{"id":171525,"date":"2026-09-05T15:40:07","date_gmt":"2026-09-05T15:40:07","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/?page_id=171525"},"modified":"2026-09-05T16:00:00","modified_gmt":"2026-09-05T16:00:00","slug":"enma-o","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/enma-o\/","title":{"rendered":"Enma-o"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"171525\" class=\"elementor elementor-171525 elementor-2006 elementor-bc-flex-widget\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-10fdade e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"10fdade\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-herohlft0 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"herohlft0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c3ceb64 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"c3ceb64\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-96ae5e1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"96ae5e1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Enma O, jutge dels condemnats i governant de l'infern<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e45238a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e45238a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Enma O \u00e9s un d\u00e9u de la tradici\u00f3 japonesa.<\/p><p><strong>Jutge dels condemnats, governant de l&#8217;infern budista.<\/strong><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-klsbdg01 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"klsbdg01\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-klshtm01 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"klshtm01\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"iwg-pill-row\"><span class=\"iwg-klasse-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"D\u00e9u \/ Deessa: Poder suprem personificat en el pante\u00f3 d'una cultura, amb \u00e0mbits d'actuaci\u00f3 clars, forces de la natura, dest\u00ed, guerra, fertilitat. Venerat mitjan\u00e7ant cultes, ofrenes i institucions de temple.\">D\u00e9u<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/?page_id=171411\" class=\"iwg-kultur-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Kami del shintoisme japon\u00e8s i mons budistes-y\u014dkai.\">Jap\u00f3<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/?page_id=171461\" class=\"iwg-tradition-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"D\u00e9us de l'infram\u00f3n i de la mort, governants de l'ultratomba, jutges dels morts, guies d'\u00e0nimes.\">Divinitat de la mort<\/a><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3f74855 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3f74855\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1c30362 elementor-toc--minimized-on-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-table-of-contents\" data-id=\"1c30362\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" 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8z\\&quot;&gt;&lt;\\\/path&gt;&lt;\\\/svg&gt;&quot;},&quot;minimized_on&quot;:&quot;tablet&quot;,&quot;hierarchical_view&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;min_height&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"table-of-contents.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__header\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-toc__header-title\">\n\t\t\t\t\u00cdndex\t\t\t<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--expand\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__1c30362\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Open table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-down\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M207.029 381.476L12.686 187.132c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941l22.667-22.667c9.357-9.357 24.522-9.375 33.901-.04L224 284.505l154.745-154.021c9.379-9.335 24.544-9.317 33.901.04l22.667 22.667c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941L240.971 381.476c-9.373 9.372-24.569 9.372-33.942 0z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--collapse\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__1c30362\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Close table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-up\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M240.971 130.524l194.343 194.343c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941l-22.667 22.667c-9.357 9.357-24.522 9.375-33.901.04L224 227.495 69.255 381.516c-9.379 9.335-24.544 9.317-33.901-.04l-22.667-22.667c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941L207.03 130.525c9.372-9.373 24.568-9.373 33.941-.001z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-toc__1c30362\" class=\"elementor-toc__body\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__spinner-container\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg class=\"elementor-toc__spinner eicon-animation-spin e-font-icon-svg e-eicon-loading\" aria-hidden=\"true\" viewBox=\"0 0 1000 1000\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M500 975V858C696 858 858 696 858 500S696 142 500 142 142 304 142 500H25C25 237 238 25 500 25S975 237 975 500 763 975 500 975Z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-herorght0 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"herorght0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-heroimg00 iwg-hero-image elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"heroimg00\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"683\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_japan_enma-o-683x1024.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-1732\" alt=\"Enma-o\" srcset=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_japan_enma-o-683x1024.webp 683w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_japan_enma-o-200x300.webp 200w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_japan_enma-o-768x1152.webp 768w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_japan_enma-o.webp 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 683px) 100vw, 683px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-32917199 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"32917199\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-26e916cb e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"26e916cb\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-253a40d4 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"253a40d4\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1200c304 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1200c304\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Enma O<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-159dcf9a e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"159dcf9a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-48cee66f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"48cee66f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">D'un cop d'ull: Enma O<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3f50d82c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"3f50d82c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Enma-\u014d \u00e9s la forma est-asi\u00e0tica de l&#8217;indi Yama, que va arribar a trav\u00e9s del xin\u00e8s Y\u00e1nlu\u00f3-W\u00e1ng a l&#8217;escola Tendai. Documentat en el budisme est-asi\u00e0tic des d&#8217;aproximadament el segle VIII, es va difondre especialment per mitj\u00e0 de les escoles Tendai i Shingon. Com a president dels deu jutges infernals (J\u016b\u014d), decideix el set\u00e8 dia despr\u00e9s de la mort el dest\u00ed de l&#8217;\u00e0nima.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-18613602 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"18613602\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-262b8a9f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"262b8a9f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Introducci\u00f3<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-46dcb7d e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"46dcb7d\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-61d3ab3 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"61d3ab3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-117c166 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"117c166\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Per\u00edode dels textos<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-73997a0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"73997a0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Les fonts japoneses m\u00e9s antigues conservades sobre Enma-\u014d daten de finals del segle VIII i principis del IX, integrades en la transmissi\u00f3 de les cosmologies budistes de l&#8217;infern procedents de la Xina. El <em>Nihon Ry\u014diki<\/em> (ca. 822) cont\u00e9 relats primerencs en els quals Enma-\u014d interroga els difunts.<\/p><p>Al segle XII es consolida el sistema dels deu jutges infernals amb Enma-\u014d com a president; el repertori iconogr\u00e0fic est\u00e0ndard (corona, pell fosca, mirall, tauleta d&#8217;escriptura) sorgeix durant el per\u00edode Kamakura.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d47b156 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d47b156\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ff38c2b elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"ff38c2b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">\u00c0rea de difusi\u00f3<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4e49fcc elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4e49fcc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>La veneraci\u00f3 d&#8217;Enma-\u014d es va estendre per tot el m\u00f3n budista de l&#8217;\u00c0sia Oriental, des de les grans ciutats de temples de Ky\u014dto i Nara fins als llocs de pelegrinatge rurals.<\/p><p>La seva imatge va ser especialment influent en les sales dels temples budistes, on les est\u00e0tues del jutge infernal havien d&#8217;instar els vius a l&#8217;autoexamen \u00e8tic. El teatre popular va recollir el <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un element tem\u00e0tic recurrent en l'art o la narraci\u00f3.\" tabindex=\"0\">motiu<\/span> a partir del segle XIV; Enma-\u014d apareix regularment en obres de N\u014d i Kabuki com a figura del judici incorruptible.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-db03c39 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"db03c39\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-229a87b e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"229a87b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1f471fc elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1f471fc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Estat de les fonts<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-36b1201 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"36b1201\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>La recerca en hist\u00f2ria de les religions sobre Enma-\u014d es basa en una \u00e0mplia base documental: s\u016btres budistes can\u00f2nics tradu\u00efts al xin\u00e8s, col\u00b7leccions setsuwa del budisme Tendai, l\u00e0mines iconogr\u00e0fiques (J\u016b\u014d-zu) i relats populars otogi-z\u014dshi. Les obres de refer\u00e8ncia principals procedeixen de l&#8217;etnologia religiosa regional i de la recerca internacional sobre el budisme; el lexic\u00f3 amplia cont\u00ednuament una bibliografia curada per a cada \u00e9sser.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3ae0637c e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"3ae0637c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-31d07739 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"31d07739\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Nom<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b7642947 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"b7642947\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a086266 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a086266\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Enma-\u014d es representa com una figura gigantina i musculosa amb pell vermell intens o negre blav\u00f3s. Els seus cabells s&#8217;alcen en flames, els seus ulls brillen com carbons encesos. Porta una vestimenta decorada amb brocat i seu en un tron elevat.<\/p><p>A les mans sost\u00e9 una espasa de jutge (<em>kensaku<\/em>) i sovint un gran registre o pergam\u00ed amb el balan\u00e7 k\u00e0rmic de cada \u00e0nima. Els s\u00edmbols associats s\u00f3n els guardians de l&#8217;infern (<em>oni<\/em>), el riu dels condemnats i els diversos nivells infernals sota el seu domini.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-709a44a8 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"709a44a8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2f585873 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2f585873\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Trets caracter\u00edstics<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-70621c12 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"70621c12\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4296eb49 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4296eb49\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Enma-\u014d rep cada \u00e0nima immediatament despr\u00e9s de la mort. En el judici dels morts, uns clergues laics o les mateixes males accions actuen com a acusadors, mentre el registre no menteix mai. Enma-\u014d no negocia, executa. La seva decisi\u00f3 determina el seg\u00fcent renaixement dins dels sis mons de l&#8217;exist\u00e8ncia (<em>Rokud\u014d<\/em>).<\/p><p>El seu domini no \u00e9s simplement un c\u00e0stig, sin\u00f3 compensaci\u00f3 k\u00e0rmica: cam\u00ed de pedres, oli bullent, o el retorn com a <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un \u00e9sser incorpori al qual s'atribueix efecte en el m\u00f3n.\" tabindex=\"0\">esperit<\/span> famolenc. A l&#8217;escola Tendai es mantenen petits santuaris dedicats a Enma-\u014d en temples locals, sovint amb est\u00e0tues de <em>Jiz\u014d<\/em> al costat, que simbolitzen l&#8217;ajuda als infants condemnats.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-44e71476 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"44e71476\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3c1fc3f0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3c1fc3f0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Fitxa: Enma O<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-84f33b8e e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"84f33b8e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-hqkdc67p elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"hqkdc67p\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Enma-O \u00e9s, en el budisme japon\u00e8s, el jutge dels morts que dictamina sobre els difunts segons els seus actes. Se sol representar com un dignatari col\u00e8ric amb vestimenta oficial xinesa, barret de jutge i tauleta d&#8217;ofici. La seva figura combina capes de tradici\u00f3 \u00edndia, xinesa i japonesa en un personatge propi de la creen\u00e7a popular i de l&#8217;art dels temples.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c5 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c1 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-qh9oavvu iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"qh9oavvu\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-awzx8k2k elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"awzx8k2k\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Origen<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-x6rowhv0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"x6rowhv0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Enma-O \u00e9s l&#8217;adaptaci\u00f3 budista japonesa del xin\u00e8s Yanluo, que arrela en l&#8217;indi <em>Yama<\/em>, d\u00e9u v\u00e8dic dels morts i primer mortal (Rigveda 10.14). Amb l&#8217;expansi\u00f3 del budisme Mahayana a trav\u00e9s de l&#8217;\u00c0sia Central, el concepte de Yama va arribar a la Xina entre els segles VI i VIII, on es va desenvolupar com a Yanluo Wang, el rei dels deu inferns.<\/p><p>Entre els segles IX i X, el budisme japon\u00e8s va adoptar aquest sistema amb els <em>J\u016b\u014d<\/em> (deu reis). Enma-O ocupa el primer lloc en aquesta jerarquia. Des del punt de vista de la hist\u00f2ria de les religions, es van fusionar la doctrina \u00edndia del karma, el concepte xin\u00e8s de burocr\u00e0cia oficial i les creences japoneses sobre els morts.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8e3o4kxs iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"8e3o4kxs\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-08rkdgov elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"08rkdgov\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">El p\u00fablic d'Enma O<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-uwjelx8s elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"uwjelx8s\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Al Jap\u00f3, Enma-O interessava sobretot a persones preocupades pel dest\u00ed dels difunts, que mitjan\u00e7ant ritus funeraris i cerim\u00f2nies commemoratives volien aconseguir un judici favorable. La seva figura tamb\u00e9 servia per a l&#8217;educaci\u00f3 moral: pares i temples advertien els infants sobre el jutge estricte, amb l&#8217;amena\u00e7a coneguda que Enma arrenca la llengua als mentiders. Els temples amb est\u00e0tues d&#8217;Enma, com els de Kyoto i Tokyo, eren i continuen sent llocs de preg\u00e0ria intercessora en favor dels morts.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-jm2n74ec iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"jm2n74ec\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8vufse4c elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"8vufse4c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Aparen\u00e7a<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-mwb9u015 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"mwb9u015\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Iconogr\u00e0ficament, Enma-O es representa com un anci\u00e0 temible, de barba llarga i negra, pell fosca i ulls flamejants. Porta la vestimenta d&#8217;un funcionari xin\u00e8s de la dinastia Tang amb corona imperial (<em>raikan<\/em>).<\/p><p>A les mans sost\u00e9 el Llibre daurat de la Vida (<em>j\u014dfuzu<\/em>), on es registren tots els actes k\u00e0rmics, i un ceptre o can\u00f3 d&#8217;escriptura. Davant el seu tribunal es troben els missatgers <em>Ni\u016b-T\u014d<\/em> (cap de bou) i <em>Ba-Mien<\/em> (cara de cavall), aix\u00ed com el secretari escriv\u00e0. Les pintures dels temples (<em>jigoku-z\u014dshi<\/em> del per\u00edode Edo) el mostren envoltat d&#8217;escenes infernals.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c2 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c2\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-37ss2yr6 iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"37ss2yr6\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3v0wp3wx elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3v0wp3wx\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">\u00c0mbit d'acci\u00f3<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-w3247g2m elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"w3247g2m\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>\u00c0mbit d&#8217;acci\u00f3:<\/strong> Enma-O \u00e9s el jutge universal de tots els difunts; el set\u00e8 dels 49 dies dels morts (49\u00e8 dia despr\u00e9s de la mort) marca el judici final del karma davant el seu tribunal. Ell decideix el renaixement en un dels sis mons (d\u00e9us, semid\u00e9us, humans, animals, esperits famolencs, inferns).<\/p><p>El seu veredicte no \u00e9s arbitrari, sin\u00f3 estrictament conforme al karma (<em>dh\u00e0rmic<\/em>). Els vius tamb\u00e9 el veneren per alleugerir el karma dels difunts. En regions rurals del Jap\u00f3 se&#8217;l considera un d\u00e9u protector contra la mort inesperada i un ajudant en parts dif\u00edcils.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0qpjal9w iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"0qpjal9w\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6ndoih0o elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6ndoih0o\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Protecci\u00f3<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6684tyh9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6684tyh9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>S\u00edmbols: el llibre daurat de la vida (<em>j\u014dfuzu<\/em>), la ploma d&#8217;escriure, l&#8217;espasa, el mirall de la veritat (<em>j\u014dhari no kagami<\/em>), davant el qual totes les accions de la vida es fan visibles com a imatges. El seu apotropeu: se li ofereixen plats de konjac com a menjar preferit (tradici\u00f3 d&#8217;Edo); els omamori d&#8217;Enma en seda vermella protegeixen contra la mort inesperada i les malalties karmiques.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3lfi7x32 iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3lfi7x32\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0kg99ga1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"0kg99ga1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Paral\u00b7lelismes d'Enma-O<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-n0fum6kp elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"n0fum6kp\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>La recerca en hist\u00f2ria de les religions descriu Enma-O com una manifestaci\u00f3 japonesa d&#8217;una figura de jutge que va viatjar a trav\u00e9s de l&#8217;\u00cdndia i la Xina. En els textos v\u00e8dics, Yama \u00e9s el primer mortal i senyor del regne dels morts; en el budisme xin\u00e8s, es converteix en el cinqu\u00e8 dels Deu Reis de l&#8217;Infern. El Jap\u00f3 va adoptar aquest model judicial junt amb la idea d&#8217;estats intermedis despr\u00e9s de la mort, en els quals els familiars supervivents poden intercedir pels difunts mitjan\u00e7ant ritus commemoratius.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7533bc7a e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"7533bc7a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2447d18d elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2447d18d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Pr\u00e0ctica de protecci\u00f3<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d5d0260c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d5d0260c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-341be2ac elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"341be2ac\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Rituals apotropaics i devocionals<\/strong><\/p><p>Enma-O (japon\u00e8s \u95bb\u9b54\u5927\u738b) \u00e9s l&#8217;adaptaci\u00f3 japonesa-budista del Yanluo xin\u00e8s \/ Yama indi. Es venera en nombrosos temples d&#8217;Enma al Jap\u00f3 (Genkaku-ji a T\u00f2quio, Inn-ji a Kyoto, Enn\u014d-ji a Kamakura). El dia principal de pr\u00e0ctica \u00e9s el 16\u00e8 dia del 1r i 7\u00e8 mes (<em>Enmasai<\/em>), com a porta al m\u00f3n dels inferns.<\/p><p>Els <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Una persona que empr\u00e8n un viatge motivat religiosament a un lloc sagrat.\" tabindex=\"0\">pelegrins<\/span> ofereixen plats de konjac (el menjar preferit d&#8217;Enma segons la tradici\u00f3 d&#8217;Edo), oracions pels familiars difunts i peticions per mitigar el karma (cf. Sekiguchi, <em>The Cult of King Yama in Medieval Japan<\/em>).<\/p><p><strong>Sutres i invocacions<\/strong><\/p><p>El <em>J\u016b\u014d-ky\u014d<\/em> (<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"En l'hinduisme i el budisme, un text doctrinal en forma concisa.\" tabindex=\"0\">sutra<\/span> dels deu reis) \u00e9s la lit\u00fargia principal. Els monjos budistes reciten el Sutra del Cor amb rever\u00e8ncies especials dedicades a Enma. El per\u00edode Edo (segles XVII-XIX) va veure com la veneraci\u00f3 d&#8217;Enma es popularitzava en el budisme popular a trav\u00e9s de llibres il\u00b7lustrats (<em>jigoku-z\u014dshi<\/em>, pergamins de l&#8217;infern).<\/p><p><strong>Amulets i s\u00edmbols de protecci\u00f3<\/strong><\/p><p>Els Enma-omamori (amulets de protecci\u00f3 amb la imatge d&#8217;Enma) provenen dels temples d&#8217;Enma, generalment de tela vermella amb brodats daurats. El Go\u014dh\u014din (<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un signe que representa una idea o un significat.\" tabindex=\"0\">s\u00edmbol<\/span> de la curaci\u00f3 del Buda Yakushi) es porta contra les malalties c\u00e0rmiques. La taula iconogr\u00e0fica dels deu reis de l&#8217;infern (<em>J\u016b\u014d-zu<\/em>) es penja als altars dom\u00e8stics budistes com a preparaci\u00f3 per a la mort.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5a584676 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"5a584676\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6d0757bf elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6d0757bf\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Enma-O, paral\u00b7lelismes en altres cultures<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-60563f68 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"60563f68\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5a93fdd6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5a93fdd6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Enma-O es remunta al d\u00e9u indi dels morts Yama, que va arribar a la Xina amb el budisme i all\u00e0 va ser incorporat com a Yanluo Wang al sistema dels Deu Reis de l&#8217;Infern. Aquesta forma xinesa va arribar al Jap\u00f3 amb les escoles budistes i all\u00e0 es va convertir en Enma-O. Altres cultures tamb\u00e9 coneixen figures de jutge comparables de l&#8217;altre m\u00f3n, com l&#8217;Osiris egipci en el judici dels morts o el Yeomra core\u00e0, que prov\u00e9 de la mateixa tradici\u00f3 budista.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpdd3226a e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cpdd3226a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpecda6a8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cpecda6a8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">El cam\u00ed d'una divinitat \u00edndia fins al Jap\u00f3<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp085f5fd e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp085f5fd\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp00ded11 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp00ded11\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Enma-O, el senyor de l&#8217;infram\u00f3n i jutge dels morts del budisme japon\u00e8s, \u00e9s l&#8217;\u00faltim eslav\u00f3 d&#8217;un llarg viatge. El seu origen es troba a l&#8217;\u00cdndia v\u00e8dica, on <em>Yama<\/em> era considerat el primer mortal i, per tant, el rei dels morts.<\/p><p>Mitjan\u00e7ant el budisme, la figura va arribar a la Xina, on es va integrar com a <em>Yanluo<\/em> en el sistema dels tribunals de l&#8217;infram\u00f3n, i des d&#8217;all\u00e0, passant per Corea, va arribar al Jap\u00f3. El nom japon\u00e8s <em>Enma<\/em> \u00e9s l&#8217;adaptaci\u00f3 fon\u00e8tica del s\u00e0nscrit <em>Yama<\/em>; l&#8217;afegit <em>o<\/em> significa rei.<\/p><p>A cada etapa la figura es va transformar. El Yama indi era inicialment m\u00e9s un sobir\u00e0 d&#8217;un regne dels morts que un jutge estricte.<\/p><p>A la Xina es va fusionar amb la idea burocr\u00e0tica d&#8217;una administraci\u00f3 de l&#8217;altre m\u00f3n que examina la vida de cada difunt, en fa balan\u00e7 i decideix sobre el seu renaixement. Aquesta empremta xinesa, que representa l&#8217;altre m\u00f3n com un aparell administratiu amb expedients, escrivans i tribunals, va ser assumida en gran mesura pel budisme japon\u00e8s.<\/p><p>Al Jap\u00f3, Enma-O es va integrar fermament en la <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"L'actitud i la pr\u00e0ctica religiosa viscuda d'una persona.\" tabindex=\"0\">pietat<\/span> budista popular. Apareix en sermons, en la pintura dels temples i en textos doctrinals com la inst\u00e0ncia davant la qual tot \u00e9sser hum\u00e0 ha de retre comptes despr\u00e9s de la mort. A difer\u00e8ncia d&#8217;un concepte abstracte de retribuci\u00f3 k\u00e0rmica, va donar a aquesta doctrina un rostre, una figura concreta, invocable i temible.<\/p><p>El significat cient\u00edfic d&#8217;aquest recorregut rau en el fet que Enma-O permet observar com una idea religiosa es transporta m\u00e9s enll\u00e0 de les fronteres ling\u00fc\u00edstiques i culturals, i com es tenyeix de nou en cada etapa. El jutge dels morts japon\u00e8s porta en si les capes de tres cultures: l&#8217;origen indi, la burocratitzaci\u00f3 xinesa i l&#8217;elaboraci\u00f3 popular-religiosa japonesa.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp3083d3c e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp3083d3c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpd9e0c27 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cpd9e0c27\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Els deu reis de l'infram\u00f3n i el judici de l'altre m\u00f3n<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpfd44577 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cpfd44577\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpc0abe80 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cpc0abe80\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>En el budisme d&#8217;influ\u00e8ncia xinesa que va arribar al Jap\u00f3, Enma-o no \u00e9s l&#8217;\u00fanic sobir\u00e0 de l&#8217;ultratomba, sin\u00f3 que forma part d&#8217;un col\u00b7legi.<\/p><p>El sistema dels deu reis de l&#8217;infram\u00f3n, elaborat durant l&#8217;edat mitjana xinesa i que va arribar al Jap\u00f3 a trav\u00e9s de rotlles pict\u00f2rics i textos, assigna a cada rei un tribunal i un moment concret despr\u00e9s de la mort. El difunt travessa aquests tribunals seguint una seq\u00fc\u00e8ncia temporal fixa, en dies determinats despr\u00e9s de la mort i en aniversaris.<\/p><p>Enma-o ocupa una posici\u00f3 destacada dins d&#8217;aquest sistema. Sol ser el cinqu\u00e8 dels deu reis, el seu tribunal es travessa el trenta-cinqu\u00e8 dia despr\u00e9s de la mort, i se&#8217;l considera el m\u00e9s important i poder\u00f3s de tots. Davant el seu tribunal, els actes del difunt s&#8217;examinen amb especial minuciositat.<\/p><p>El seu tribunal compta amb elements iconogr\u00e0fics fixos. Enma-o porta registres on queda anotat cada acte bo i dolent. L&#8217;assisteixen ajudants; la <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"La transmissi\u00f3 de coneixements i relats al llarg de generacions.\" tabindex=\"0\">tradici\u00f3<\/span> japonesa coneix, per exemple, una figura que porta caps d&#8217;aspecte hum\u00e0 sobre bastons, un amb expressi\u00f3 col\u00e8rica i un altre amb expressi\u00f3 serena, que indiquen la naturalesa del difunt.<\/p><p>Un accessori fam\u00f3s \u00e9s el mirall de les \u00e0nimes, en el qual el mort veu reflectits amb total nitidesa la seva vida i els seus pecats, de manera que la mentida esdev\u00e9 impossible.<\/p><p>Aquest sistema judicial tenia una funci\u00f3 pastoral clara. Va fonamentar la pr\u00e0ctica de les commemoracions dels difunts, que es celebren a intervals fixos despr\u00e9s de la mort.<\/p><p>Els familiars podien influir favorablement en el pas del difunt pels deu tribunals mitjan\u00e7ant rituals i transfer\u00e8ncia de m\u00e8rits. Enma-o no era, doncs, nom\u00e9s una figura terror\u00edfica, sin\u00f3 l&#8217;eix d&#8217;una veritable economia ritual entre els vius i els morts.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpc7399f9 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cpc7399f9\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp32219a9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp32219a9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Iconografia i les imatges dels jutges de l'infern als temples<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpa8fb7d6 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cpa8fb7d6\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpfb0fb1b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cpfb0fb1b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>La representaci\u00f3 d&#8217;Enma-o segueix una convenci\u00f3 fixa derivada del model xin\u00e8s. Apareix com un rei o alt funcionari, sovint vestit amb el vestit oficial d&#8217;un dignatari xin\u00e8s, amb una corona o tocat caracter\u00edstics, en els quals sol destacar el car\u00e0cter escrit per a \u00abrei\u00bb.<\/p><p>El seu rostre sol mostrar-se enrogit de c\u00f2lera, amb els ulls oberts i una expressi\u00f3 sinistra, expressi\u00f3 d&#8217;una severitat incorruptible.<\/p><p>Aquestes imatges es troben en nombrosos temples japonesos, sovint com a escultura en una sala pr\u00f2pia, l&#8217;Enma-d\u014d o sala d&#8217;Enma. Exemples c\u00e8lebres s\u00f3n les figures d&#8217;Enma en temples de Kyoto i Kamakura i els seus voltants.<\/p><p>Sovint Enma-o apareix envoltat dels altres nou reis o inserit en una representaci\u00f3 m\u00e9s \u00e0mplia de l&#8217;infern. La tradici\u00f3 pict\u00f2rica japonesa dels <em>jigoku-e<\/em>, les imatges de l&#8217;infern, mostra en escenes crues els c\u00e0stigs de l&#8217;infram\u00f3n i situa Enma-o com la inst\u00e0ncia jutjadora al seu inici.<\/p><p>Una tradici\u00f3 iconogr\u00e0fica significativa vincula Enma-o amb el bodhisattva Jiz\u014d. En la <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"L'actitud i la pr\u00e0ctica religiosa viscuda per una persona.\" tabindex=\"0\">pietat<\/span> japonesa, Jiz\u014d \u00e9s considerat el salvador compassiu que ajuda els \u00e9ssers de l&#8217;infern.<\/p><p>Alguns textos i imatges interpreten Enma-o i Jiz\u014d fins i tot com dos aspectes d&#8217;una mateixa realitat, el vessant sever i el vessant compassiu, que actuen junts per conduir el difunt cap a la millora i cap a un renaixement favorable. Aquest aparellament suavitza el car\u00e0cter terror\u00edfic del jutge i l&#8217;insereix en una <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"La doctrina cient\u00edfica sobre D\u00e9u i la fe d'una religi\u00f3.\" tabindex=\"0\">teologia<\/span> orientada a la salvaci\u00f3.<\/p><p>Les imatges dels temples tenien una funci\u00f3 educativa. Els monjos predicadors les utilitzaven per mostrar als laics les conseq\u00fc\u00e8ncies dels actes dolents. Un Enma-o enrogit i col\u00e8ric era aix\u00ed una eina pedag\u00f2gica que tradu\u00efa la doctrina abstracta del karma en una imatge memorable i esfere\u00efdora.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp998b156 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp998b156\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpac0eec6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cpac0eec6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Enma-o en la creen\u00e7a popular i en la cultura moderna<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpa4d7b45 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cpa4d7b45\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp72e526a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp72e526a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>M\u00e9s enll\u00e0 dels monestirs, Enma-o es va convertir en una figura fixa de la creen\u00e7a popular japonesa. El seu nom va passar a formar part d&#8217;expressions fixes i advertiments educatius.<\/p><p>Els pares avisaven els infants que mentien que Enma-o els arrencaria la llengua, una amena\u00e7a coneguda en moltes regions del Jap\u00f3. D&#8217;aquesta manera, el jutge dels morts es va convertir en una inst\u00e0ncia d&#8217;educaci\u00f3 moral quotidiana, molt abans que un infant pos\u00e9s mai els peus en un <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un edifici destinat a la veneraci\u00f3 d'una o diverses divinitats.\" tabindex=\"0\">temple<\/span>.<\/p><p>En dies determinats de l&#8217;any, tradicionalment a la primavera i a finals de l&#8217;estiu, en algunes regions se celebraven devocions especials davant les figures d&#8217;Enma, en les quals s&#8217;obrien les sales dels temples i els fidels podien contemplar les imatges normalment tancades. Aquests costums mostren que Enma-o no era nom\u00e9s una figura liter\u00e0ria o doctrinal, sin\u00f3 objecte de veneraci\u00f3 i temor viscuts.<\/p><p>En la cultura japonesa moderna, Enma-o ha mantingut una pres\u00e8ncia extraordin\u00e0ria. Apareix en manga, anime, videojocs i pel\u00b7l\u00edcules, a vegades com a antagonista terror\u00edfic, a vegades reinterpretat c\u00f2micament com un burocr\u00e0ta aclaparat de l&#8217;infram\u00f3n.<\/p><p>Aquesta reelaboraci\u00f3 de la cultura popular sol recollir precisament el vessant burocr\u00e0tic de la figura, el rei que dirigeix un enorme aparell administratiu de l&#8217;altre m\u00f3n amb expedients, segells i subordinats.<\/p><p>Aquesta persist\u00e8ncia resulta cient\u00edficament rellevant. Enma-o ha fet la transici\u00f3 de figura doctrinal religiosa a figura cultural d&#8217;abast general sense perdre la seva ess\u00e8ncia. Fins i tot en el tractament humor\u00edstic, continua sent qui decideix sobre el b\u00e9 i el mal d&#8217;una vida viscuda.<\/p><p>La figura demostra fins a quin punt la idea budista d&#8217;un judici dels morts ha penetrat profundament en la cultura japonesa i com es pot continuar explicant, des de la sala del temple fins al llibre infantil.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-36dd7469 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"36dd7469\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-13760ab4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"13760ab4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Enlla\u00e7os relacionats<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-28c87796 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"28c87796\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5d6538df elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5d6538df\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/?page_id=171520\">Yama, predecessor v\u00e8dic<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/?page_id=171528\">Yama (budisme), predecessor directe<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/?page_id=171524\">Yanluo Wang, predecessor xin\u00e8s<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/?page_id=171529\">Yeomra, equivalent core\u00e0<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/?page_id=171394\">Tradici\u00f3 budista, context general<\/a><\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-grl4kl40 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"grl4kl40\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bzsbfrmh elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"bzsbfrmh\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Bibliografia de recerca<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2c13224a e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"2c13224a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0eymh9ub elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"0eymh9ub\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<footer class=\"iwg-literatura\" data-nosnippet=\"true\"><ul><li><span data-nosnippet>Sekiguchi, Makiko: <em>The Cult of King Yama in Medieval Japan<\/em>. Brill, Leiden 2013.<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Teiser, Stephen F.: <em>The Scripture on the Ten Kings and the Making of Purgatory in Medieval Chinese Buddhism<\/em>. University of Hawaii Press, Honolulu 1994.<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Teiser, Stephen F.: <em>The Ghost Festival in Medieval China<\/em>. Princeton UP, Princeton 1988.<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Bock, Felicia: <em>Engi-Shiki: Procedures of the Engi Era<\/em>. Sophia University, Tokyo 1972.<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Picken, Stuart D. B.: <em>Essentials of <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"La religi\u00f3 ind\u00edgena del Jap\u00f3, marcada per la veneraci\u00f3 dels kami.\" tabindex=\"0\">Shinto<\/span><\/em>. Greenwood, Westport 1994.<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Lopez, Donald S. (Ed.): <em>Buddhism in Practice<\/em>. Princeton UP, Princeton 1995.<\/span><\/li><\/ul><\/footer>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":1732,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"elementor_header_footer","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_focuskw":"Enma-O, jutge dels morts","_yoast_wpseo_title":"Enma-\u014d \u2013 Jutge dels morts en el budisme japon\u00e8s","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"Governant de l'infern japon\u00e8s Jigoku, administrador del karma i del judici dels morts en la mitologia budista del Jap\u00f3.","_yoast_wpseo_meta-robots-noindex":"","_yoast_wpseo_canonical":"","_angie_page":false,"gefaehrdungsstufe":"2","wesen_kultur":"japan","wesen_klasse":"goetter","footnotes":""},"categories":[],"class_list":["post-171525","page","type-page","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with 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