{"id":171520,"date":"2026-09-05T15:40:05","date_gmt":"2026-09-05T15:40:05","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/?page_id=171520"},"modified":"2026-09-05T15:59:53","modified_gmt":"2026-09-05T15:59:53","slug":"yama","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/yama\/","title":{"rendered":"Yama"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"171520\" class=\"elementor elementor-171520 elementor-1997 elementor-bc-flex-widget\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-10fdade e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"10fdade\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-herohlft0 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"herohlft0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c3ceb64 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"c3ceb64\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-96ae5e1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"96ae5e1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Yama, d\u00e9u de la tradici\u00f3 hind\u00fa<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e45238a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e45238a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Yama \u00e9s un d\u00e9u de la tradici\u00f3 hind\u00fa.<\/p><p><strong>El primer mortal, el d\u00e9u de la mort i jutge de les \u00e0nimes.<\/strong> Yama \u00e9s una de les divinitats \u00edndies m\u00e9s antigues, no maligna, sin\u00f3 inevitable com la mort mateixa. Com el primer hum\u00e0 que va morir, es va convertir en sobir\u00e0 de l&#8217;ultratomba, en el *Yamadharma*, el <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"En l'hinduisme, deure i ordre c\u00f2smic; en el budisme, l'ensenyament del Buda.\">Dharma<\/span> de la mort.<\/p><p>Amb el seu bast\u00f3 (*Danda*) i el seu fidel b\u00fafal *Nandi*, Yama recorre el m\u00f3n, captura les \u00e0nimes dels moribunds i les porta davant el tribunal. En l&#8217;hinduisme no \u00e9s un <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"\u00c9sser espiritual al qual s'atribueix un efecte perjudicial o ambivalent.\" tabindex=\"0\">dimoni<\/span>, sin\u00f3 una for\u00e7a necess\u00e0ria de l&#8217;ordre c\u00f2smic.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-klsbdg01 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"klsbdg01\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-klshtm01 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"klshtm01\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"iwg-pill-row\"><span class=\"iwg-klasse-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"D\u00e9u \/ Deessa: poder suprem personificat en el pante\u00f3 d'una cultura, amb compet\u00e8ncies clares sobre forces de la natura, dest\u00ed, guerra, fertilitat. Venerat mitjan\u00e7ant cultes, ofrenes i institucions temples.\">D\u00e9u<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/?page_id=171393\" class=\"iwg-kultur-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Mons de d\u00e9us, asures i esperits protectors hinduistes, des de l'\u00e8poca v\u00e8dica fins a la t\u00e0ntrica.\">Hinduisme<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/?page_id=171461\" class=\"iwg-tradition-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"D\u00e9us de l'infram\u00f3n i de la mort, senyors de l'ultratomba, jutges dels morts, guies d'\u00e0nimes.\">Divinitat de la mort<\/a><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3f74855 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3f74855\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1c30362 elementor-toc--minimized-on-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-table-of-contents\" data-id=\"1c30362\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;exclude_headings_by_selector&quot;:[],&quot;no_headings_message&quot;:&quot;No s&#039;ha trobat cap encap\\u00e7alament en aquesta p\\u00e0gina.&quot;,&quot;headings_by_tags&quot;:[&quot;h2&quot;,&quot;h3&quot;],&quot;marker_view&quot;:&quot;bullets&quot;,&quot;minimize_box&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;icon&quot;:{&quot;value&quot;:&quot;fas fa-circle&quot;,&quot;library&quot;:&quot;fa-solid&quot;,&quot;rendered_tag&quot;:&quot;&lt;svg class=\\&quot;e-font-icon-svg e-fas-circle\\&quot; viewBox=\\&quot;0 0 512 512\\&quot; xmlns=\\&quot;http:\\\/\\\/www.w3.org\\\/2000\\\/svg\\&quot;&gt;&lt;path d=\\&quot;M256 8C119 8 8 119 8 256s111 248 248 248 248-111 248-248S393 8 256 8z\\&quot;&gt;&lt;\\\/path&gt;&lt;\\\/svg&gt;&quot;},&quot;minimized_on&quot;:&quot;tablet&quot;,&quot;hierarchical_view&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;min_height&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"table-of-contents.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__header\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-toc__header-title\">\n\t\t\t\t\u00cdndex\t\t\t<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--expand\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__1c30362\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Open table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-down\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M207.029 381.476L12.686 187.132c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941l22.667-22.667c9.357-9.357 24.522-9.375 33.901-.04L224 284.505l154.745-154.021c9.379-9.335 24.544-9.317 33.901.04l22.667 22.667c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941L240.971 381.476c-9.373 9.372-24.569 9.372-33.942 0z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--collapse\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__1c30362\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Close table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-up\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M240.971 130.524l194.343 194.343c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941l-22.667 22.667c-9.357 9.357-24.522 9.375-33.901.04L224 227.495 69.255 381.516c-9.379 9.335-24.544 9.317-33.901-.04l-22.667-22.667c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941L207.03 130.525c9.372-9.373 24.568-9.373 33.941-.001z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-toc__1c30362\" class=\"elementor-toc__body\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__spinner-container\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg class=\"elementor-toc__spinner eicon-animation-spin e-font-icon-svg e-eicon-loading\" aria-hidden=\"true\" viewBox=\"0 0 1000 1000\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M500 975V858C696 858 858 696 858 500S696 142 500 142 142 304 142 500H25C25 237 238 25 500 25S975 237 975 500 763 975 500 975Z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-herorght0 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"herorght0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-heroimg00 iwg-hero-image elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"heroimg00\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"683\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_hinduismus_yama-683x1024.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-1731\" alt=\"Yama\" srcset=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_hinduismus_yama-683x1024.webp 683w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_hinduismus_yama-200x300.webp 200w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_hinduismus_yama-768x1152.webp 768w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_hinduismus_yama.webp 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 683px) 100vw, 683px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-32917199 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"32917199\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-26e916cb e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"26e916cb\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-253a40d4 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"253a40d4\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1200c304 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1200c304\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Yama<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-159dcf9a e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"159dcf9a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-48cee66f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"48cee66f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">D'un cop d'ull: Yama<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3f50d82c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"3f50d82c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Tipus:<\/strong> Divinitat principal hind\u00fa-budista, jutge dels morts i sobir\u00e0 de l&#8217;infram\u00f3n<br><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"El conjunt de d\u00e9us d'una religi\u00f3 o cultura.\" tabindex=\"0\">Pante\u00f3<\/span>: hinduisme, budisme (Yamaraja), Tibet (Yama-Dharmaraja)<br>Funci\u00f3: primer mortal que va con\u00e8ixer la mort; ara jutge de tots els morts, senyor de Naraka<br>Atributs principals: b\u00fafal negre com a muntura, ma\u00e7a (Danda), lla\u00e7 (Pasha), llibre dels morts<br>Principals llocs de culte: <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un edifici dedicat al culte d'una o diverses divinitats.\" tabindex=\"0\">temples<\/span> de Yama a Tamil Nadu, monestirs tibetans (dansa Cham), Jap\u00f3 (Enma-O)<br>Identificaci\u00f3 budista: Yamaraja (tamb\u00e9 al Tibet), Enma-O (Jap\u00f3), Yeomra (Corea)<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-18613602 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"18613602\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-262b8a9f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"262b8a9f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Introducci\u00f3<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-46dcb7d e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"46dcb7d\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-61d3ab3 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"61d3ab3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-117c166 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"117c166\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Per\u00edode dels textos<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-73997a0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"73997a0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Yama est\u00e0 documentat en el <em>Rigveda<\/em> (1200\u2013900 aC) com el primer mortal, el que va rec\u00f3rrer per primera vegada el cam\u00ed cap al m\u00f3n dels morts i hi regna. En la tradici\u00f3 \u00e8pica posterior (<em>Mahabharata<\/em>) es converteix en un jutge estricte dels morts.<\/p><p>Adoptat pel budisme com <em>Yamaraja<\/em>, amb un cosmos infernal ampliat. Al Tibet, des del segle VIII dC, com Yama-Dharmaraja en els panteons de divinitats iracundes. A l&#8217;\u00c0sia Oriental com Enma-O \/ Yeomra \/ Yanluo, cadascun amb adaptacions locals.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d47b156 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d47b156\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ff38c2b elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"ff38c2b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">\u00c0rea de difusi\u00f3<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4e49fcc elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4e49fcc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>A l&#8217;&Iacute;ndia els <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un edifici dedicat a la veneraci&oacute; d'una o diverses divinitats.\" tabindex=\"0\">temples<\/span> dedicats a Yama s&oacute;n escassos, ja que el jutge dels morts &eacute;s tem&uacute;t, no pas objecte de devoci&oacute; popular. Els m&eacute;s importants: el <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un edifici dedicat a la veneraci&oacute; d'una o diverses divinitats.\" tabindex=\"0\">temple<\/span> de Yamadharma a Tamil Nadu i els Yama-Mandirs al Nepal. Al Tibet t&eacute; un paper central en les representacions de la dansa Cham dels monestirs Gelug (especialment Drepung, Gand&auml;n i Sera). Al Jap&oacute;, apareix a tots els cementiris budistes com a estatua d&#8217;Enma-O. A Corea: Yeomra dins la tradici&oacute; xamanica Mu-sok.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-db03c39 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"db03c39\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-229a87b e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"229a87b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1f471fc elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1f471fc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Estat de les fonts<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-36b1201 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"36b1201\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Fonts principals: <em>Rigveda<\/em> X 14\u201318 (Yama com el primer mort), <em>Atharvaveda<\/em>, <em>Mahabharata<\/em> (Llibre I, Sabha-Parva: la descripci\u00f3 de la Yama-Sabh\u00e2), <em>Markandeya Purana<\/em>, <em>Garuda Purana<\/em> (descripcions dels inferns). Budistes: <em>Devadhamma-Sutta<\/em>, <em>Bardo Thodol<\/em> tibet\u00e0. Bibliografia secund\u00e0ria: O&#8217;Flaherty, <em>The Origins of Evil in Hindu Mythology<\/em>; Doniger, <em>Hindu Myths<\/em>; Lopez, <em>The Tibetan Book of the Dead<\/em>.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3ae0637c e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"3ae0637c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-31d07739 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"31d07739\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Nom<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b7642947 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"b7642947\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a086266 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a086266\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Yama es representa com un home de pell verda o vermellosa, sovint amb armadura reial. Porta un bast\u00f3 (<em>Danda<\/em>), el seu atribut de c\u00e0stig i ordre, i sovint un lla\u00e7 (<em>Pasha<\/em>) per lligar les \u00e0nimes.<\/p><p>El seu b\u00fafal <em>Nandi<\/em> \u00e9s el seu animal m\u00e9s important; de vegades tamb\u00e9 munta cavalls o es mescla entre els vius. En textos iconogr\u00e0fics posteriors t\u00e9 el rostre verd o gris-negre.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-709a44a8 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"709a44a8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2f585873 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2f585873\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Descripci\u00f3<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-70621c12 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"70621c12\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4296eb49 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4296eb49\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Yama \u00e9s el jutge indiscutible. Cap engany se li escapa. Quan acaba el temps de vida, Yama arriba personalment, o el seu enviat Chitragupta porta els comptes per recollir l&#8217;\u00e0nima. Aleshores l&#8217;\u00e0nima \u00e9s portada al <em>Yamaloka<\/em>, on es sospesen els seus actes (<em>carma<\/em>).<\/p><p>Segons el <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"En l'hinduisme, el budisme i el jainisme, la llei de conseq\u00fc\u00e8ncia de l'acci\u00f3: cada acte repercuteix en exist\u00e8ncies posteriors.\">carma<\/span>, s&#8217;aplica el c\u00e0stig (<em>Naraka<\/em>) o la recompensa (<em>Swarga<\/em>) abans del seg\u00fcent renaixement. Els rituals per als difunts (<em>Shraddha<\/em>) han d&#8217;aplacar Yama i conduir les \u00e0nimes m\u00e9s r\u00e0pidament a la vida seg\u00fcent.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-44e71476 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"44e71476\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3c1fc3f0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3c1fc3f0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Fitxa: Yama<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-84f33b8e e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"84f33b8e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-hqkdc67p elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"hqkdc67p\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Els aspectes m\u00e9s importants de Yama d&#8217;un cop d&#8217;ull. Els camps seg\u00fcents resumeixen el seu origen, funci\u00f3, aparen\u00e7a, culte, s\u00edmbols i paral\u00b7lels.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c5 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c1 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-qh9oavvu iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"qh9oavvu\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-awzx8k2k elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"awzx8k2k\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">L'origen de Yama<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-x6rowhv0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"x6rowhv0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Yama \u00e9s fill de la divinitat solar Vivasvat (Surya) i de Saranyu, germ\u00e0 bess\u00f3 de Yami. En el <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un relat transm\u00e8s sobre d\u00e9us, or\u00edgens i l'ordre del m\u00f3n.\" tabindex=\"0\">mite<\/span> m\u00e9s antic, \u00e9s el primer hum\u00e0 que troba la mort, per aix\u00f2 \u00e9s qui va rec\u00f3rrer primer el cam\u00ed cap al m\u00f3n dels morts i ara hi regna.<\/p><p>En tradicions posteriors, casat amb la dona Dhumorna, t\u00e9 dues gosses (descendents de Sarama) com a guardianes del cam\u00ed. La seva casa es troba al sud.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8e3o4kxs iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"8e3o4kxs\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-08rkdgov elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"08rkdgov\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">El p\u00fablic de Yama<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-uwjelx8s elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"uwjelx8s\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Primer mort, per aix\u00f2 rei dels morts. <em>Dharmaraja<\/em> (rei del deure), jutge que decideix segons el carma de cada difunt. Administrador dels 21 inferns (Naraka) i de les recompenses celestials. En el budisme, formalment guardi\u00e0 de la llei c\u00f2smica (<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"En les religions \u00edndies, l'ensenyament i l'ordre correcte de l'acci\u00f3.\" tabindex=\"0\">Dharma<\/span>) pel que fa a la l\u00f2gica de conseq\u00fc\u00e8ncia de l&#8217;acte. Al Tibet, com a divinitat iracunda, tamb\u00e9 protector de la tradici\u00f3 escolar contra el negatiu.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-jm2n74ec iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"jm2n74ec\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8vufse4c elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"8vufse4c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">L'aparen\u00e7a de Yama<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-mwb9u015 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"mwb9u015\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>En la tradici\u00f3 hind\u00fa: figura de pell fosca (verda-blava-negra) amb ornaments vistosos, portant a la m\u00e0 el <em>Danda<\/em> (ma\u00e7a del judici) i el <em>Pasha<\/em> (lla\u00e7, amb qu\u00e8 captura les \u00e0nimes), muntat sobre un b\u00fafal negre.<\/p><p>Vestit vermell. Al Tibet, com <em>Yama-Dharmaraja<\/em>: cap de b\u00fafal, tres ulls, aur\u00e8ola flamejant, ornament d&#8217;ossos, corona de cabells arquejats, sostenint una copa de crani i una espasa. Acompanyat de la seva germana Yami i un ex\u00e8rcit de servents.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c2 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c2\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-37ss2yr6 iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"37ss2yr6\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3v0wp3wx elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3v0wp3wx\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Activitat<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-w3247g2m elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"w3247g2m\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>\u00c0mbit d&#8217;acci\u00f3:<\/strong> A l&#8217;\u00cdndia, Yama rarament \u00e9s invocat directament per demanar protecci\u00f3, se&#8217;l tem com el Sever. En els ritus funeraris, per\u00f2, \u00e9s central, i els familiars del difunt demanen un tracte ben\u00e8vol per a l&#8217;\u00e0nima.<\/p><p>En el <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"En el budisme tibet\u00e0, l'estat de transici\u00f3 entre dues exist\u00e8ncies; el Bardo Th\u00f6dol descriu la fase posterior a la mort.\">Bardo<\/span> Thodol (Llibre tibet\u00e0 dels morts) apareix davant el difunt en l&#8217;estat de <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"En el budisme tibet\u00e0, l'estat de transici\u00f3 entre dues exist\u00e8ncies; el Bardo Th\u00f6dol descriu la fase posterior a la mort.\">Bardo<\/span> com una figura examinadora. Al Jap\u00f3, Enma-O \u00e9s la figura principal dels ritus funeraris del budisme popular i ocupa un lloc central en cada cementiri. En les danses Cham del Tibet apareix com un portador de m\u00e0scares esfere\u00efdor.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0qpjal9w iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"0qpjal9w\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6ndoih0o elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6ndoih0o\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Amulets protectors<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6684tyh9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6684tyh9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>B\u00fafal negre (muntura), Danda (bast\u00f3), Pasha (lla\u00e7), Llibre dels morts, Mirall del karma (Karma-Darpana), copa-crani (tibet\u00e0), cap de b\u00fafal (tibet\u00e0), aur\u00e8ola flamejant, tercer ull. Plantes: asf\u00f2del negre. Direcci\u00f3 sagrada: el sud.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3lfi7x32 iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3lfi7x32\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0kg99ga1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"0kg99ga1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Elements comparables<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-n0fum6kp elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"n0fum6kp\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><em>Yamaraja<\/em> (budisme), <em>Yama-Dharmaraja<\/em> (Tibet), <em>Enma-O<\/em> (Jap\u00f3), <em>Yeomra<\/em> (Corea), <em>Yanluo<\/em> (Xina, primer dels deu reis de l&#8217;infern), <em>Hades<\/em> (Gr\u00e8cia, rei del m\u00f3n subterrani), <em>Pluto<\/em> (Roma), <em>Anubis\/Osiris<\/em> (Egipte, guia de morts + jutge dels morts), <em>Hel<\/em> (Germ\u00e0nic, sobirana del m\u00f3n subterrani), <em>Mictlantecuhtli<\/em> (Azteca). L&#8217;arrel indoeuropea es reconeix en el tronc Yama-Yima-Yumis (el Yama v\u00e8dic, el Yima av\u00e8stic, el Yumis b\u00e0ltic).<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7533bc7a e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"7533bc7a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2447d18d elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2447d18d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Pr\u00e0ctica de protecci\u00f3<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d5d0260c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d5d0260c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-341be2ac elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"341be2ac\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Rituals de veneraci\u00f3<\/strong><\/p><p>Yama \u00e9s venerat en rituals dom\u00e8stics v\u00e8dics mitjan\u00e7ant ofrenes (Havis): llet, mantega i cereals durant les festes de commemoraci\u00f3 dels avantpassats (Pinda-Daan). El Rigveda 10.14 documenta f\u00f3rmules de veneraci\u00f3 per a una mort digna. En el ritual funerari hind\u00fa es recita el <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Una s\u00edl\u00b7laba o f\u00f3rmula sagrada que es repeteix en l'hinduisme i el budisme.\" tabindex=\"0\">mantra<\/span> de Yama abans de la cremaci\u00f3. Pr\u00e0ctica contempor\u00e0nia: meditacions al costat del llit d&#8217;un moribund o durant les festes de commemoraci\u00f3 dels avantpassats en honor del rei del <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"En les religions \u00edndies, la doctrina i l'ordre correcte de l'acci\u00f3.\" tabindex=\"0\">dharma<\/span>.<\/p><p><strong>Invocacions i conjurs<\/strong><\/p><p>La invocaci\u00f3 cl\u00e0ssica de Yama del Rigveda 10.14.1-2: \u00abYame pathivratah&#8230;\u00bb, \u00abCaminar amb Yama en el sentit del <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"En les religions \u00edndies, la doctrina i l'ordre correcte de l'acci\u00f3.\" tabindex=\"0\">dharma<\/span>&#8230;\u00bb. Es troben mantres per superar la por a la mort en la Katha Upanishad (di\u00e0leg de Nachiketa amb Yama). La tantrologia tibetana integra Yamantaka (la vict\u00f2ria sobre Yama) en invocacions de transcend\u00e8ncia total.<\/p><p><strong>Amulets i s\u00edmbols de protecci\u00f3<\/strong><\/p><p>Els s\u00edmbols de Yama s\u00f3n rars com a <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un objecte portat al cos al qual s'atribueix un efecte protector i que allunya la desgr\u00e0cia.\" tabindex=\"0\">amulet<\/span> portable, la relaci\u00f3 \u00e9s m\u00e9s conceptual. Escarabeus hist\u00f2rics d&#8217;Egipte que porten analogies de Yama amb el d\u00e9u dels morts Anubis mostren aquesta superposici\u00f3 cultural. Les proves arqueol\u00f2giques de la veneraci\u00f3 de Yama es troben en textos rituals v\u00e8dics i inscripcions en temples indis del segle III aC, no com a amulets objecte.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5a584676 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"5a584676\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6d0757bf elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6d0757bf\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Yama, paral\u00b7lelismes en altres cultures<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-60563f68 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"60563f68\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5a93fdd6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5a93fdd6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<footer class=\"iwg-literatur\"><p>Yama s&#8217;assembla a l&#8217;Hades dels grecs, al Dis Pater dels romans i a l&#8217;Osiris egipci, tots ells d\u00e9us del m\u00f3n subterrani i del judici.<\/p><p>Amb Chitragupta, el seu comptable, Yama recorda la idea cristiana de sant Pere amb el llibre de les \u00e0nimes. A difer\u00e8ncia dels d\u00e9us de la mort occidentals, per\u00f2, Yama no \u00e9s un adversari mal\u00e8vol, sin\u00f3 un funcionari c\u00f2smic el veredicte del qual \u00e9s just i inevitable.<\/p><div data-nosnippet=\"true\" class=\"iwg-litliste\"><\/div><\/footer>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp1b125fc e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp1b125fc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp3cfb1a6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp3cfb1a6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">El mite del primer mortal<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp1f925c2 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp1f925c2\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp8613854 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp8613854\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>La capa m\u00e9s antiga de la <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"La transmissi\u00f3 de coneixement i relats al llarg de generacions.\" tabindex=\"0\">tradici\u00f3<\/span> \u00edndia no coneix Yama com un jutge castigador, sin\u00f3 com el primer home que va morir. El des\u00e8 <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Diagrama circular que representa el cosmos en l'hinduisme i el budisme.\" tabindex=\"0\">mandala<\/span> del <em>Rigveda<\/em> cont\u00e9 diversos himnes que sostenen aquesta idea.<\/p><p>En el <em>Rigveda<\/em> 10.14, Yama \u00e9s invocat com aquell que va trobar per primera vegada el cam\u00ed cap a l&#8217;altra vida i, en fer-ho, el va obrir per a tots els seus descendents. All\u00e0 se&#8217;l considera fill del d\u00e9u solar Vivasvant i, per tant, emparentat amb el propi llinatge hum\u00e0.<\/p><p>Un himne especialment debatut \u00e9s el <em>Rigveda<\/em> 10.10, el di\u00e0leg entre Yama i la seva germana bessona Yami. Yami insisteix perqu\u00e8 Yama s&#8217;uneixi a ella per tal que el llinatge hum\u00e0 perduri, i Yama la rebutja tot al\u00b7legant la prohibici\u00f3 de l&#8217;incest entre germans i la vigil\u00e0ncia dels d\u00e9us.<\/p><p><span data-nosnippet>La recerca, com la de Stephanie Jamison i Joel Brereton en la seva traducci\u00f3 del Rigveda de 2014, interpreta aquest himne com una reflexi\u00f3 sobre els l\u00edmits de les relacions de parentiu permeses, no com una etiologia de la humanitat.<\/span><\/p><p>\u00c9s notable la proximitat ling\u00fc\u00edstica amb l&#8217;antic irani\u00e0 Yima, que en l&#8217;<em>Avesta<\/em> apareix igualment com el primer rei i senyor d&#8217;un refugi subterrani. Ambd\u00f3s noms es remunten a una arrel indoirania amb el significat de bess\u00f3.<\/p><p>La ling\u00fc\u00edstica indoeuropea comparada, entre altres en els treballs de Bruce Lincoln, hi ha vist la resta d&#8217;un mite com\u00fa de creaci\u00f3 i mort, en el qual el primer home esdev\u00e9 al mateix temps el primer mort i el sobir\u00e0 dels avantpassats.<\/p><p>El Yama posterior dels \u00e8pics i els Purana, que disposa d&#8217;inferns i porta el registre dels actes, \u00e9s un desenvolupament considerable d&#8217;aquesta figura primerenca.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp5e6d19f e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp5e6d19f\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp5d9ad8e elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp5d9ad8e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">El regne de Yama i el registre dels actes<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp960b1b5 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp960b1b5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp5504436 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp5504436\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>En la literatura \u00e8pica i pur\u00e0niques, Yama es transforma del senyor dels avantpassats benaurats en l&#8217;administrador d&#8217;un m\u00e9s enll\u00e0 diferenciat. La seva resid\u00e8ncia, <em>Yamaloka<\/em> o <em>Yamapura<\/em>, es troba segons la majoria dels textos al sud, motiu pel qual el sud es considera en la geografia ritual com la direcci\u00f3 de Yama.<\/p><p>El <em>Garuda Purana<\/em>, un text central per a les concepcions sobre la mort i el cam\u00ed de l&#8217;\u00e0nima, descriu el viatge del difunt travessant el riu ardent <em>Vaitarani<\/em> fins arribar davant el tron de Yama.<\/p><p>Al costat de Yama hi ha <em>Chitragupta<\/em>, un escriv\u00e0 que registra cada acte d&#8217;una persona en un llibre.<\/p><p>Aquest llibre, sovint anomenat <em>Agrasandhani<\/em>, es llegeix en el moment de la mort, i segons el seu contingut Yama decideix el cam\u00ed a seguir. Chitragupta s&#8217;ha convertit al nord de l&#8217;\u00cdndia en l&#8217;avantpassat fundador de la casta d&#8217;escrivans dels Kayasthas, que el veneren com a patriarca. Aqu\u00ed es fa pal\u00e8s com una figura mitol\u00f2gica pot generar identitat social.<\/p><p>Els c\u00e0stigs a les infernos de Yama, els <em>Naraka<\/em>, estan catalogats en el <em>Garuda Purana<\/em> i en parts de la <em>Manusmriti<\/em>, i associats a delictes concrets. Tanmateix, el m\u00e9s important \u00e9s que, segons la doctrina cl\u00e0ssica, aquests inferns no s\u00f3n llocs eterns.<\/p><p>S\u00f3n etapes en el cicle de renaixements, i un cop expiades les conseq\u00fc\u00e8ncies de les males accions, el cam\u00ed de l&#8217;\u00e0nima continua.<\/p><p>Yama \u00e9s, doncs, menys un d\u00e9u de la condemnaci\u00f3 definitiva que un funcionari de la llei c\u00f2smica. El seu ep\u00edtet <em>Dharmaraja<\/em>, rei del <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"En les religions \u00edndies, la doctrina i l'ordre correcte de l'acci\u00f3.\" tabindex=\"0\">Dharma<\/span>, expressa exactament aix\u00f2: ell fa complir un ordre, no l&#8217;inventa.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp681dbb8 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp681dbb8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp5666882 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp5666882\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Yama en la Bhagavadgita i la Katha-Upanishad<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2ae4b61 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp2ae4b61\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp9e65f84 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp9e65f84\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Dos textos cl\u00e0ssics atorguen a Yama un paper que va m\u00e9s enll\u00e0 del merament judicial. En la <em>Katha-Upanishad<\/em>, Yama \u00e9s el mestre. El jove brahm\u00e0 Nachiketas \u00e9s prom\u00e8s a la Mort pel seu pare en un moment de r\u00e0bia i espera tres dies davant la casa de Yama.<\/p><p>Com a compensaci\u00f3, Yama li concedeix tres desitjos. El tercer \u00e9s la pregunta sobre qu\u00e8 li passa a la persona despr\u00e9s de la mort.<\/p><p>Yama intenta primer distreure Nachiketas amb riquesa i una vida llarga, per\u00f2 el jove insisteix. Llavors Yama li ensenya la distinci\u00f3 entre el plaent i el benefici\u00f3s, i l&#8217;instrueix sobre el jo immortal, l&#8217;<em>Atman<\/em>. Aqu\u00ed, el d\u00e9u de la mort \u00e9s paradoxalment el transmissor del coneixement que ven\u00e7 la mort.<\/p><p>En la <em>Bhagavadgita<\/em>, al cap\u00edtol des\u00e8, quan Krishna enumera les seves manifestacions divines, diu de si mateix que \u00e9s Yama entre els qui domen o jutgen.<\/p><p>Amb aix\u00f2, Yama queda situat entre els representants m\u00e9s alts de la seva respectiva classe. L&#8217;afirmaci\u00f3 subratlla que, en l&#8217;hinduisme cl\u00e0ssic, Yama no \u00e9s un poder demon\u00edac, sin\u00f3 una autoritat ordenada i leg\u00edtima.<\/p><p>Aquesta tradici\u00f3 textual ha marcat fortament la valoraci\u00f3 de Yama en els estudis religiosos. Mentre que les representacions populars el redueixen al terror, ind\u00f2legs com Wendy Doniger subratllen que en la literatura s\u00e0nscrita Yama apareix igualment com a instructor, com a jutge just i com a inst\u00e0ncia necess\u00e0ria. En aquesta perspectiva, la mort no \u00e9s l&#8217;oposat de l&#8217;ordre, sin\u00f3 una part d&#8217;ell.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp1a6dd18 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp1a6dd18\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpe3ae724 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cpe3ae724\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Iconografia i difusi\u00f3 m\u00e9s enll\u00e0 de l'\u00cdndia<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpb513861 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cpb513861\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp5b64d2c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp5b64d2c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>En les arts pl\u00e0stiques, Yama se sol representar amb pell fosca, sovint verdosa o blavosa, vestit de vermell, muntant un b\u00fafal.<\/p><p>A les mans porta un lla\u00e7, el <em>Pasha<\/em>, amb el qual extreu l&#8217;\u00e0nima vital del cos, i sovint tamb\u00e9 un bast\u00f3 o ma\u00e7a, el <em>Danda<\/em>. Aquests atributs s\u00f3n estables en els relleus dels temples i en la pintura miniaturista des de l&#8217;edat mitjana.<\/p><p>Com un dels <em>Lokapalas<\/em>, els guardians de les direccions del m\u00f3n, Yama apareix regularment a la paret exterior sud dels temples.<\/p><p>A trav\u00e9s del budisme, Yama va arribar al Tibet, la Xina, el Jap\u00f3 i el Sud-est asi\u00e0tic, i s&#8217;hi va transformar. En la tradici\u00f3 tibetana \u00e9s, com a <em>Shinje<\/em>, senyor del judici dels morts i, al mateix temps, protagonista d&#8217;una hist\u00f2ria d&#8217;ensenyament pr\u00f2pia, en la qual el bodhisattva Manjushri el sotmet en la forma de <em>Yamantaka<\/em>, el conqueridor de Yama.<\/p><p>A la Xina es va convertir en <em>Yanluo<\/em>, el cap dels deu reis de l&#8217;infern (vegeu <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/?page_id=171524\">Yanluo<\/a>), i al Jap\u00f3 en <em>Enma<\/em>. Aquest recorregut mostra com un d\u00e9u indi va poder esdevenir un <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Una imatge il\u00b7lustrativa que representa una idea abstracta.\" tabindex=\"0\">s\u00edmbol<\/span> panasi\u00e0tic del judici incorruptible dels morts.<\/p><p>A l&#8217;\u00cdndia actual, Yama continua present sobretot en els rituals funeraris, en la literatura sobre la mort i en la festa <em>Yama Dvitiya<\/em> o <em>Bhai Dooj<\/em>, que fa refer\u00e8ncia a la relaci\u00f3 entre Yama i la seva germana Yami.<\/p><p>La germana convida el germ\u00e0 i li desitja una llarga vida. Aix\u00ed torna, en la costum popular, un <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un element tem\u00e0tic recurrent en l'art o la narrativa.\" tabindex=\"0\">motiu<\/span> que ja apareixia en l&#8217;himne v\u00e8dic m\u00e9s antic, el di\u00e0leg dels bessons.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpbdd2ba4 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cpbdd2ba4\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp77afc58 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp77afc58\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Hist\u00f2ria de la investigaci\u00f3 i debat interpretatiu<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpf7f3b26 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cpf7f3b26\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp019c46c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp019c46c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>L&#8217;estudi cient\u00edfic de Yama comen\u00e7a al segle XIX amb l&#8217;exploraci\u00f3 europea del <em>Rigveda<\/em>. Els primers ind\u00f2legs, com Hermann Oldenberg i Abel Bergaigne, discutien sobre si Yama havia estat origin\u00e0riament un primer home divinitzat o des del principi una divinitat de la mort.<\/p><p>El debat est\u00e0 estretament lligat a la q\u00fcesti\u00f3 de com s&#8217;han de datar i llegir els himnes 10.10 i 10.14.<\/p><p>Al segle XX, la indoeurope\u00edstica comparada va despla\u00e7ar l&#8217;atenci\u00f3 cap a la relaci\u00f3 entre Yama i l&#8217;irani\u00e0 Yima. Georges Dum\u00e9zil, seguit per altres investigadors, va reconstruir a partir d&#8217;aix\u00f2 un <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un relat transm\u00e8s sobre d\u00e9us, or\u00edgens i l'ordre del m\u00f3n.\" tabindex=\"0\">mite<\/span> indoirani\u00e0, possiblement indoeuropeu, sobre el primer mortal que esdev\u00e9 sobir\u00e0 dels morts.<\/p><p>Bruce Lincoln, a <em>Death, War, and Sacrifice<\/em>, ha argumentat que darrere de Yama i figures relacionades hi ha un esquema com\u00fa de creaci\u00f3, en el qual la primera mort estructura el m\u00f3n.<\/p><p>Continua sent controvertit fins a quin punt cal separar el Yama v\u00e8dic del Yama puranic posterior. Alguns investigadors hi veuen una evoluci\u00f3 cont\u00ednua, mentre que altres subratllen una ruptura entre el rei ancestral dels primers temps i l&#8217;administrador de l&#8217;infern dels textos cl\u00e0ssics.<\/p><p>Tamb\u00e9 resta oberta la q\u00fcesti\u00f3 de l&#8217;origen de l&#8217;escriv\u00e0 Chitragupta, at\u00e8s que no apareix en els estrats m\u00e9s antics i probablement s&#8217;hi va afegir m\u00e9s tard, possiblement per la influ\u00e8ncia de grups socials concrets. La situaci\u00f3 de les fonts obliga aqu\u00ed a la prud\u00e8ncia: molt del que es considera la imatge fixa de Yama \u00e9s el resultat d&#8217;una superposici\u00f3 de segles de diverses tradicions textuals.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-36dd7469 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"36dd7469\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-13760ab4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"13760ab4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Enlla\u00e7os relacionats<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-28c87796 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"28c87796\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5d6538df elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5d6538df\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/?page_id=171471\">Yamaraja, adopci\u00f3 budista<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/?page_id=171528\">Yama, jutge dels morts (budisme)<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/?page_id=171525\">Enma-O, forma japonesa<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/?page_id=171529\">Yeomra, forma coreana<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/?page_id=171468\">Hades, paral\u00b7lel grec<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/?page_id=171393\">Hinduisme, panorama del pante\u00f3<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/?page_id=171461\">Divinitats de la mort, subcategoria<\/a><\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-grl4kl40 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"grl4kl40\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bzsbfrmh elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"bzsbfrmh\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Bibliografia (selecci\u00f3)<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2c13224a e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"2c13224a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0eymh9ub elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"0eymh9ub\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<footer class=\"iwg-literatur\" data-nosnippet=\"true\"><ul><li><span data-nosnippet>O&rsquo;Flaherty, Wendy Doniger: <em>The Origins of Evil in Hindu Mythology<\/em>. Berkeley 1976.<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Doniger, Wendy: <em>Hindu Myths. A Sourcebook<\/em>. London 1975.<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Lopez, Donald S.: <em>The Tibetan Book of the Dead. A Biography<\/em>. Princeton 2011.<\/span><\/li><li>Rigveda X 14&ndash;18 (nombroses traduccions).<\/li><li>Walde, Christine (ed.): <em>Der Neue Pauly<\/em> (entrada &bdquo;Yama&ldquo;).<\/li><\/ul><\/footer>\n<p class=\"iwg-bib-more\"><span data-nosnippet>M\u00e9s obres de refer\u00e8ncia a la <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/?page_id=171483\">bibliografia<\/a>.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9bd3732 e-con-boxed e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"9bd3732\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-599231e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"599231e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n<h2>Preguntes freq\u00fcents sobre Yama<\/h2>\n<div class=\"iwg-faq-q\"><h3>Qui \u00e9s Yama en el budisme?<\/h3><p>Yama \u00e9s, en el budisme, el sobir\u00e0 del regne infernal (Naraka) i jutge dels morts. A difer\u00e8ncia de la concepci\u00f3 occidental, l&#8217;infern budista no \u00e9s un lloc de c\u00e0stig etern, sin\u00f3 un espai de renaixement de durada limitada: qui hi ha expiat el seu karma torna a n\u00e9ixer.<\/p><p>Yama interroga cada difunt sobre els seus actes en vida; el budisme Mahayana coneix tot un seguici de jutges infernals que l&#8217;assisteixen. Els regnes de Yama es descriuen amb una riquesa de detalls inimaginable en la <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Concepci\u00f3 sobre l'estructura i l'ordre del m\u00f3n dins d'una cultura.\" tabindex=\"0\">cosmologia<\/span> budista (textos abhidharma).<\/p><\/div>\n<div class=\"iwg-faq-q\"><h3>En qu\u00e8 es diferencia el Yama budista del Yamaraja hinduista?<\/h3><p>Ambdues figures comparteixen un origen com\u00fa en el Yama v\u00e8dic (Rigveda 10,14), el primer mortal que alhora va esdevenir senyor dels morts. En l&#8217;hinduisme, Yama va continuar essent el d\u00e9u jutge central, que rep totes les \u00e0nimes.<\/p><p>En el budisme, Yama es va convertir en una figura de m\u00faltiples cares: en el theravada, m\u00e9s aviat com a concepte; en el Mahayana i especialment en el budisme tibet\u00e0, com a senyor personificat de l&#8217;infern amb una <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Estudi dels continguts iconogr\u00e0fics i el seu significat.\" tabindex=\"0\">iconografia<\/span> complexa (sovint amb cap de toro, l&#8217;aspecte de Yama com a Dharmaraja). Al Tibet, els ballarins demon\u00edacs itinerants (el festival Cham) sovint representen Yama.<\/p><\/div>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\">{\"@context\":\"https:\/\/schema.org\",\"@type\":\"FAQPage\",\"mainEntity\":[{\"@type\":\"Question\",\"name\":\"Qui \u00e9s Yama en el budisme?\",\"acceptedAnswer\":{\"@type\":\"Answer\",\"text\":\"Yama \u00e9s, en el budisme, el sobir\u00e0 del regne infernal (Naraka) i jutge dels morts. A difer\u00e8ncia de la concepci\u00f3 occidental, l'infern budista no \u00e9s un lloc de c\u00e0stig etern, sin\u00f3 un espai de renaixement de durada limitada: qui hi ha expiat el seu karma torna a n\u00e9ixer.Yama interroga cada difunt sobre els seus actes en vida; el budisme Mahayana coneix tot un seguici de jutges infernals que l'assisteixen. Els regnes de Yama es descriuen amb una riquesa de detalls inimaginable en la cosmologia budista (textos abhidharma).\"}},{\"@type\":\"Question\",\"name\":\"En qu\u00e8 es diferencia el Yama budista del Yamaraja hinduista?\",\"acceptedAnswer\":{\"@type\":\"Answer\",\"text\":\"Ambdues figures comparteixen un origen com\u00fa en el Yama v\u00e8dic (Rigveda 10,14), el primer mortal que alhora va esdevenir senyor dels morts. En l'hinduisme, Yama va continuar essent el d\u00e9u jutge central, que rep totes les \u00e0nimes.En el budisme, Yama es va convertir en una figura de m\u00faltiples cares: en el theravada, m\u00e9s aviat com a concepte; en el Mahayana i especialment en el budisme tibet\u00e0, com a senyor personificat de l'infern amb una iconografia complexa (sovint amb cap de toro, l'aspecte de Yama com a Dharmaraja). Al Tibet, els ballarins demon\u00edacs itinerants (el festival Cham) sovint representen Yama.\"}}]}<\/script>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":1731,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"elementor_header_footer","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_focuskw":"Yama","_yoast_wpseo_title":"Yama \u2013 El d\u00e9u de la mort i jutge en l'hinduisme","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"Yama, d\u00e9u de la mort i jutge en l'hinduisme. Bast\u00f3 i b\u00fafal Nandi, Yamaloka, judici del carma i or\u00edgens v\u00e8dics. 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