0101k\u0101la pertany clarament al segon grup.<\/p><p>La seva acci\u00f3 es dirigeix contra les forces internes i externes que desvien el practicant del cam\u00ed: contra l&#8217;apego, l&#8217;odi i l&#8217;engany, aix\u00ed com contra amenaces concretes a la comunitat mon\u00e0stica.<\/p><p>Aquesta classificaci\u00f3 t\u00e9 conseq\u00fc\u00e8ncies pr\u00e0ctiques per al <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"El conjunt d'accions de veneraci\u00f3 religiosa dedicades a una divinitat o figura sagrada.\" tabindex=\"0\">culte<\/span>. La pr\u00e0ctica de Mah\u0101k\u0101la va precedida d&#8217;una iniciaci\u00f3 (<em>abhi\u1e63eka<\/em>) per part d&#8217;un mestre qualificat; no est\u00e0 pensada per a una pr\u00e0ctica sense preparaci\u00f3. Les cerim\u00f2nies rituals de protecci\u00f3 regulars als monestirs, sovint celebrades a final de mes, s\u00f3n pr\u00e0ctiques col\u00b7lectives en les quals la comunitat mon\u00e0stica renova el vincle amb el protector.<\/p><p>Qui confon Mah\u0101k\u0101la amb els esperits nocius contra els quals ell mateix s&#8217;empra desconeix l&#8217;estructura fonamental del pante\u00f3 t\u00e0ntric. Figures igualment iracundes per\u00f2 clarament classificades com a protectores s\u00f3n <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/?page_id=171530\">Palden Lhamo<\/a> i <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/?page_id=171534\">Yam\u0101ntaka<\/a>.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpab5cfe5 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cpab5cfe5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp203ee75 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp203ee75\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Mah\u0101k\u0101la com a divinitat imperial: el context mongol i xin\u00e8s<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpe06ad03 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cpe06ad03\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp65b74bd elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp65b74bd\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>M\u00e9s enll\u00e0 dels murs mon\u00e0stics, Mah\u0101k\u0101la va tenir una hist\u00f2ria pol\u00edtica. Amb l&#8217;expansi\u00f3 del budisme tibet\u00e0 cap al nord, es va convertir en una <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un \u00e9sser venerat com a div\u00ed dins d'una religi\u00f3.\" tabindex=\"0\">divinitat<\/span> de rellev\u00e0ncia din\u00e0stica.<\/p><p>Sota els governants mongols de l&#8217;\u00e8poca Yuan, quan els jerarques sakya mantenien relacions estretes amb la cort mongola, Mah\u0101k\u0101la va assolir l&#8217;estatus de divinitat protectora de la casa reial. Els relats vinculen el seu <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"El conjunt d'accions de veneraci\u00f3 religiosa dedicades a una divinitat o figura sagrada.\" tabindex=\"0\">culte<\/span> amb l&#8217;\u00e8xit militar i amb la legitimaci\u00f3 de la dinastia.<\/p><p>Aquesta l\u00ednia va continuar durant l&#8217;\u00e8poca Qing. Els emperadors manx\u00fas, que van promoure el budisme tibet\u00e0 com a instrument d&#8217;integraci\u00f3 de l&#8217;imperi, van fer construir santuaris dedicats a Mah\u0101k\u0101la; a Mukden, l&#8217;actual Shenyang, hi va haver un important <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un edifici destinat a la veneraci\u00f3 d'una o diverses divinitats.\" tabindex=\"0\">temple<\/span> de Mah\u0101k\u0101la, vinculat al poder estatal.<\/p><p>El d\u00e9u no era aqu\u00ed nom\u00e9s el protector de la pr\u00e0ctica individual, sin\u00f3 el garant de l&#8217;ordre de l&#8217;imperi.<\/p><p>Des del punt de vista de la ci\u00e8ncia de la religi\u00f3, aquesta dada \u00e9s important perqu\u00e8 mostra que la funci\u00f3 d&#8217;una <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un \u00e9sser venerat com a div\u00ed dins d'una religi\u00f3.\" tabindex=\"0\">divinitat<\/span> dep\u00e8n del cercle que la venera. El mateix Mah\u0101k\u0101la que en el ritual mon\u00e0stic derrota els obstacles interns del meditador podia apar\u00e8ixer a la cort com a garant de la fortuna en la batalla i de l&#8217;estabilitat del poder.<\/p><p>Ambdues interpretacions es poden fonamentar des de la tradici\u00f3, ja que la \u00abeliminaci\u00f3 d&#8217;obstacles\u00bb pot rebre un contingut espiritual o pol\u00edtic segons el context.<\/p><p>La recerca moderna, per exemple sobre la hist\u00f2ria religiosa tibetano-mongola, ha analitzat detalladament aquesta imbricaci\u00f3 entre <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"El conjunt d'accions de veneraci\u00f3 religiosa dedicades a una divinitat o figura sagrada.\" tabindex=\"0\">culte<\/span> i poder. Alhora, adverteix de no reduir el protector al seu \u00fas pol\u00edtic: el culte mon\u00e0stic va seguir sent el veritable portador de la tradici\u00f3.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpb432a51 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cpb432a51\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp1dc2792 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp1dc2792\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Pr\u00e0ctica ritual i base textual<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp8f50c12 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp8f50c12\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpdf3276e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cpdf3276e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>La pr\u00e0ctica de Mah\u0101k\u0101la es fonamenta en una \u00e0mplia base textual. Al centre hi ha els s\u0101dhanas, instruccions de meditaci\u00f3 ritualitzades que indiquen pas a pas la visualitzaci\u00f3 de la <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un \u00e9sser venerat com a div\u00ed dins d'una religi\u00f3.\" tabindex=\"0\">divinitat<\/span>, la recitaci\u00f3 del mantra i l&#8217;ofrena de dons. A m\u00e9s hi ha textos de lloan\u00e7a (<em>stotra<\/em>), textos hist\u00f2rics sobre la l\u00ednia de transmissi\u00f3 i els manuals rituals detallats per a les cerim\u00f2nies de protecci\u00f3 mon\u00e0stiques.<\/p><p>L&#8217;objecte ritual caracter\u00edstic \u00e9s el <em>gtor ma<\/em>, una <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ofrena a una divinitat per expressar gratitud, s\u00faplica o veneraci\u00f3.\" tabindex=\"0\">ofrena<\/span> modelada de farina d&#8217;ordi i mantega, que rep una forma determinada segons l&#8217;ocasi\u00f3 i s&#8217;ofereix a la <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un \u00e9sser venerat com a div\u00ed dins d'una religi\u00f3.\" tabindex=\"0\">divinitat<\/span>.<\/p><p>Als grans monestirs, les cerim\u00f2nies de Mah\u0101k\u0101la formen part del cicle anual fix, especialment en els dies previs a l&#8217;Any Nou tibet\u00e0, quan es vol purificar el temps que arriba a la fi de les influ\u00e8ncies pertorbadores. En algunes tradicions hi participen danses amb m\u00e0scares (<em>&#8216;cham<\/em>), en les quals els ballarins encarnen els protectors.<\/p><p>\u00c9s important per a la comprensi\u00f3 el paper del mestre. La pr\u00e0ctica seriosa de Mah\u0101k\u0101la est\u00e0 lligada a la iniciaci\u00f3 i a l&#8217;ensenyament oral; els textos sols no es consideren suficients.<\/p><p>Aquesta vinculaci\u00f3 a la l\u00ednia (<em>brgyud<\/em>) no \u00e9s un fi institucional en si mateix, sin\u00f3 que segueix la concepci\u00f3 t\u00e0ntrica segons la qual l&#8217;efic\u00e0cia de la pr\u00e0ctica dep\u00e8n de la transmissi\u00f3 ininterrompuda de l&#8217;empoderament.<\/p><p>Les col\u00b7leccions occidentals posseeixen nombrosos manuscrits i xilografies de Mah\u0101k\u0101la, que actualment ja s&#8217;han digitalitzat parcialment i permeten la investigaci\u00f3 de les diverses l\u00ednies. La situaci\u00f3 de les fonts \u00e9s, doncs, relativament bona, per\u00f2 requereix familiaritat amb el tibet\u00e0 ritual i amb la l\u00f2gica interna del tantra.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-36dd7469 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"36dd7469\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-13760ab4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"13760ab4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Enlla\u00e7os relacionats<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-28c87796 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"28c87796\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5d6538df elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5d6538df\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/?page_id=171552\">Bhairava, arrel hinduista<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/?page_id=171517\">Shiva, font \u00faltima<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/?page_id=171534\">Yamantaka, forma airada del Vajrayana relacionada<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/?page_id=171583\">Avalokitesvara, en una tradici\u00f3 l&#8217;arrel pac\u00edfica de Mahakala<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/?page_id=171394\">Budisme, visi\u00f3 general del pante\u00f3<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/?page_id=171459\">De\u00eftats supremes, subcategoria<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/?page_id=171431\">D\u00e9us, visi\u00f3 general de classes<\/a><\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-grl4kl40 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"grl4kl40\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bzsbfrmh elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"bzsbfrmh\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Fonts i bibliografia<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2c13224a e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"2c13224a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0eymh9ub elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"0eymh9ub\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<footer class=\"iwg-literatur\" data-nosnippet=\"true\"><ul><li><span data-nosnippet>Stablein, William: <em>The Mah&acirc;k&acirc;la Tantra. A Lectionary on Vajray&acirc;na Buddhism<\/em>. Columbia 1976.<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Kohn, Richard J.: <em>Lord of the Dance. The Mani Rimdu Festival in Tibet and Nepal<\/em>. Albany 2001.<\/span><\/li><li>Walde, Christine (ed.): <em>Der Neue Pauly<\/em> (entrada &bdquo;Mah&acirc;k&acirc;la&ldquo;).<\/li><\/ul><\/footer>\n<p class=\"iwg-bib-more\"><span data-nosnippet>M\u00e9s obres de refer\u00e8ncia al <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/?page_id=171483\">llistat bibliogr\u00e0fic<\/a>.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-fc877ef e-con-boxed e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"fc877ef\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-dda227b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"dda227b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n<h2>Preguntes freq\u00fcents sobre Mahakala<\/h2>\n<div class=\"iwg-faq-q\"><h3>Qui \u00e9s Mahakala en el budisme tibet\u00e0?<\/h3><p>Mahakala (s\u00e0nscrit, la gran negror o el gran temps) \u00e9s un dels Dharmapalas m\u00e9s importants, les de\u00eftats protectores airades del budisme tibet\u00e0. Els Dharmapalas no s\u00f3n \u00e9ssers mal\u00e8fics, sin\u00f3 forces il\u00b7luminades que apareixen amb aparen\u00e7a terror\u00edfica per protegir l&#8217;ensenyament budista i els seus practicants dels obstacles.<\/p><p>Mahakala se sol representar de color blau fosc o negre, amb una corona de calaveres, tres ulls i un collar de caps tallats. La seva expressi\u00f3 airada s&#8217;adre\u00e7a contra els enemics interiors: la cobd\u00edcia, l&#8217;odi i l&#8217;engany.<\/p><\/div>\n<div class=\"iwg-faq-q\"><h3>Com es relaciona Mahakala amb el d\u00e9u hind\u00fa Shiva?<\/h3><p>Mahakala t\u00e9 arrels en el d\u00e9u hind\u00fa Shiva, que porta l&#8217;ep\u00edtet Mahakala (Senyor del Temps, vencedor de la mort). Durant el desenvolupament del budisme t\u00e0ntric, aquesta figura va ser adoptada i reinterpretada com a senyor protector budista.<\/p><p>Mahakala existeix en nombroses formes, amb dos, quatre o sis bra\u00e7os, associades a diferents l\u00ednies de transmissi\u00f3. A trav\u00e9s del budisme tibet\u00e0 va arribar tamb\u00e9 a Mong\u00f2lia i al Jap\u00f3, on com a Daikokuten es va convertir fins i tot en una de les set de\u00eftats de la fortuna i en senyor protector de la cuina i la prosperitat.<\/p><\/div>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\">{\"@context\":\"https:\/\/schema.org\",\"@type\":\"FAQPage\",\"mainEntity\":[{\"@type\":\"Question\",\"name\":\"Qui \u00e9s Mahakala en el budisme tibet\u00e0?\",\"acceptedAnswer\":{\"@type\":\"Answer\",\"text\":\"Mahakala (s\u00e0nscrit, la gran negror o el gran temps) \u00e9s un dels Dharmapalas m\u00e9s importants, les de\u00eftats protectores airades del budisme tibet\u00e0. Els Dharmapalas no s\u00f3n \u00e9ssers mal\u00e8fics, sin\u00f3 forces il\u00b7luminades que apareixen amb aparen\u00e7a terror\u00edfica per protegir l'ensenyament budista i els seus practicants dels obstacles. Mahakala se sol representar de color blau fosc o negre, amb una corona de calaveres, tres ulls i un collar de caps tallats. La seva expressi\u00f3 airada s'adre\u00e7a contra els enemics interiors: la cobd\u00edcia, l'odi i l'engany.\"}},{\"@type\":\"Question\",\"name\":\"Com es relaciona Mahakala amb el d\u00e9u hind\u00fa Shiva?\",\"acceptedAnswer\":{\"@type\":\"Answer\",\"text\":\"Mahakala t\u00e9 arrels en el d\u00e9u hind\u00fa Shiva, que porta l'ep\u00edtet Mahakala (Senyor del Temps, vencedor de la mort). Durant el desenvolupament del budisme t\u00e0ntric, aquesta figura va ser adoptada i reinterpretada com a senyor protector budista. Mahakala existeix en nombroses formes, amb dos, quatre o sis bra\u00e7os, associades a diferents l\u00ednies de transmissi\u00f3. A trav\u00e9s del budisme tibet\u00e0 va arribar tamb\u00e9 a Mong\u00f2lia i al Jap\u00f3, on com a Daikokuten es va convertir fins i tot en una de les set de\u00eftats de la fortuna i en senyor protector de la cuina i la prosperitat.\"}}]}<\/script>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":1767,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"elementor_header_footer","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_focuskw":"Mahakala","_yoast_wpseo_title":"Mahakala \u2013 d\u00e9u protector en el budisme tibet\u00e0","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"Mahakala, senyor protector de la doctrina budista i guardi\u00e0 t\u00e0ntric del Tibet. Forma de sis bra\u00e7os, funcions protectores i paper en el budisme vajrayana.","_yoast_wpseo_meta-robots-noindex":"","_yoast_wpseo_canonical":"","_angie_page":false,"gefaehrdungsstufe":"2","wesen_kultur":"tibet","wesen_klasse":"goetter","footnotes":""},"categories":[],"class_list":["post-171532","page","type-page","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v27.7 (Yoast SEO v28.3) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Mahakala \u2013 d\u00e9u protector en el budisme tibet\u00e0<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Mahakala, senyor protector de la doctrina budista i guardi\u00e0 t\u00e0ntric del Tibet. 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