{"id":171518,"date":"2026-09-05T15:40:04","date_gmt":"2026-09-05T15:40:04","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/?page_id=171518"},"modified":"2026-09-05T15:59:51","modified_gmt":"2026-09-05T15:59:51","slug":"kali","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/kali\/","title":{"rendered":"Kali"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"171518\" class=\"elementor elementor-171518 elementor-1996 elementor-bc-flex-widget\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-10fdade e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"10fdade\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-herohlft0 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"herohlft0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c3ceb64 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"c3ceb64\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-96ae5e1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"96ae5e1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Kali, deessa de la tradici\u00f3 hinduista<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e45238a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e45238a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Kali \u00e9s deessa de la tradici\u00f3 hinduista.<\/p><p>La deessa negra del temps i la destrucci\u00f3, protectora i alliberadora. Kali \u00e9s una de les figures m\u00e9s poderoses de l&#8217;hinduisme, salvatge, implacable i alhora objecte de la veneraci\u00f3 m\u00e9s profunda.<\/p><p>Amb la pell negra, la llengua vermella com la sang penjant de la boca, una espasa i un bol ple de calaveres de dimonis, encarna l&#8217;energia destructiva necess\u00e0ria per aniquilar el mal. \u00c9s la forma terrible de Shiva, la companya del destructor, i per a alguns creients la deessa suprema mateixa, la *Shakti*, la for\u00e7a c\u00f2smica.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-klsbdg01 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"klsbdg01\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-klshtm01 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"klshtm01\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"iwg-pill-row\"><span class=\"iwg-klasse-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"D\u00e9u \/ Deessa: Poder suprem personificat en el pante\u00f3 d'una cultura, amb \u00e0mbits d'acci\u00f3 clars, forces de la natura, dest\u00ed, guerra, fertilitat. Venerat mitjan\u00e7ant cultes, ofrenes i institucions de temple.\">Deessa<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/?page_id=171393\" class=\"iwg-kultur-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Mons de d\u00e9us, asures i esperits protectors hinduistes, des del v\u00e8dic fins al t\u00e0ntric.\">Hinduisme<\/a><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3f74855 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3f74855\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1c30362 elementor-toc--minimized-on-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-table-of-contents\" data-id=\"1c30362\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;exclude_headings_by_selector&quot;:[],&quot;no_headings_message&quot;:&quot;No s&#039;ha trobat cap encap\\u00e7alament en aquesta p\\u00e0gina.&quot;,&quot;headings_by_tags&quot;:[&quot;h2&quot;,&quot;h3&quot;],&quot;marker_view&quot;:&quot;bullets&quot;,&quot;minimize_box&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;icon&quot;:{&quot;value&quot;:&quot;fas fa-circle&quot;,&quot;library&quot;:&quot;fa-solid&quot;,&quot;rendered_tag&quot;:&quot;&lt;svg class=\\&quot;e-font-icon-svg e-fas-circle\\&quot; viewBox=\\&quot;0 0 512 512\\&quot; xmlns=\\&quot;http:\\\/\\\/www.w3.org\\\/2000\\\/svg\\&quot;&gt;&lt;path d=\\&quot;M256 8C119 8 8 119 8 256s111 248 248 248 248-111 248-248S393 8 256 8z\\&quot;&gt;&lt;\\\/path&gt;&lt;\\\/svg&gt;&quot;},&quot;minimized_on&quot;:&quot;tablet&quot;,&quot;hierarchical_view&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;min_height&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"table-of-contents.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__header\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-toc__header-title\">\n\t\t\t\t\u00cdndex\t\t\t<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--expand\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__1c30362\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Open table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-down\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M207.029 381.476L12.686 187.132c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941l22.667-22.667c9.357-9.357 24.522-9.375 33.901-.04L224 284.505l154.745-154.021c9.379-9.335 24.544-9.317 33.901.04l22.667 22.667c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941L240.971 381.476c-9.373 9.372-24.569 9.372-33.942 0z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--collapse\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__1c30362\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Close table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-up\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M240.971 130.524l194.343 194.343c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941l-22.667 22.667c-9.357 9.357-24.522 9.375-33.901.04L224 227.495 69.255 381.516c-9.379 9.335-24.544 9.317-33.901-.04l-22.667-22.667c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941L207.03 130.525c9.372-9.373 24.568-9.373 33.941-.001z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-toc__1c30362\" class=\"elementor-toc__body\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__spinner-container\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg class=\"elementor-toc__spinner eicon-animation-spin e-font-icon-svg e-eicon-loading\" aria-hidden=\"true\" viewBox=\"0 0 1000 1000\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M500 975V858C696 858 858 696 858 500S696 142 500 142 142 304 142 500H25C25 237 238 25 500 25S975 237 975 500 763 975 500 975Z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-herorght0 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"herorght0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-heroimg00 iwg-hero-image elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"heroimg00\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"683\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_hinduismus_kali-683x1024.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-1728\" alt=\"Kali\" srcset=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_hinduismus_kali-683x1024.webp 683w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_hinduismus_kali-200x300.webp 200w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_hinduismus_kali-768x1152.webp 768w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_hinduismus_kali.webp 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 683px) 100vw, 683px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-32917199 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"32917199\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-26e916cb e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"26e916cb\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-253a40d4 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"253a40d4\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1200c304 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1200c304\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Kali<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-159dcf9a e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"159dcf9a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-48cee66f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"48cee66f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Resum: Kali<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3f50d82c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"3f50d82c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Tipus:<\/strong> Deessa principal hinduista, manifestaci\u00f3 wrathful de la Devi-mare, aniquiladora del mal<br><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"El conjunt de d\u00e9us d'una religi\u00f3 o cultura.\" tabindex=\"0\">Pante\u00f3<\/span>: Hinduisme (especialment el shaktisme, <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Tradici\u00f3 religiosa i ritual de l'hinduisme i el budisme amb doctrina de polaritats d'energia.\">Tantra<\/span>), budisme (en adaptaci\u00f3 t\u00e0ntrica tibetana)<br>Funci\u00f3: Destrucci\u00f3 de l&#8217;ego, protecci\u00f3 davant poders demon\u00edacs, mort i renaixement<br>Atributs principals: espasa, cap tallat, collar de 51 calaveres, faldilla de bra\u00e7os tallats, llengua vermella treta<br>Principals llocs de culte: Kalighat (Calcuta), Dakshineswar (Bengala Occidental), Kamakhya (Assam), mont Kailash<br>Aspecte de: Parvati, Durga, Mahakali (forma c\u00f2smica)<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-18613602 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"18613602\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-262b8a9f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"262b8a9f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Contextualitzaci\u00f3 hist\u00f2rica<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-46dcb7d e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"46dcb7d\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-61d3ab3 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"61d3ab3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-117c166 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"117c166\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Per\u00edode dels textos<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-73997a0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"73997a0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Kali est\u00e0 documentada des del <em>Devi-Mahatmyam<\/em> (segles V\/VI dC, part del Markandeya-Pur\u00e2\u1e47a) com a manifestaci\u00f3 wrathful de la Devi; en el <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un relat transm\u00e8s sobre d\u00e9us, or\u00edgens i l'ordre del m\u00f3n.\" tabindex=\"0\">mite<\/span> central sorgeix del front furi\u00f3s de Durga en la lluita contra el dimoni Raktabija.<\/p><p>\u00c8poca de m\u00e0xim esplendor de la tradici\u00f3 t\u00e0ntrica de Kali (Vamacara): segles VIII-XII dC. En l&#8217;hinduisme modern \u00e9s especialment popular a Bengala; el gran festival <em>Kali Puja<\/em> (octubre\/novembre, coincidint amb el Diwali) \u00e9s una de les festes hind\u00fas regionals m\u00e9s importants.<\/p><p>Al segle XIX es va fer m\u00e9s coneguda internacionalment gr\u00e0cies a Sri Ramakrishna (sacerdot al <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un edifici dedicat a la veneraci\u00f3 d'una o m\u00e9s divinitats.\" tabindex=\"0\">temple<\/span> de Kali de Dakshineswar) i la Missi\u00f3 Ramakrishna. En els estudis religiosos occidentals, des dels anys 1960, sovint s&#8217;ha interpretat com un <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un signe que representa una idea o significat.\" tabindex=\"0\">s\u00edmbol<\/span> feminista.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d47b156 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d47b156\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ff38c2b elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"ff38c2b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">\u00c0rea de difusi\u00f3<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4e49fcc elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4e49fcc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Principals llocs de culte: <strong>Kalighat<\/strong> (Calcuta, Bengala Occidental, un dels 51 <em>Shakti Pithas<\/em>, on suposadament va caure el dit del peu de Sati), <strong>Temple de Kali de Dakshineswar<\/strong> (al nord de Calcuta, conegut mundialment gr\u00e0cies a Sri Ramakrishna), <strong>Kamakhya<\/strong> (Assam, principal lloc de culte de la veneraci\u00f3 menstrual de la Devi), <strong>Tarapith<\/strong> (Bengala Occidental, <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un lloc sagrat dedicat a la veneraci\u00f3 d'una divinitat.\" tabindex=\"0\">santuari<\/span> tantric), <strong>Vaitarna<\/strong> (Maharashtra).<\/p><p>A nivell internacional: en totes les grans comunitats de la di\u00e0spora \u00edndia, especialment als Estats Units i al Regne Unit. Des de 1971, en tots els <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un edifici dedicat a la veneraci\u00f3 d'una o m\u00e9s divinitats.\" tabindex=\"0\">temples<\/span> ISKCON amb pavell\u00f3 de la Devi.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-db03c39 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"db03c39\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-229a87b e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"229a87b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1f471fc elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1f471fc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Estat de les fonts<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-36b1201 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"36b1201\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Fonts centrals: <em>Devi-Mahatmyam<\/em> (font principal, dins el Markandeya-Pur\u00e2\u1e47a), <em>Kalika Pur\u00e2\u1e47a<\/em>, <em>Mahabhagavata Pur\u00e2\u1e47a<\/em>, textos t\u00e0ntrics (<em>Mah\u00e2nirv\u00e2\u1e47a Tantra<\/em>, <em>Karpur\u00e2di Stotra<\/em>). Poesia bengal\u00ed de bhakti a Kali del segle XVIII (Ramprasad Sen). Relats de Sri Ramakrishna sobre l&#8217;experi\u00e8ncia de Kali a Dakshineswar (en el <em>Kathamrita<\/em> de Mahendra Gupta).<\/p><p>Bibliografia secund\u00e0ria: McDermott, <em>Mother of My Heart, Daughter of My Dreams<\/em>; McDaniel, <em>Offering Flowers, Feeding Skulls<\/em>; Kinsley, <em>The Sword and the Flute<\/em>; Michaels, <em>Der Hinduismus<\/em>.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3ae0637c e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"3ae0637c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-31d07739 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"31d07739\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Nom i variants<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b7642947 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"b7642947\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a086266 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a086266\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Kali \u00e9s negra com la nit, la pell d&#8217;un color fosc i absolut. La seva llengua, vermella i brillant com la sang, penja de la boca oberta. Porta un collar fet amb els caps tallats de dimonis, una faldilla de bra\u00e7os amputats.<\/p><p>En una m\u00e0 brandeja una espasa, en l&#8217;altra un bol que recull la sang. Un tigre o un lle\u00f3 sovint l&#8217;acompanya. Malgrat aquesta representaci\u00f3 terrible: al voltant del coll, Kali porta de vegades el gest suau d&#8217;una car\u00edcia de Shiva, el seu veritable esp\u00f2s.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-709a44a8 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"709a44a8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2f585873 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2f585873\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Descripci\u00f3<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-70621c12 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"70621c12\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4296eb49 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4296eb49\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Kali \u00e9s la deessa que destrueix per purificar. Mata les inclinacions demon\u00edaques del cor; l&#8217;aspecte que beu sang s&#8217;ha d&#8217;entendre metaf\u00edsicament, beu la impuresa.<\/p><p>Els devots de Kali no s\u00f3n s\u00e0dics, sin\u00f3 que veuen en ella l&#8217;amor implacable que destrueix les velles estructures per fer possible el nou. El Kali Puja nocturn porta els creients al <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un edifici dedicat a la veneraci\u00f3 d'una o m\u00e9s divinitats.\" tabindex=\"0\">temple<\/span> per suplicar l&#8217;alliberament (<em>Moksha<\/em>). En les pr\u00e0ctiques t\u00e0ntriques, Kali \u00e9s venerada com la <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un \u00e9sser venerat com a div\u00ed dins d'una religi\u00f3.\" tabindex=\"0\">divinitat<\/span> suprema.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-44e71476 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"44e71476\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3c1fc3f0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3c1fc3f0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Fitxa: Kali<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-84f33b8e e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"84f33b8e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-hqkdc67p elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"hqkdc67p\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Els aspectes m\u00e9s importants de K\u00e2l\u00ee d&#8217;un cop d&#8217;ull. Els camps seg\u00fcents resumeixen l&#8217;origen, la funci\u00f3, l&#8217;aparen\u00e7a, la veneraci\u00f3, els s\u00edmbols i els paral\u00b7lelismes culturals.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c5 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c1 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-qh9oavvu iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"qh9oavvu\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-awzx8k2k elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"awzx8k2k\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Origen<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-x6rowhv0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"x6rowhv0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Kali sorgeix en el <em>Devi-Mahatmyam<\/em> del front col\u00e8ric de Durga durant el combat contra el dimoni <em>Raktabija<\/em> (\u00abllavor de sang\u00bb), de cada gota de sang del qual neix un nou dimoni; nom\u00e9s l&#8217;enorme llengua de Kali, que atrapa cada gota abans que toqui terra, pot v\u00e8ncer el dimoni.<\/p><p>En la consolidaci\u00f3 teol\u00f2gica, Kali \u00e9s considerada l&#8217;<em>aspecte terrible (wrathful) de Parvati<\/em>, i per tant esposa de Shiva. En l&#8217;esquema t\u00e0ntric \u00e9s la forma suprema de l&#8217;energia creadora femenina (<em>Mahashakti<\/em>); en el shivisme de Caixmir \u00e9s el moviment <em>Spanda<\/em> mateix. Kali \u00e9s una de les deu <em>Mahavidyas<\/em> (grans deesses de la saviesa) i la primera d&#8217;elles.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8e3o4kxs iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"8e3o4kxs\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-08rkdgov elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"08rkdgov\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Grup destinatari de Kali<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-uwjelx8s elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"uwjelx8s\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Destructora de tot el fals, de tot el descontrolat demon\u00edac; en la tradici\u00f3, destructora de l&#8217;egocentrisme. En la pr\u00e0ctica t\u00e0ntrica \u00e9s eina d&#8217;autoalliberament mitjan\u00e7ant la confrontaci\u00f3 radical amb el terrible (Kali com l&#8217;aspecte col\u00e8ric que mostra a l&#8217;iniciat, directament, la seva pr\u00f2pia mortalitat i limitaci\u00f3).<\/p><p>Patrona dels t\u00e0ntrics de la Vamacara (cam\u00ed esquerre, pr\u00e0ctica t\u00e0ntrica extrema). Protecci\u00f3 contra atacs demon\u00edacs i influ\u00e8ncies de <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Pr\u00e0ctiques que pretenen intervenir en el curs de les coses mitjan\u00e7ant accions o f\u00f3rmules especials.\" tabindex=\"0\">m\u00e0gia<\/span> negra. En la tradici\u00f3 bhakti bengal\u00ed (Ramprasad, Ramakrishna) tamb\u00e9 \u00e9s venerada com a deessa mare ben\u00e8vola malgrat la seva iconografia terrible.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-jm2n74ec iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"jm2n74ec\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8vufse4c elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"8vufse4c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Forma<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-mwb9u015 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"mwb9u015\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Figura femenina terrible, de color blau fosc o negre (<em>k\u00e2l\u00ee<\/em> = \u00abla Negra\u00bb), nua o vestida nom\u00e9s amb una pell de tigre. Tres ulls (el tercer al front). Quatre bra\u00e7os o m\u00e9s: a les mans porta una <em>espasa<\/em> (sovint corba, khadga), un <em>cap tallat<\/em> (habitualment del general dimoni), una m\u00e0 en <em>varada-mudra<\/em> (gest de concessi\u00f3) i una en <em>abhaya-mudra<\/em> (gest que allunya la por).<\/p><p>Collaret fet de <em>51 caps<\/em> (corresponents a les 51 lletres del s\u00e0nscrit), faldilla de <em>bra\u00e7os tallats<\/em>. La <em>llengua roja treta<\/em> \u00e9s el detall m\u00e9s c\u00e8lebre. Cabells llargs i despentinats.<\/p><p>Es mant\u00e9 dreta o dansa sobre <em>Shiva<\/em>, que jeu inconscient (segons una tradici\u00f3, s&#8217;adona que trepitja el seu marit i, avergonyida, es mossega la llengua; d&#8217;aqu\u00ed la llengua treta). L&#8217;acompanyen caps i \u00e9ssers demon\u00edacs.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c2 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c2\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-37ss2yr6 iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"37ss2yr6\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3v0wp3wx elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3v0wp3wx\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Funci\u00f3<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-w3247g2m elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"w3247g2m\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>\u00c0mbit d&#8217;acci\u00f3:<\/strong> Kali \u00e9s invocada en situacions agudes de necessitat de protecci\u00f3, contra malalties, embruixaments i <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Pr\u00e0ctiques que pretenen intervenir en el curs de les coses mitjan\u00e7ant accions o f\u00f3rmules especials.\" tabindex=\"0\">m\u00e0gia<\/span> negra. En la tradici\u00f3 bengal\u00ed \u00e9s una <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un \u00e9sser venerat com a div\u00ed dins d'una religi\u00f3.\" tabindex=\"0\">divinitat<\/span> familiar central (<em>Kuldevi<\/em>). Festa principal: <em>Kali Puja<\/em> (octubre\/novembre), tan important a Bengala com el Diwali al nord de l&#8217;\u00cdndia.<\/p><p>Es celebren pujas di\u00e0ries a milers de temples. Els practicants t\u00e0ntrics realitzen rituals nocturns en llocs de cremaci\u00f3 (<em>shmashana sadhana<\/em>). En tradicions modernes de l&#8217;ISKCON i iogues sovint \u00e9s invocada com a \u00abMare Universal\u00bb. En recepcions feministes occidentals \u00e9s <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un signe que representa una idea o significat.\" tabindex=\"0\">s\u00edmbol<\/span> del poder femen\u00ed.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0qpjal9w iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"0qpjal9w\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6ndoih0o elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6ndoih0o\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Amulets protectors<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6684tyh9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6684tyh9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Espasa (khadga), cap tallat, collaret de 51 caps, faldilla de bra\u00e7os tallats, llengua roja treta, pell de tigre, tercer ull, cabells llargs i despentinats, copa feta d&#8217;un crani (kapala), trishula. Planta sagrada: hibiscus (vermell, la seva flor preferida). Animals sagrats: xacal, corb (als llocs de cremaci\u00f3). Colors sagrats: negre, vermell sang.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3lfi7x32 iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3lfi7x32\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0kg99ga1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"0kg99ga1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Elements comparables<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-n0fum6kp elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"n0fum6kp\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><em>Durga<\/em> (hinduisme, ella mateixa com la seva \u00abmare\u00bb m\u00e9s antiga), <em>Parvati<\/em> (forma m\u00e9s suau), <em>Bhairava<\/em> (hinduisme, paral\u00b7lel mascul\u00ed terrible), <em>Mahakala<\/em> i <em>Yamantaka<\/em> (budisme, adaptacions masculines t\u00e0ntriques), <em>Sekhmet<\/em> (Egipte, deessa lleona embriagada de sang), <em>Ereshkigal<\/em> (Mesopot\u00e0mia, deessa del m\u00f3n subterrani), <em>H\u00e8cate<\/em> (Gr\u00e8cia, encreuaments de camins, mort, <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Pr\u00e0ctiques que pretenen intervenir en el curs de les coses mitjan\u00e7ant accions o f\u00f3rmules especials.\" tabindex=\"0\">m\u00e0gia<\/span>), <em>Hel<\/em> (germ\u00e0nic, sobirana del m\u00f3n subterrani mig morta). Funcionalment \u00fanica en la <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"El conjunt de relats m\u00edtics transmesos sobre els d\u00e9us d'una cultura.\" tabindex=\"0\">mitologia<\/span> mundial: <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un \u00e9sser venerat com a div\u00ed dins d'una religi\u00f3.\" tabindex=\"0\">divinitat<\/span> femenina alhora terrible i maternal en una sola persona.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7533bc7a e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"7533bc7a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2447d18d elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2447d18d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Defensa pr\u00e0ctica<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d5d0260c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d5d0260c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-341be2ac elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"341be2ac\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Rituals de veneraci\u00f3<\/strong><\/p><p>Kali (en s\u00e0nscrit \u00abla Negra\u00bb) \u00e9s la forma esfere\u00efdora de Devi\/Mahadevi. El principal lloc de culte \u00e9s el <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Una construcci\u00f3 destinada a la veneraci\u00f3 d'una o diverses divinitats.\" tabindex=\"0\">temple<\/span> de Kalighat a Calcuta (un dels 51 Shakti Pithas). El Kali Puja anual (mes de Karthik, octubre\/novembre, a Bengala) supera fins i tot regionalment la import\u00e0ncia del Diwali. La veneraci\u00f3 t\u00e0ntrica inclo\u00efa hist\u00f2ricament sacrificis d&#8217;animals (cabra\/b\u00fafal d&#8217;aigua), avui sovint substitu\u00efts simb\u00f2licament per una carbassa (vegeu Kinsley, <em>Hindu Goddesses<\/em>).<\/p><p><strong>Mantres i invocacions<\/strong><\/p><p>El <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Una s\u00edl\u00b7laba o f\u00f3rmula sagrada que es repeteix en l'hinduisme i el budisme.\" tabindex=\"0\">mantra<\/span>-bija de Kali \u00abKr\u012bm\u00bb, aix\u00ed com la f\u00f3rmula m\u00e9s llarga \u00abOm Kr\u012bm K\u0101lik\u0101yai Nama\u1e25\u00bb, s\u00f3n f\u00f3rmules t\u00e0ntriques centrals. El <em>Devi-Mahatmya<\/em> (dins el Markandeya Purana, cap al segle VI), especialment els cap\u00edtols 7-8 (el naixement de Kali del front de Durga, la vict\u00f2ria sobre Raktabija), es recita durant el Navaratri. Les can\u00e7ons devocionals bengal\u00eds de Ramprasad (segle XVIII) formen el repertori popular est\u00e0ndard.<\/p><p><strong>Amulets i s\u00edmbols de protecci\u00f3<\/strong><\/p><p>L&#8217;\u00f2nix negre o la carneola negra com a pedra de Kali. El <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"En l'hinduisme i el budisme, un diagrama geom\u00e8tric d'\u00fas ritual.\" tabindex=\"0\">yantra<\/span> Trikona (triangle invertit amb bindu) com a s\u00edmbol geom\u00e8tric de protecci\u00f3 gravat en plaques de coure. Els collarets de caps (Mundamala, interpretats sovint simb\u00f2licament com les 50 lletres del s\u00e0nscrit) com a penjolls. L&#8217;hibiscus vermell (japa) \u00e9s la seva flor sagrada, oferta en les pujas.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5a584676 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"5a584676\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6d0757bf elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6d0757bf\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Kali, paral\u00b7lels en altres cultures<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-60563f68 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"60563f68\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5a93fdd6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5a93fdd6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<footer class=\"iwg-literatur\"><p>La for\u00e7a salvatge de Kali s&#8217;assembla a H\u00e8cate de l&#8217;antiga Gr\u00e8cia o a la Morr\u00edgan de la <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"El conjunt de relats m\u00edtics transmesos d'una cultura sobre els seus d\u00e9us.\" tabindex=\"0\">mitologia<\/span> celta, deesses de la batalla i del tr\u00e0nsit. En l&#8217;ocultisme europeu, Kali \u00e9s de vegades comparada amb Lilith o amb figures marianes fosques.<\/p><p>La seva implacabilitat recorda Medusa o les F\u00faries, for\u00e7a femenina que no es pot domesticar. Tot i aix\u00ed, no \u00e9s un \u00e9sser mal\u00e8fic, sin\u00f3 la ira justa de la <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"La concepci\u00f3 de l'estructura i l'ordre del m\u00f3n dins d'una cultura.\" tabindex=\"0\">cosmologia<\/span> mateixa.<\/p><div data-nosnippet=\"true\" class=\"iwg-litliste\"><\/div><\/footer>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpad78138 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cpad78138\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpaec404b elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cpaec404b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">El mite de Kali i el dimoni Raktabija<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp91585cf e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp91585cf\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpcd54d0e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cpcd54d0e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>La font mitol\u00f2gica m\u00e9s important sobre Kali \u00e9s el <em>Devi Mahatmya<\/em>, un text de l&#8217;entorn del <em>Markandeya Purana<\/em>, compost cap al segle VI de la nostra era i considerat una obra fonamental de la veneraci\u00f3 de la Deessa. En ell, Kali apareix a la batalla de la deessa contra els ex\u00e8rcits de dimonis. L&#8217;episodi decisiu \u00e9s el del <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"\u00c9sser espiritual al qual s'atribueix un efecte perjudicial o ambigu.\" tabindex=\"0\">dimoni<\/span> Raktabija.<\/p><p>Raktabija tenia el do que, de cada gota de la seva sang que tocava la terra, en naixia un nou <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"\u00c9sser espiritual al qual s'atribueix un efecte perjudicial o ambigu.\" tabindex=\"0\">dimoni<\/span> igual que ell. En la lluita contra la deessa Durga i les seves ajudants, es multiplicava aix\u00ed sense fi: cada ferida que li feien produ\u00efa nous enemics.<\/p><p>El camp de batalla es va omplir d&#8217;innombrables Raktabijes. En aquesta situaci\u00f3 sense sortida apareix Kali, que segons una versi\u00f3 sorgeix del front airat i arrugat de Durga.<\/p><p>Kali resol el problema de l&#8217;\u00fanica manera efica\u00e7: atrapa la sang de Raktabija amb la seva llengua estesa i devora els dimonis que van naixent de la sang abans que puguin multiplicar-se. Aix\u00ed es pot matar el veritable Raktabija sense que en broti cap dimoni nou.<\/p><p>Aquest relat explica diversos trets iconogr\u00e0fics de Kali, sobretot la llengua treta. Alhora mostra la funci\u00f3 teol\u00f2gica de la figura: Kali \u00e9s el poder que interv\u00e9 all\u00e0 on els mitjans ordenats fallen. Actua amb una radicalitat que elimina el problema d&#8217;arrel, en lloc de fer-ho amb mesura.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp7989371 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp7989371\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpf7fc47f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cpf7fc47f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">La iconografia de Kali i la seva interpretaci\u00f3<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp1aa7ece e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp1aa7ece\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp3d87502 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp3d87502\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Kali posseeix una de les iconografies m\u00e9s marcades i m\u00e9s minuciosament interpretades de l&#8217;hinduisme. Se la representa amb pell fosca, sovint negra o blau profund, d&#8217;on deriva el seu nom, relacionat amb el mot s\u00e0nscrit <em>kala<\/em>, que pot significar tant negre com temps.<\/p><p>Sol apar\u00e8ixer nua o nom\u00e9s vestida amb una faldilla de bra\u00e7os tallats, i porta un collar de caps decapitats. Als seus quatre bra\u00e7os sost\u00e9 t\u00edpicament una espasa i un cap tallat, mentre que les altres dues mans mostren gestos de valentia i de concessi\u00f3 de dons.<\/p><p>El motiu iconogr\u00e0fic m\u00e9s conegut mostra Kali dreta o ballant sobre el cos est\u00e8s del d\u00e9u Shiva, amb la llengua treta. Aquest <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un element de contingut recurrent en l'art o en la narraci\u00f3.\" tabindex=\"0\">motiu<\/span> es explica de maneres diferents dins la tradici\u00f3.<\/p><p>Una interpretaci\u00f3 difosa explica que Kali, presa del deliri de la batalla, no va poder aturar-se i va posar en perill l&#8217;univers sencer. Shiva es va estirar aleshores als seus peus, i quan Kali va trepitjar el seu marit, es va quedar paralitzada de vergonya i va treure la llengua.<\/p><p>En la interpretaci\u00f3 filos\u00f2fica de la tradici\u00f3 t\u00e0ntrica, la imatge adquireix un altre sentit. Kali representa l&#8217;energia activa, <em>shakti<\/em>, i Shiva la consci\u00e8ncia pura i quieta. La seva uni\u00f3 mostra que ambd\u00f3s nom\u00e9s s\u00f3n reals junts: la consci\u00e8ncia sense energia \u00e9s inactiva, l&#8217;energia sense consci\u00e8ncia \u00e9s un deliri cec.<\/p><p>Els caps tallats s&#8217;interpreten com els egos deixats enrere pels devots, i l&#8217;espasa com l&#8217;eina que talla la ignor\u00e0ncia. La <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"L'estudi dels continguts de les imatges i el seu significat.\" tabindex=\"0\">iconografia<\/span> no \u00e9s, doncs, una simple imatge terror\u00edfica, sin\u00f3 un sistema dens de significats que la doctrina desenvolupa.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpbc75ca4 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cpbc75ca4\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpe074dbd elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cpe074dbd\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Kali en el tantra i en la veneraci\u00f3 de la Mare a Bengala<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp997156a e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp997156a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpf043442 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cpf043442\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Kali t\u00e9 dos contextos religiosos clarament diferenciats per\u00f2 connectats entre si. El primer \u00e9s el tantra, un corrent esot\u00e8ric en el qual Kali es compta entre les divinitats supremes. En la tradici\u00f3 t\u00e0ntrica, especialment en l&#8217;escola de les deu <em>Mahavidyas<\/em>, les grans deesses del coneixement, Kali ocupa el primer lloc.<\/p><p>La pr\u00e0ctica t\u00e0ntrica cerca la <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un \u00e9sser venerat com a div\u00ed dins d'una religi\u00f3.\" tabindex=\"0\">divinitat<\/span> precisament en all\u00f2 que la <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"L'actitud i pr\u00e0ctica religiosa viscuda d'una persona.\" tabindex=\"0\">pietat<\/span> ordin\u00e0ria evita, i s&#8217;acosta a Kali mitjan\u00e7ant rituals que es duen a terme en llocs com els cremadors de cad\u00e0vers. Aquesta pr\u00e0ctica dep\u00e8n de la iniciaci\u00f3 i la guia d&#8217;un mestre i no est\u00e0 destinada al p\u00fablic en general.<\/p><p>El segon context \u00e9s la veneraci\u00f3 popular i devocional, sobretot a Bengala, Assam i l&#8217;\u00cdndia oriental. Aqu\u00ed s&#8217;invoca Kali com a <em>Ma Kali<\/em>, la Mare Kali. Aquest corrent va guanyar especial expressi\u00f3 gr\u00e0cies al poeta i cantant Ramprasad Sen al segle XVIII.<\/p><p>Les seves can\u00e7ons s&#8217;adrecen a Kali en un to que no nega l&#8217;aspecte terrible, per\u00f2 que posa en primer pla l&#8217;atenci\u00f3 amorosa i maternal. Al segle XIX, el m\u00edstic Ramakrishna, sacerdot al <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un edifici dedicat a la veneraci\u00f3 d'una o diverses divinitats.\" tabindex=\"0\">temple<\/span> de Kali de Dakshineswar, prop de Kolkata, va marcar decisivament aquesta <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"L'actitud i pr\u00e0ctica religiosa viscuda d'una persona.\" tabindex=\"0\">pietat<\/span>.<\/p><p>El punt culminant del culte bengal\u00ed a Kali \u00e9s la festa <em>Kali Puja<\/em>, que se celebra la nit de lluna nova del mes de Kartik, sovint a prop de la festa de les llums. Llocs de culte famosos s\u00f3n el <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un edifici dedicat a la veneraci\u00f3 d'una o diverses divinitats.\" tabindex=\"0\">temple<\/span> de Kalighat a Kolkata i el <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un edifici dedicat a la veneraci\u00f3 d'una o diverses divinitats.\" tabindex=\"0\">temple<\/span> de Dakshineswar.<\/p><p>El fet que la mateixa deessa sigui venerada tant com a poder t\u00e0ntric terror\u00edfic com a mare invocada amb tendresa no \u00e9s una contradicci\u00f3, sin\u00f3 l&#8217;expressi\u00f3 de la convicci\u00f3 que la realitat \u00faltima abasta totes dues cares.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp812a6de e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp812a6de\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpdfb273f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cpdfb273f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Temps, mort i alliberament: la teologia de Kali<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp07c4971 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp07c4971\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpd63a1fa elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cpd63a1fa\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Kali est\u00e0 teol\u00f2gicament estretament relacionada amb la noci\u00f3 del temps. La paraula <em>kala<\/em>, de la qual deriva el seu nom, significa temps, i Kali \u00e9s considerada el poder que devora tot all\u00f2 que sorgeix en el temps.<\/p><p>En aquesta interpretaci\u00f3, ella \u00e9s menys un \u00e9sser entre d&#8217;altres que una realitat fonamental: la for\u00e7a que determina el sorgiment i la desaparici\u00f3. El seu color fosc s&#8217;interpreta en conseq\u00fc\u00e8ncia, ja que igual que tots els colors es fonen en el negre, tot el creat es fon en Kali.<\/p><p>Aquesta relaci\u00f3 amb el temps i la mort explica per qu\u00e8 Kali no s&#8217;ha d&#8217;entendre com una simple figura terror\u00edfica. En la doctrina hind\u00fa, l&#8217;aferrament a all\u00f2 ef\u00edmer, al jo i al m\u00f3n de les aparences \u00e9s l&#8217;arrel del sofriment.<\/p><p>Kali, que ho dissol tot, \u00e9s per aix\u00f2, en la interpretaci\u00f3 teol\u00f2gica, alhora l&#8217;alliberadora: la seva destrucci\u00f3 no neix de cap mal\u00edcia, sin\u00f3 que allibera l&#8217;home d&#8217;all\u00f2 que el lliga. La seva visi\u00f3 pret\u00e9n confrontar el devot amb el fet de l&#8217;imperman\u00e8ncia, en lloc de reprimir-lo.<\/p><p>La relaci\u00f3 amb el cremador de cad\u00e0vers, que en moltes representacions \u00e9s el seu lloc de resid\u00e8ncia, forma part del mateix context. El lloc on es cremen els cossos \u00e9s el lloc on la veritat sobre la imperman\u00e8ncia es fa immediatament visible. La pr\u00e0ctica t\u00e0ntrica busca Kali precisament all\u00e0, perqu\u00e8 \u00e9s all\u00e0 on s&#8217;ensorren les seguretats habituals.<\/p><p>Des del punt de vista de la ci\u00e8ncia de les religions, Kali \u00e9s aix\u00ed un exemple contundent de com una figura que a primera vista nom\u00e9s encarna el terror t\u00e9, dins del seu sistema teol\u00f2gic, una funci\u00f3 precisament determinada i orientada positivament. La por \u00e9s, en aquest cas, el pas cap a la comprensi\u00f3, no una finalitat en si mateixa.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp445c0e5 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp445c0e5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp51c9530 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp51c9530\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Kali en la recepci\u00f3 i la recerca occidentals<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp09884b7 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp09884b7\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp7411ede elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp7411ede\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Poques <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un \u00e9sser venerat com a div\u00ed dins d'una religi\u00f3.\" tabindex=\"0\">divinitats<\/span> hind\u00fas s\u00f3n tan conegudes a Occident i, alhora, tan sovint malenteses com Kali.<\/p><p>La percepci\u00f3 colonial del segle XIX sovint la va reduir a un ep\u00edtom del terror i la va vincular, de manera sensacionalista, amb l&#8217;anomenada criminalitat thuggee, una connexi\u00f3 que la investigaci\u00f3 posterior ha reconegut com a molt exagerada i ideol\u00f2gicament esbiaixada. Aquesta visi\u00f3 distorsionada va marcar durant molt de temps la imatge de Kali a la cultura popular occidental.<\/p><p>L&#8217;estudi cient\u00edfic seri\u00f3s es va iniciar sobretot a la segona meitat del segle XX. Investigadors de religi\u00f3 com David Kinsley van presentar estudis que feien comprensible Kali dins del marc de la teologia hind\u00fa de la deessa, en lloc de tractar-la com una mera curiositat.<\/p><p>Treballs posteriors, com els de Rachel Fell McDermott sobre la <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"L'actitud i la pr\u00e0ctica religiosa viscuda per una persona.\" tabindex=\"0\">devoci\u00f3<\/span> bengal\u00ed a Kali i sobre Ramprasad Sen, o volums col\u00b7lectius que examinaven Kali des de diferents perspectives, van matisar encara m\u00e9s la imatge.<\/p><p>Paral\u00b7lelament, des dels anys 1970 va sorgir una apropiaci\u00f3 occidental de Kali en contextos espirituals i feministes, on va ser interpretada com a <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un signe que representa una idea o un significat.\" tabindex=\"0\">s\u00edmbol<\/span> del poder femen\u00ed i com a contraimatge de les representacions domesticades de la dona.<\/p><p>Aquesta recepci\u00f3 resulta interessant des del punt de vista de l&#8217;estudi de les religions, per\u00f2 es troba en tensi\u00f3 amb el significat de Kali dins de l&#8217;hinduisme viu, on \u00e9s, en primer lloc, objecte de veneraci\u00f3 ritual concreta i no un <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un signe que representa una idea o un significat.\" tabindex=\"0\">s\u00edmbol<\/span> abstracte. Per aix\u00f2 la investigaci\u00f3 adverteix que cal distingir amb cura entre la <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un \u00e9sser venerat com a div\u00ed dins d'una religi\u00f3.\" tabindex=\"0\">divinitat<\/span> dins del <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"El conjunt d'actes de veneraci\u00f3 religiosa dedicats a una divinitat o figura sagrada.\" tabindex=\"0\">culte<\/span> hind\u00fa i les seves reinterpretacions occidentals.<\/p><p>Qui vulgui entendre Kali ha de partir de les fonts \u00edndies, dels temples i de la pr\u00e0ctica viva, no del seu reflex occidental.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-36dd7469 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"36dd7469\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-13760ab4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"13760ab4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Enlla\u00e7os relacionats<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-28c87796 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"28c87796\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5d6538df elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5d6538df\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/?page_id=171523\">Durga, la seva forma anterior<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/?page_id=171517\">Shiva, el seu esp\u00f2s, sovint ajagut sota els seus peus<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/?page_id=171552\">Bhairava, paral\u00b7lel mascul\u00ed i furi\u00f3s<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/?page_id=171532\">Mahakala, adaptaci\u00f3 masculina t\u00e0ntrica en el budisme<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/?page_id=171547\">Sekhmet, paral\u00b7lel egipci embriagat de sang<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/?page_id=171393\">Hinduisme, visi\u00f3 general del pante\u00f3<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/?page_id=171431\">D\u00e9us, visi\u00f3 general de les classes<\/a><\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-grl4kl40 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"grl4kl40\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bzsbfrmh elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"bzsbfrmh\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Bibliografia de recerca<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2c13224a e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"2c13224a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0eymh9ub elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"0eymh9ub\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<footer class=\"iwg-literatur\" data-nosnippet=\"true\"><ul><li><span data-nosnippet>McDermott, Rachel Fell: <em>Mother of My Heart, Daughter of My Dreams. K&acirc;l&icirc; and Um&acirc; in the Devotional Poetry of Bengal<\/em>. Oxford 2001.<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>McDaniel, June: <em>Offering Flowers, Feeding Skulls. Popular Goddess Worship in West Bengal<\/em>. Oxford 2004.<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Kinsley, David: <em>The Sword and the Flute. K&acirc;l&icirc; and K&#7771;&#7779;&#7751;a, Dark Visions of the Terrible and the Sublime in Hindu Mythology<\/em>. Berkeley 1975.<\/span><\/li><li>Devi-Mahatmyam (nombroses traduccions).<\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Coburn, Thomas B.: <em>Encountering the Goddess. A Translation of the Dev&icirc;-M&acirc;h&acirc;tmya<\/em>. Albany 1991.<\/span><\/li><li>Walde, Christine (ed.): <em>Der Neue Pauly<\/em> (entrada &bdquo;K&acirc;l&icirc;&ldquo;).<\/li><\/ul><\/footer>\n<p class=\"iwg-bib-more\"><span data-nosnippet>M\u00e9s obres de refer\u00e8ncia a la <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/?page_id=171483\">bibliografia<\/a>.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7a0d6b7 e-con-boxed e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"7a0d6b7\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a2e501e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a2e501e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n<h2>Preguntes freq\u00fcents sobre Kali<\/h2>\n<div class=\"iwg-faq-q\"><h3>Qui \u00e9s la deessa Kali a l&#8217;hinduisme?<\/h3><p>Kali (de kala, temps, negre) \u00e9s una de les deesses m\u00e9s poderoses de l&#8217;hinduisme, la forma terrible de la gran deessa (Mahadevi).<\/p><p>Iconogr\u00e0ficament \u00e9s t\u00edpica amb quatre bra\u00e7os o m\u00e9s, amb una espasa a les mans i el cap tallat d&#8217;un dimoni, un collar de calaveres, un faldar fet de bra\u00e7os tallats, la llengua treta i la pell negra o blau fosc. Kali sol estar dreta sobre Shiva, el seu esp\u00f2s, que s&#8217;ha llan\u00e7at sota els seus peus per aturar la seva ira destructora.<\/p><\/div>\n<div class=\"iwg-faq-q\"><h3>Qu\u00e8 significa la simbologia de l&#8217;aparen\u00e7a esfere\u00efdora de Kali?<\/h3><p>La terrible <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Estudi dels continguts de les imatges i el seu significat.\" tabindex=\"0\">iconografia<\/span> t\u00e9 un significat espiritual: Kali \u00e9s la destructora de la il\u00b7lusi\u00f3 (Maya) i dels apegaments a l&#8217;ego. L&#8217;espasa talla la ignor\u00e0ncia, els caps tallats s\u00f3n els lligams de l&#8217;ego que s&#8217;han deixat enrere, el collar de calaveres representa les lletres de l&#8217;alfabet s\u00e0nscrit, el llenguatge com a poder c\u00f2smic.<\/p><p>La llengua treta \u00e9s un gest de vergonya (adona&#8217;s que est\u00e0 trepitjant Shiva). En el tantra, Kali \u00e9s l&#8217;alliberadora; destrueix per amor a la veritat, sense cap mal\u00edcia.<\/p><\/div>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\">{\"@context\":\"https:\/\/schema.org\",\"@type\":\"FAQPage\",\"mainEntity\":[{\"@type\":\"Question\",\"name\":\"Qui \u00e9s la deessa Kali a l'hinduisme?\",\"acceptedAnswer\":{\"@type\":\"Answer\",\"text\":\"Kali (de kala, temps, negre) \u00e9s una de les deesses m\u00e9s poderoses de l'hinduisme, la forma terrible de la gran deessa (Mahadevi).Iconogr\u00e0ficament \u00e9s t\u00edpica amb quatre bra\u00e7os o m\u00e9s, amb una espasa a les mans i el cap tallat d'un dimoni, un collar de calaveres, un faldar fet de bra\u00e7os tallats, la llengua treta i la pell negra o blau fosc. 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En el tantra, Kali \u00e9s l'alliberadora; destrueix per amor a la veritat, sense cap mal\u00edcia.\"}}]}<\/script>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":1728,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"elementor_header_footer","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_focuskw":"Kali","_yoast_wpseo_title":"Kali \u2013 Deessa de la destrucci\u00f3 i el temps en l'hinduisme","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"Kali, deessa de la destrucci\u00f3 i el temps en l'hinduisme. Espasa, collar de calaveres, energia Shakti i la seva veneraci\u00f3 en el shaktisme i Bengala.","_yoast_wpseo_meta-robots-noindex":"","_yoast_wpseo_canonical":"","_angie_page":false,"gefaehrdungsstufe":"4","wesen_kultur":"hinduismus","wesen_klasse":"goetter","footnotes":""},"categories":[],"class_list":["post-171518","page","type-page","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v27.7 (Yoast SEO v28.3) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Kali \u2013 Deessa de la destrucci\u00f3 i el temps en l&#039;hinduisme<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Kali, deessa de la destrucci\u00f3 i el temps en l&#039;hinduisme. 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