{"id":171517,"date":"2026-09-05T15:40:03","date_gmt":"2026-09-05T15:40:03","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/?page_id=171517"},"modified":"2026-09-05T15:59:49","modified_gmt":"2026-09-05T15:59:49","slug":"shiva","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/shiva\/","title":{"rendered":"Shiva"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"171517\" class=\"elementor elementor-171517 elementor-1994 elementor-bc-flex-widget\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-10fdade e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"10fdade\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-herohlft0 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"herohlft0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c3ceb64 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"c3ceb64\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-96ae5e1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"96ae5e1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Shiva, d\u00e9u de la tradici\u00f3 hinduista<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e45238a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e45238a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Shiva \u00e9s un d\u00e9u de la tradici\u00f3 hinduista.<\/p><p><strong>El destructor i renovador, el d\u00e9u dansaire de la meditaci\u00f3.<\/strong><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-klsbdg01 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"klsbdg01\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-klshtm01 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"klshtm01\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"iwg-pill-row\"><span class=\"iwg-klasse-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"D\u00e9u \/ Deessa: Poder suprem personificat dins el pante\u00f3 d'una cultura, amb \u00e0mbits de compet\u00e8ncia clars, forces de la natura, dest\u00ed, guerra, fertilitat. Venerat mitjan\u00e7ant cultes, ofrenes i institucions de temple.\">D\u00e9u<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/?page_id=171393\" class=\"iwg-kultur-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"M\u00f3ns de d\u00e9us, asures i protecci\u00f3 de tradici\u00f3 hinduista, des del per\u00edode v\u00e8dic fins al t\u00e0ntric.\">Hinduisme<\/a><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3f74855 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3f74855\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1c30362 elementor-toc--minimized-on-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-table-of-contents\" data-id=\"1c30362\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;exclude_headings_by_selector&quot;:[],&quot;no_headings_message&quot;:&quot;No s&#039;ha trobat cap encap\\u00e7alament en aquesta p\\u00e0gina.&quot;,&quot;headings_by_tags&quot;:[&quot;h2&quot;,&quot;h3&quot;],&quot;marker_view&quot;:&quot;bullets&quot;,&quot;minimize_box&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;icon&quot;:{&quot;value&quot;:&quot;fas fa-circle&quot;,&quot;library&quot;:&quot;fa-solid&quot;,&quot;rendered_tag&quot;:&quot;&lt;svg class=\\&quot;e-font-icon-svg e-fas-circle\\&quot; viewBox=\\&quot;0 0 512 512\\&quot; xmlns=\\&quot;http:\\\/\\\/www.w3.org\\\/2000\\\/svg\\&quot;&gt;&lt;path d=\\&quot;M256 8C119 8 8 119 8 256s111 248 248 248 248-111 248-248S393 8 256 8z\\&quot;&gt;&lt;\\\/path&gt;&lt;\\\/svg&gt;&quot;},&quot;minimized_on&quot;:&quot;tablet&quot;,&quot;hierarchical_view&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;min_height&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"table-of-contents.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__header\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-toc__header-title\">\n\t\t\t\t\u00cdndex\t\t\t<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--expand\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__1c30362\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Open table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-down\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M207.029 381.476L12.686 187.132c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941l22.667-22.667c9.357-9.357 24.522-9.375 33.901-.04L224 284.505l154.745-154.021c9.379-9.335 24.544-9.317 33.901.04l22.667 22.667c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941L240.971 381.476c-9.373 9.372-24.569 9.372-33.942 0z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--collapse\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__1c30362\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Close table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-up\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M240.971 130.524l194.343 194.343c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941l-22.667 22.667c-9.357 9.357-24.522 9.375-33.901.04L224 227.495 69.255 381.516c-9.379 9.335-24.544 9.317-33.901-.04l-22.667-22.667c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941L207.03 130.525c9.372-9.373 24.568-9.373 33.941-.001z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-toc__1c30362\" class=\"elementor-toc__body\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__spinner-container\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg class=\"elementor-toc__spinner eicon-animation-spin e-font-icon-svg e-eicon-loading\" aria-hidden=\"true\" viewBox=\"0 0 1000 1000\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M500 975V858C696 858 858 696 858 500S696 142 500 142 142 304 142 500H25C25 237 238 25 500 25S975 237 975 500 763 975 500 975Z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-herorght0 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"herorght0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-heroimg00 iwg-hero-image elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"heroimg00\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"683\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_hinduismus_shiva-683x1024.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-1729\" alt=\"Shiva \u2013 hinduistischer Hochgott der Zerst\u00f6rung und Erneuerung\" srcset=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_hinduismus_shiva-683x1024.webp 683w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_hinduismus_shiva-200x300.webp 200w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_hinduismus_shiva-768x1152.webp 768w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_hinduismus_shiva.webp 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 683px) 100vw, 683px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-32917199 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"32917199\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-26e916cb e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"26e916cb\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-253a40d4 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"253a40d4\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1200c304 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1200c304\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Shiva<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-11758e7f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"11758e7f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Shiva \u00e9s un dels tres d\u00e9us de la Trimurti, aquella tr\u00edada c\u00f2smica que crea, mant\u00e9 i destrueix l&#8217;univers. Amb el seu tercer ull, que converteix m\u00f3ns en cendra, amb un trident a la m\u00e0 i serps al voltant del coll, Shiva balla el *Nataraja*, la Dansa C\u00f2smica, que capgira el temps, l&#8217;espai i la mat\u00e8ria.<\/p><p>Un d\u00e9u d&#8217;extrems: l&#8217;asc\u00e8tic salvatge a la cova de l&#8217;Him\u00e0laia, i al mateix temps l&#8217;esp\u00f2s amor\u00f3s de Parvati i pare de Ganesha.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-159dcf9a e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"159dcf9a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-48cee66f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"48cee66f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Perfil breu: Shiva<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3f50d82c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"3f50d82c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Tipus:<\/strong> Divinitat principal hinduista, destructor i transformador (Trimurti), patr\u00f3 dels ascetes<br><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"El conjunt de d\u00e9us d'una religi\u00f3 o cultura.\" tabindex=\"0\">Pante\u00f3<\/span>: Hinduisme (especialment el xivaisme, una de les dues confessions hind\u00fas m\u00e9s grans)<br>Funci\u00f3: destrucci\u00f3 i reconstrucci\u00f3 de l&#8217;univers, dansa c\u00f2smica, ioga, <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Tradici\u00f3 religiosa i ritual dins l'hinduisme i el budisme amb una doctrina de polaritats energ\u00e8tiques.\">Tantra<\/span><br>Atributs principals: Trishula (trident), Damaru (tambor), tercer ull, serps, mitja lluna, roba de pell de tigre<br>Principals llocs de culte: Varanasi (Kashi-Vishwanath), Mont Kailash (Tibet), Kedarnath, Rameswaram, els 12 Jyotirlingas<br>Principals manifestacions: Nataraja (ballador c\u00f2smic), Bhairava (col\u00e8ric), Ardhanarishvara (androgin), Lingam (<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un signe que representa una idea o significat.\" tabindex=\"0\">s\u00edmbol<\/span> sense forma)<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-18613602 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"18613602\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-262b8a9f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"262b8a9f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Introducci\u00f3<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-46dcb7d e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"46dcb7d\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-61d3ab3 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"61d3ab3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-117c166 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"117c166\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Per\u00edode dels textos<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-73997a0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"73997a0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Shiva es desenvolupa a partir del d\u00e9u v\u00e8dic de la tempesta i la curaci\u00f3 <em>Rudra<\/em> (Rigveda, 1200\u2013900 a. C.); en els himnes v\u00e8dics, Rudra \u00e9s encara una <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un \u00e9sser venerat com a div\u00ed dins d'una religi\u00f3.\" tabindex=\"0\">divinitat<\/span> perif\u00e8rica i temuda. Ascens a divinitat principal en els <em>Pur\u00e2\u1e47as<\/em> (especialment el <em>\u015aiva Pur\u00e2\u1e47a<\/em> i el <em>Linga Pur\u00e2\u1e47a<\/em>, segles IV\u2013X d. C.).<\/p><p>Per\u00edode de m\u00e0xima esplendor de les tradicions t\u00e0ntriques xivaistes a partir del segle VIII (K\u00e2p\u00e2lika, K\u00e2l\u00e2mukha, Shaiva-Siddh\u00e2nta, escola Trikasamb\u00e2ndha del xivaisme de Caixmir amb Abhinavagupta). A la terra t\u00e0mil, el rellevant corpus bhakti dels <em>N\u00e2yan\u00e2rs<\/em> (segles VI\u2013IX). Avui \u00e9s una de les tres divinitats hind\u00fas principals al costat de Vishnu i Devi; la tradici\u00f3 xivaista compr\u00e8n aproximadament un ter\u00e7 de tots els hind\u00fas.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d47b156 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d47b156\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ff38c2b elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"ff38c2b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">\u00c0rea de difusi\u00f3<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4e49fcc elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4e49fcc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Principals llocs de culte: <strong>Varanasi<\/strong> (Kashi, amb el <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Una construcci\u00f3 destinada a la veneraci\u00f3 d'una o diverses divinitats.\" tabindex=\"0\">temple<\/span> de Kashi-Vishwanath, un dels llocs m\u00e9s sagrats de l&#8217;hinduisme, on morir suposadament comporta l&#8217;entrada directa al Mok\u1e63a), <strong>Mont Kailash<\/strong> (al Tibet occidental, la seva resid\u00e8ncia m\u00edtica), <strong>Kedarnath<\/strong> (Uttarakhand, Him\u00e0laia), <strong>Rameswaram<\/strong> (Tamil Nadu, un dels quatre llocs de pelegrinatge Char Dham).<\/p><p>Els <em>Dotze Jyotirlingas<\/em> formen una cadena principal de <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Una persona que empr\u00e8n un viatge motivat religiosament cap a un lloc sagrat.\" tabindex=\"0\">pelegrinatge<\/span> que abasta geogr\u00e0ficament tota l&#8217;\u00cdndia: Somnath, Mallikarjuna, Mahakaleshwar (Ujjain), Omkareshwar, Kedarnath, Bhimashankar, Kashi-Vishwanath, Trimbakeshwar, Vaidyanath, Nageshwar, Rameshwar, Ghushmeshwar. A la terra t\u00e0mil, <strong>Chidambaram<\/strong> \u00e9s el centre teol\u00f2gic de la tradici\u00f3 xivaista t\u00e0mil com a centre de culte de Nataraja. Internacionalment, present a tot <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Una construcci\u00f3 destinada a la veneraci\u00f3 d'una o diverses divinitats.\" tabindex=\"0\">temple<\/span> hind\u00fa amb veneraci\u00f3 del lingam.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-db03c39 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"db03c39\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-229a87b e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"229a87b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1f471fc elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1f471fc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Estat de les fonts<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-36b1201 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"36b1201\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<footer class=\"iwg-literatur\"><p>Fonts centrals: <em>Rigveda<\/em> (himnes a Rudra, especialment Rg.V. 2.33), el <em>\u015aiva Pur\u00e2\u1e47a<\/em>, el <em>Linga Pur\u00e2\u1e47a<\/em>, el <em>Skanda Pur\u00e2\u1e47a<\/em>, el <em>K\u00fbrma Pur\u00e2\u1e47a<\/em>. Textos t\u00e0ntrics: <em>Vij\u00f1\u00e2na Bhairava T\u00e2ntra<\/em>, <em>M\u00e2linivijayottara T\u00e2ntra<\/em>, <em>Svacchanda T\u00e2ntra<\/em>, <em>Netra T\u00e2ntra<\/em>. Bhakti t\u00e0mil: <em>Tev\u00e2ram<\/em> dels tres N\u00e2yan\u00e2rs (Sambandar, Appar, Sundarar) i <em>Tiruv\u00e2cakam<\/em> de Manikkav\u00e2cakar.<\/p><p>Xivaisme de Caixmir: <em>Tantr\u00e2loka<\/em> d&#8217;Abhinavagupta. Bibliografia secund\u00e0ria: Doniger, <em>Asceticism and Eroticism in the Mythology of \u015aiva<\/em> (cl\u00e0ssic); Sanderson, <em>The \u015aaiva Age<\/em>; Kramrisch, <em>The Presence of \u015aiva<\/em>; Michaels, <em>Der Hinduismus<\/em>.<\/p><\/footer>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3ae0637c e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"3ae0637c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-31d07739 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"31d07739\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Nom i variants<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b7642947 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"b7642947\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a086266 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a086266\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Shiva es representa com un d\u00e9u de coll blau, sovint nu o vestit amb pell de tigre, els cabells recollits en un monyo del qual pengen una mitja lluna i el riu Ganges. El seu tercer ull, vertical al front, es converteix en arma quan s&#8217;enfada.<\/p><p>Als cabells de Shiva hi habiten la lluna i el Ganges mateix. Porta un trident (Trishula), un petit tambor (Damaru) i serps com a ornament. El lingam, una forma abstracta i f\u00e0l\u00b7lica, \u00e9s el seu s\u00edmbol de veneraci\u00f3 principal. La cendra (Vibhuti) sobre la seva pell al\u00b7ludeix a la ren\u00fancia i a la destrucci\u00f3 c\u00f2smica.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-709a44a8 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"709a44a8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2f585873 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2f585873\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Trets caracter\u00edstics<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-70621c12 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"70621c12\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4296eb49 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4296eb49\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Shiva representa la consci\u00e8ncia c\u00f2smica que destrueix de manera creativa per renovar. La seva dansa <em>Nataraja<\/em> no \u00e9s cruel, sin\u00f3 necess\u00e0ria: sense destrucci\u00f3 no hi ha renaixement. En la meditaci\u00f3, els iogis i ascetes s&#8217;identifiquen amb Shiva; <em>Om Namah Shivaya<\/em> \u00e9s el <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"F\u00f3rmula sil\u00b7l\u00e0bica o de paraules repetida ritualment amb efecte transformador; central en les tradicions \u00edndies, adaptada a l'Occident com a pr\u00e0ctica de decret.\">mantra<\/span> central del xivaisme.<\/p><p>Shivaratri, la \u00abnit de Shiva\u00bb, se celebra anualment amb vig\u00edlies nocturnes, festes i la circumdeambulaci\u00f3 del lingam. Els lingams en temples com el de Varanasi s\u00f3n centres de veneraci\u00f3 intensa i de pelegrinatge.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-44e71476 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"44e71476\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3c1fc3f0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3c1fc3f0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Fitxa: Shiva<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-84f33b8e e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"84f33b8e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-hqkdc67p elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"hqkdc67p\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Els aspectes m\u00e9s importants de Xiva (&Saacute;iva) d&#8217;un cop d&#8217;ull. Els camps seg\u00fcents resumeixen origen, funci\u00f3, aparen\u00e7a, veneraci\u00f3, s\u00edmbols i paral\u00b7lelismes culturals.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c5 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c1 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-qh9oavvu iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"qh9oavvu\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-awzx8k2k elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"awzx8k2k\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Context cultural<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-x6rowhv0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"x6rowhv0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Xiva sorgeix, en una tradici\u00f3, del <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"En l'hinduisme, l'\u00e9sser absolut, sense forma i sense atributs; a les Upanishads, considerat el fonament de totes les manifestacions.\">Brahman<\/span> increat mateix, i en una altra \u00e9s fill de la creaci\u00f3 de Brahma. Esp\u00f2s de <em>Parvati<\/em>, tamb\u00e9 present en els aspectes de <em>Sati<\/em> (primera esposa), <em>Durga<\/em> (guerrera) i <em>Kali<\/em> (destructora furiosa). Pare de l&#8217;elefant <em>Ganesha<\/em> i del d\u00e9u de la guerra <em>Skanda\/Murugan\/Kartikeya<\/em>. Resid\u00e8ncia: el <em>mont Kailash<\/em>, a l&#8217;Him\u00e0laia.<\/p><p>Una combinaci\u00f3 de car\u00e0cter \u00fanica a la <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"El conjunt de relats m\u00edtics sobre d\u00e9us transmesos per una cultura.\" tabindex=\"0\">mitologia<\/span> mundial: alhora asc\u00e8tic (<em>Mah\u00e2yog\u00ee<\/em>, medita durant eons) i ballador ext\u00e0tic (<em>Nataraja<\/em>); alhora d\u00e9u destructor i furi\u00f3s (aspecte Bhairava) i home de fam\u00edlia dol\u00e7 i compassiu (amb Parvati i els fills).<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8e3o4kxs iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"8e3o4kxs\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-08rkdgov elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"08rkdgov\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Objecte d'acci\u00f3<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-uwjelx8s elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"uwjelx8s\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Destructor dins el concepte de la Trimurti, per\u00f2 la destrucci\u00f3 com a <em>recreaci\u00f3 necess\u00e0ria<\/em>: al final de cada mah\u00e2-yuga, Xiva destrueix l&#8217;univers mitjan\u00e7ant la seva dansa c\u00f2smica (T\u00e2\u1e47\u1e0dava), i de les cendres sorgeix el m\u00f3n seg\u00fcent. Patr\u00f3 dels <em>ascetes<\/em> (<em>sannyasi<\/em>, sadhus, aghoris), iogis i t\u00e0ntrics.<\/p><p>En la tradici\u00f3 bhakti \u00e9s destinatari de l&#8217;amor devot personal (els n\u00e2yan\u00e2rs tamils s\u00f3n els poetes bhakti shivaites m\u00e9s c\u00e8lebres). En el <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"El conjunt d'actes de veneraci\u00f3 religiosa dedicats a una divinitat o figura sagrada.\" tabindex=\"0\">culte<\/span> del lingam se&#8217;l venera com a aspecte d&#8217;energia sense forma: el <em>lingam<\/em> (amb la <em>yoni<\/em> com a base) simbolitza l&#8217;energia creadora increada. En el shivaisme de Caixmir \u00e9s la realitat suprema de la consci\u00e8ncia (<em>Param\u00e2\u015biva<\/em>).<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-jm2n74ec iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"jm2n74ec\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8vufse4c elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"8vufse4c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Aparen\u00e7a<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-mwb9u015 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"mwb9u015\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Antropomorf com a figura masculina asc\u00e8tica de pell blau-grisenca (en la tradici\u00f3 t\u00e0ntrica: coberta de cendra, &bdquo;blanca com la neu del Kailash&ldquo;). <em>Tercer ull<\/em> al front (l&#8217;ull de la percepci\u00f3 superior, amb el qual crema Kama, el d\u00e9u de l&#8217;amor). <em>Mitja lluna<\/em> entre els cabells apeda\u00e7ats (<em>jata<\/em>), que recullen el corrent del Ganges (<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un relat transm\u00e8s sobre d\u00e9us, or\u00edgens i l'ordre del m\u00f3n.\" tabindex=\"0\">mite<\/span> de Ganga-Avatara\u1e47a). <em>Serps<\/em> al voltant del coll i com a ornament sagrat.<\/p><p><em>Trishula<\/em> (trident) i <em>Damaru<\/em> (tambor en forma de rellotge de sorra, el so del qual crea l&#8217;univers). <em>Faldilla de pell de tigre<\/em>. En la forma de <strong>Nataraja<\/strong>, com a figura que dansa c\u00f2smicament dins un cercle de foc (<em>prabh\u0101ma\u1e47\u1e0dala<\/em>): la cama dreta s&#8217;aixeca, l&#8217;esquerra aixafa el dimoni nan Apasm\u00e2ra (la ignor\u00e0ncia). En la forma d&#8217;<strong>Ardhanarishvara<\/strong>, andr\u00f2gina, una meitat Shiva, l&#8217;altra Parvati. En la forma de <strong>Bhairava<\/strong>, iracunda, amb ornaments de calaveres.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c2 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c2\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-37ss2yr6 iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"37ss2yr6\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3v0wp3wx elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3v0wp3wx\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Activitat<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-w3247g2m elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"w3247g2m\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>\u00c0mbit d&#8217;acci\u00f3:<\/strong> centenars de milions d&#8217;hind\u00fas invoquen Xiva di\u00e0riament. Festes principals: <em>Maha Shivaratri<\/em> (\u00abla gran nit de Xiva\u00bb, febrer\/mar\u00e7, una de les festes hind\u00fas m\u00e9s grans, es vetlla als temples amb rituals d&#8217;abhisheka al lingam), <em>K\u00e2rttika Pur\u1e47im\u00e2<\/em> i <em>Pradosha Vrata<\/em> (dejuni bimensual el tretz\u00e8 dia lunar).<\/p><p>A Varanasi, morir es considera una entrada directa al moksha mitjan\u00e7ant la <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"L'acte de dirigir-se a una divinitat o poder mitjan\u00e7ant s\u00faplica o invocaci\u00f3.\" tabindex=\"0\">invocaci\u00f3<\/span> di\u00e0ria de Xiva a l&#8217;o\u00efda del moribund. Pr\u00e0ctiques t\u00e0ntriques en les tradicions aghori i k\u00e2p\u00e2lika (ascetisme extrem, rituals als cementiris).<\/p><p>La veneraci\u00f3 del lingam \u00e9s central a tot <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un edifici dedicat a la veneraci\u00f3 d'una o diverses divinitats.\" tabindex=\"0\">temple<\/span> de Xiva; el lingam es renta amb aigua, llet, mel, llet de coco i ghee (abhisheka de <em>pa\u00f1c\u00e2m\u1e5bta<\/em>). A Chidambaram, els brahmans dikshitar duen a terme des de fa m\u00e9s de 1000 anys el mateix <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Una seq\u00fc\u00e8ncia regulada d'actes simb\u00f2lics amb significat religi\u00f3s o cultural.\" tabindex=\"0\">ritual<\/span> de Nataraja.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0qpjal9w iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"0qpjal9w\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6ndoih0o elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6ndoih0o\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Amulets protectors<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6684tyh9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6684tyh9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Trishula (trident), damaru (tambor en forma de rellotge de sorra), tercer ull, mitja lluna entre els cabells enredats, collar de serps (especialment Vasuki), faldilla de pell de tigre, <em>lingam<\/em> (<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un signe que representa una idea o un significat.\" tabindex=\"0\">s\u00edmbol<\/span> d&#8217;energia sense forma, el <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un signe que representa una idea o un significat.\" tabindex=\"0\">s\u00edmbol<\/span> m\u00e9s important de Xiva), el toro <em>Nandi<\/em> (muntura, sempre a l&#8217;entrada dels temples de Xiva), <em>vibh\u00fbti<\/em> (cendra sagrada, en tres ratlles al front), i el rosari de <em>rudr\u00e2ksha<\/em> (llavors de l&#8217;arbre sagrat).<\/p><p>Plantes sagrades: l&#8217;arbre <em>bilva<\/em> (Aegle marmelos, les fulles del qual es consideren especialment estimades per Xiva), la datura i el bani\u00e0. Cendra sagrada procedent de llocs de cremaci\u00f3.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3lfi7x32 iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3lfi7x32\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0kg99ga1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"0kg99ga1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Equivalents<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-n0fum6kp elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"n0fum6kp\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><em>Rudra<\/em> (precursor v\u00e8dic), <em>Bhairava<\/em> (aspecte furi\u00f3s, p\u00e0gina pr\u00f2pia), <em>Mahakala<\/em> (budisme, adaptaci\u00f3 al <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"'Vehicle de diamant'; forma t\u00e0ntrica del budisme mahayana, principalment al Tibet, centrada en la pr\u00e0ctica del yidam i la t\u00e8cnica del mantra.\">vajrayana<\/span> com a <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un \u00e9sser venerat com a div\u00ed dins d'una religi\u00f3.\" tabindex=\"0\">divinitat<\/span> protectora furiosa), <em>Pashupati<\/em> (possible precursor de la vall de l&#8217;Indus en segells prehist\u00f2rics de Mohenjo-Daro), <em>Dion\u00eds<\/em> (Gr\u00e8cia, aspecte ext\u00e0tic-destructor, dansa, tradici\u00f3 del vi), <em>Hades-Plut\u00f3<\/em> (Gr\u00e8cia, doble aspecte <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Relatiu a la terra o al m\u00f3n subterrani; en la religi\u00f3 antiga, els d\u00e9us i esperits de les profunditats (Hades, Er\u00ednies, Dem\u00e8ter ct\u00f2nia).\">ct\u00f2nic<\/span>-fecund), <em>Wotan-Odin<\/em> (germ\u00e0nic, rei-iogui d&#8217;un ull), <em>Cernunnos<\/em> (celta, d\u00e9u asc\u00e8tic banyut de la selva). Funcionalment: totes les divinitats supremes destructores-renovadores i totes les divinitats mestres asc\u00e8tico-t\u00e0ntriques comparteixen aspectes de Xiva.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7533bc7a e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"7533bc7a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2447d18d elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2447d18d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Pr\u00e0ctica de protecci\u00f3<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d5d0260c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d5d0260c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-341be2ac elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"341be2ac\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Rituals de veneraci\u00f3<\/strong><\/p><p>Shiva \u00e9s, junt amb Vishnu, el d\u00e9u principal de l&#8217;hinduisme (Trimurti). La veneraci\u00f3 di\u00e0ria inclou l&#8217;<em>abhisheka<\/em> (l&#8217;aspersi\u00f3 del linga amb llet, mel, iogurt, ghee i aigua, el <em>panchamrita<\/em>) i l&#8217;<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Do que s'ofereix a una divinitat per expressar gratitud, petici\u00f3 o veneraci\u00f3.\" tabindex=\"0\">ofrena<\/span> de fulles de bilva sobre el linga.<\/p><p>Mahashivaratri (al mes de phalguna, febrer\/mar\u00e7) \u00e9s la seva festa principal, amb vig\u00edlia nocturna i dejuni (vg. Doniger, <em>Hindu Myths<\/em>). El seu lloc de pelegrinatge m\u00e9s important \u00e9s Varanasi (Kashi Vishvanath); els dotze santuaris jyotirlinga (Somnath, Mahakaleshwar, Kedarnath, etc.) marquen la pr\u00e0ctica devocional regional.<\/p><p><strong>Mantres i invocacions<\/strong><\/p><p>El <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Una s\u00edl\u00b7laba o f\u00f3rmula sagrada que es repeteix en l'hinduisme i el budisme.\" tabindex=\"0\">mantra<\/span> Mahamrityunjaya (Rigveda 7.59.12), \u00abOm Tryambakam Yajamahe\u00bb, \u00e9s el mantra de guarici\u00f3 i protecci\u00f3 m\u00e9s c\u00e8lebre de l&#8217;\u00cdndia. El <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Una s\u00edl\u00b7laba o f\u00f3rmula sagrada que es repeteix en l'hinduisme i el budisme.\" tabindex=\"0\">mantra<\/span> Panchakshara \u00abOm Namah Shivaya\u00bb (Yajurveda) es resa en repetici\u00f3 <em>japa<\/em> 108 vegades amb un mala de rudraksha. L&#8217;Shiva-Stuti del Lingapurana \u00e9s l&#8217;est\u00e0ndard lit\u00fargic.<\/p><p><strong>Amulets i s\u00edmbols de protecci\u00f3<\/strong><\/p><p>Les llavors de rudraksha (llavor del fruit de l&#8217;Eleocarpus, \u00abll\u00e0grimes de Shiva\u00bb) en collarets mala de 27\/54\/108 llavors. El vibhuti (cendra sagrada) s&#8217;aplica al front en tres franges horitzontals (<em>tripundra<\/em>). El trishula (trident), el damaru (tambor de rellotge de sorra) i el mateix linga com a <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Plural d'apotropaic: objectes i signes destinats a allunyar el mal.\" tabindex=\"0\">apotropaics<\/span> ic\u00f2nics.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5a584676 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"5a584676\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6d0757bf elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6d0757bf\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Shiva, paral\u00b7lelismes en altres cultures<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-60563f68 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"60563f68\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5a93fdd6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5a93fdd6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<footer class=\"iwg-literatur\"><p>El paper de Shiva com a destructor i renovador s&#8217;assembla al Cronos dels grecs o al Loki de la <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"El conjunt dels relats m\u00edtics transmesos d'una cultura sobre els seus d\u00e9us.\" tabindex=\"0\">mitologia<\/span> n\u00f2rdica, d\u00e9us de la dissoluci\u00f3. La seva ascesi recorda l&#8217;Hermes Trismegist de la tradici\u00f3 alqu\u00edmica.<\/p><p>En els moviments esot\u00e8rics moderns, Shiva s&#8217;ent\u00e9n sovint com a <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un signe que representa una idea o un significat.\" tabindex=\"0\">s\u00edmbol<\/span> de transformaci\u00f3 interior i for\u00e7a espiritual. El <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Una s\u00edl\u00b7laba o f\u00f3rmula sagrada que es repeteix en l'hinduisme i el budisme.\" tabindex=\"0\">mantra<\/span> <em>Om Namah Shivaya<\/em> est\u00e0 arrelat arreu del m\u00f3n en els cercles de ioga.<\/p><div data-nosnippet=\"true\" class=\"iwg-litliste\"><\/div><\/footer>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp4973181 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp4973181\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2e313a1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp2e313a1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Shiva com a Nataraja: la dansa del m\u00f3n<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpa6fd70e e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cpa6fd70e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpfc5206b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cpfc5206b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Una de les formes de manifestaci\u00f3 m\u00e9s conegudes i teol\u00f2gicament m\u00e9s denses de Shiva \u00e9s <em>Nataraja<\/em>, el rei de la dansa. Aquesta forma es va desenvolupar especialment al sud de l&#8217;\u00cdndia i va assolir la seva forma cl\u00e0ssica en l&#8217;art de bronze de la dinastia Chola, entre els segles IX i XIII. Els bronzes de Nataraja compten entre les obres m\u00e9s importants de la hist\u00f2ria de l&#8217;art indi.<\/p><p>La representaci\u00f3 \u00e9s una imatge teol\u00f2gica plenament composta. Shiva balla dins d&#8217;un cercle de flames que representa l&#8217;univers. Sota el seu peu dret aixafa un nan que encarna la ignor\u00e0ncia. Una de les seves mans sost\u00e9 un petit tambor, el batec del qual marca el ritme de la creaci\u00f3.<\/p><p>Una altra m\u00e0 sost\u00e9 una flama, signe de la dissoluci\u00f3 i la destrucci\u00f3. Una altra m\u00e0 mostra el gest de la manca de por, i una quarta assenyala el peu al\u00e7at, que promet l&#8217;alliberament.<\/p><p>En aquesta \u00fanica imatge es resumeixen les cinc activitats que la <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"La doctrina cient\u00edfica sobre D\u00e9u i sobre la fe d'una religi\u00f3.\" tabindex=\"0\">teologia<\/span> hind\u00fa atribueix a Shiva: creaci\u00f3, manteniment, dissoluci\u00f3, ocultaci\u00f3 i alliberament. La dansa no \u00e9s, doncs, un simple moviment, sin\u00f3 l&#8217;expressi\u00f3 del proc\u00e9s cosmic continu, en el qual el n\u00e9ixer i el desapar\u00e8ixer estan indissolublement lligats.<\/p><p>L&#8217;historiador de l&#8217;art Ananda Coomaraswamy va desenvolupar \u00e0mpliament aquesta interpretaci\u00f3 en un assaig molt seguit de principis del segle XX. El lloc de culte m\u00e9s important d&#8217;aquesta forma \u00e9s el gran <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un edifici destinat a la veneraci\u00f3 d'una o diverses divinitats.\" tabindex=\"0\">temple<\/span> de Chidambaram, a Tamil Nadu, considerat el lloc on Shiva va executar aquesta dansa.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpaeb46c1 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cpaeb46c1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp4f80a42 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp4f80a42\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">El lingam: el s\u00edmbol de culte m\u00e9s important de Shiva<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp746bbf0 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp746bbf0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp9e69fe3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp9e69fe3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>A difer\u00e8ncia de moltes altres divinitats hinduistes, en el culte als temples Shiva no \u00e9s venerat majorit\u00e0riament en forma humana, sin\u00f3 en forma del <em>Lingam<\/em>, una pedra generalment cil\u00edndrica i arrodonida a la part superior.<\/p><p>El Lingam se sost\u00e9 normalment sobre una base anomenada <em>yoni<\/em>. Aquesta uni\u00f3 es interpreta en la tradici\u00f3 com la interacci\u00f3 del principi mascul\u00ed i femen\u00ed, de Shiva i la Deessa.<\/p><p>La interpretaci\u00f3 del Lingam ha estat objecte de nombroses discussions. La investigaci\u00f3 occidental m\u00e9s antiga el va entendre principalment com a <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un signe que representa una idea o significat.\" tabindex=\"0\">s\u00edmbol<\/span> f\u00e0l\u00b7lic. La mateixa tradici\u00f3 hinduista i una part de la investigaci\u00f3 m\u00e9s recent, en canvi, subratllen una altra capa de significat: la paraula <em>linga<\/em> en s\u00e0nscrit tamb\u00e9 significa signe o marca.<\/p><p>El Lingam \u00e9s, doncs, el signe de Shiva, una forma deliberadament no figurativa que precisament aix\u00ed expressa el car\u00e0cter il\u00b7limitat i que transcendeix tota forma de la <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un \u00e9sser venerat com a div\u00ed dins d'una religi\u00f3.\" tabindex=\"0\">divinitat<\/span>. Un relat del <em>Lingapurana<\/em> narra que Shiva va apar\u00e8ixer com una columna de llum infinita, de la qual ni Brahma ni Vishnu van poder trobar ni el comen\u00e7ament ni el final. El Lingam evoca aquesta columna sense l\u00edmits.<\/p><p>Els Lingams existeixen en nombroses formes, des de Lingams de <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un edifici destinat a la veneraci\u00f3 d'una o m\u00e9s divinitats.\" tabindex=\"0\">temple<\/span> treballats amb detall fins a pedres naturals no modelades per m\u00e0 humana considerades especialment <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Que pertany al div\u00ed i que per aix\u00f2 queda apartat de l'\u00fas quotidi\u00e0.\" tabindex=\"0\">sagrades<\/span>, passant pels dotze <em>Jyotirlinga<\/em>, els Lingams de llum, repartits per l&#8217;\u00cdndia i considerats els santuaris de Shiva m\u00e9s importants.<\/p><p>En el culte diari del temple, el Lingam \u00e9s venerat amb aigua, llet, fulles de l&#8217;arbre bilva i altres ofrenes. No \u00e9s, per tant, un <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un signe que representa una idea o significat.\" tabindex=\"0\">s\u00edmbol<\/span> abstracte, sin\u00f3 el centre concret d&#8217;una pr\u00e0ctica ritual viva i quotidiana.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpda063b5 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cpda063b5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpbaddc2a elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cpbaddc2a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">L'asc\u00e8tic al Kailash: els trets del car\u00e0cter de Shiva<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp8eba809 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp8eba809\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpd7a7d91 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cpd7a7d91\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Shiva reuneix en la seva figura trets que a primera vista semblen incompatibles. \u00c9s el gran asc\u00e8tic, <em>Mahayogi<\/em>, que roman imm\u00f2bil en meditaci\u00f3 a la muntanya Kailash de l&#8217;Him\u00e0laia, el cos cobert de cendra, els cabells amuntegats en r\u00ednxols desordenats.<\/p><p>Alhora, \u00e9s pare de fam\u00edlia, casat amb la deessa Parvati i pare dels fills Ganesha i Skanda. \u00c9s el senyor dels animals salvatges i de la solitud, porta una serp com a ornament i una pell de tigre, per\u00f2 tamb\u00e9 viu en el cercle de la seva fam\u00edlia.<\/p><p>Aquesta tensi\u00f3 no \u00e9s una contradicci\u00f3 de la <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"La transmissi\u00f3 de coneixement i relats al llarg de generacions.\" tabindex=\"0\">tradici\u00f3<\/span>, sin\u00f3 que forma part del nucli teol\u00f2gic de la figura. Shiva representa la superaci\u00f3 de les oposicions habituals.<\/p><p>\u00c9s el que beu ver\u00ed i tot i aix\u00ed no mor: en el relat del batut de l&#8217;oce\u00e0 de llet, Shiva empassa el ver\u00ed del m\u00f3n que amena\u00e7a de destruir la creaci\u00f3 i el ret\u00e9 a la gola, que per aix\u00f2 s&#8217;ennegreix de blau, d&#8217;on prov\u00e9 el seu ep\u00edtet <em>Nilakantha<\/em>, el de coll blau.<\/p><p>Entre els seus atributs fixos hi ha el trident, el signe de la mitja lluna als cabells, el tercer ull al front, la mirada del qual pot consumir, i el riu sagrat Ganges, que segons la <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"La transmissi\u00f3 de coneixement i relats al llarg de generacions.\" tabindex=\"0\">tradici\u00f3<\/span> descendeix del seu cap a la terra, frenat pels seus cabells, perqu\u00e8 la for\u00e7a de l&#8217;aigua no destrueixi la terra.<\/p><p>El seu animal de muntar \u00e9s el toro Nandi. En aquesta abund\u00e0ncia de trets, Shiva es mostra com una <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un \u00e9sser venerat com a div\u00ed dins d'una religi\u00f3.\" tabindex=\"0\">divinitat<\/span> que reuneix en una sola figura el perill\u00f3s i el protector, el salvatge i el dominat, la mort i l&#8217;alliberament.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp3deafac e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp3deafac\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpe0713c3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cpe0713c3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">El Shivaisme: Shiva com a realitat suprema<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpe3d59a0 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cpe3d59a0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp9cacd33 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp9cacd33\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Dins de l&#8217;hinduisme existeix un corrent religi\u00f3s ampli que no venera Shiva com una <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un \u00e9sser venerat com a div\u00ed dins d'una religi\u00f3.\" tabindex=\"0\">divinitat<\/span> entre altres, sin\u00f3 com la realitat suprema: el Shivaisme. Aquest corrent no \u00e9s una realitat unit\u00e0ria, sin\u00f3 que compr\u00e8n nombroses escoles diferenciades regionalment i filos\u00f2ficament, que s&#8217;han desenvolupat al llarg de segles.<\/p><p>Una escola important \u00e9s el Shivaisme de Caixmir, una tradici\u00f3 filos\u00f2fica elaborada al nord de l&#8217;\u00cdndia entre els segles IX i XI, el pensador m\u00e9s important de la qual va ser Abhinavagupta. Ent\u00e9n tota la realitat com un desplegament de l&#8217;\u00fanica consci\u00e8ncia, identificada amb Shiva.<\/p><p>Una altra corrent important \u00e9s el Shaiva Siddhanta, est\u00e8s especialment al sud de l&#8217;\u00cdndia, que va desenvolupar una doctrina pr\u00f2pia sobre la relaci\u00f3 entre D\u00e9u, l&#8217;\u00e0nima i el m\u00f3n. A m\u00e9s, hi va haver grups asc\u00e8tics, en part socialment apartats, els m\u00e9s antics dels quals ja estan documentats en els primers segles de la nostra era.<\/p><p>Un moviment important dins del Shivaisme del sud de l&#8217;\u00cdndia van ser els Nayanar, un grup de sants poetes de l&#8217;alta edat mitjana, els himnes dels quals, en llengua tamil, canten Shiva amb un to de devoci\u00f3 personal.<\/p><p>Els seus cants van ser recopilats i encara avui formen part del repertori lit\u00fargic dels <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un edifici destinat a la veneraci\u00f3 d'una o m\u00e9s divinitats.\" tabindex=\"0\">temples<\/span> de Shiva del sud de l&#8217;\u00cdndia. El Shivaisme mostra que Shiva no \u00e9s nom\u00e9s una figura mitol\u00f2gica, sin\u00f3 objecte d&#8217;una <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"La doctrina cient\u00edfica sobre D\u00e9u i sobre la fe d'una religi\u00f3.\" tabindex=\"0\">teologia<\/span> i una filosofia elaborades a fons.<\/p><p>Per als seus seguidors, ell \u00e9s el fonament i la finalitat de tot, i la diversitat d&#8217;escoles demostra fins a quin punt aquesta \u00fanica convicci\u00f3 s&#8217;ha interpretat de maneres diferents al llarg de la hist\u00f2ria.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp4286f88 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp4286f88\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp3aa6d6a elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp3aa6d6a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Les fonts: del Rudra v\u00e8dic a l'\u00e8poca dels Purana<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp3b6167d e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp3b6167d\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpfade2ec elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cpfade2ec\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>La figura de Shiva t\u00e9 una llarga prehist\u00f2ria que es pot seguir a trav\u00e9s de les fonts. En la literatura m\u00e9s antiga, els Vedes, el nom de Shiva encara no apareix com a nom div\u00ed en el sentit posterior. La paraula <em>shiva<\/em> significa origin\u00e0riament favorable, benigne, i apareix com a adjectiu.<\/p><p>Una <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un \u00e9sser venerat com a div\u00ed dins d'una religi\u00f3.\" tabindex=\"0\">divinitat<\/span> v\u00e8dica presenta, per\u00f2, trets que m\u00e9s endavant seran caracter\u00edstics de Shiva: el d\u00e9u Rudra, una figura temible associada a la tempesta, la malaltia i l&#8217;espai salvatge, a qui es procurava aplacar mitjan\u00e7ant la <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"L'acte de pregar o invocar una divinitat o poder.\" tabindex=\"0\">invocaci\u00f3<\/span>. Precisament en aquestes invocacions apaivagadores, Rudra rebia l&#8217;ep\u00edtet <em>shiva<\/em>.<\/p><p>A partir d&#8217;aquesta arrel v\u00e8dica, i probablement d&#8217;altres tradicions no v\u00e8diques, la figura cl\u00e0ssica de Shiva es va desenvolupar al llarg de diversos segles. Una etapa interm\u00e8dia important \u00e9s la <em>Shvetashvatara-Upanishad<\/em>, on Rudra-Shiva apareix ja com a suprema <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un \u00e9sser venerat com a div\u00ed dins d'una religi\u00f3.\" tabindex=\"0\">divinitat<\/span>.<\/p><p>Els relats mitol\u00f2gics m\u00e9s detallats es troben en els grans poemes \u00e8pics, sobretot en el <em>Mahabharata<\/em>, i en els Puranes, una extensa literatura sorgida entre l&#8217;alta edat mitjana i la plena edat mitjana. Textos com el <em>Shivapurana<\/em> i el <em>Lingapurana<\/em> reuneixen aquest material mitol\u00f2gic.<\/p><p>Alguns investigadors han suggerit tamb\u00e9 arrels que es remuntarien a la civilitzaci\u00f3 de l&#8217;Indus, i han assenyalat certes troballes de segells que mostren una figura asseguda envoltada d&#8217;animals. Aquesta interpretaci\u00f3 \u00e9s, tanmateix, molt controvertida i no es pot demostrar.<\/p><p>All\u00f2 que \u00e9s segur \u00e9s que la figura de Shiva \u00e9s el resultat d&#8217;un llarg proc\u00e9s en el qual es van confluir divinitats m\u00e9s antigues, tradicions regionals i reflexi\u00f3 teol\u00f2gica. Qui vulgui comprendre Shiva des d&#8217;una perspectiva hist\u00f2rica ha de tenir en compte aquesta estratificaci\u00f3 i no pot projectar sense m\u00e9s la figura plenament desenvolupada dels Puranes cap a l&#8217;\u00e8poca primerenca.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-36dd7469 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"36dd7469\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-13760ab4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"13760ab4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Enlla\u00e7os relacionats<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-28c87796 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"28c87796\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5d6538df elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5d6538df\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/?page_id=171554\">Ganesha, fill (cap d&#8217;elefant)<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/?page_id=171552\">Bhairava, el seu propi aspecte terrible<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/?page_id=171532\">Mahakala, adaptaci\u00f3 t\u00e0ntrico-budista<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/?page_id=171518\">Kali, paral\u00b7lel femen\u00ed terrible (aspecte de Parvati)<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/?page_id=171523\">Durga, paral\u00b7lel femen\u00ed guerrer (aspecte de Parvati)<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/?page_id=171393\">Hinduisme, panorama del pante\u00f3<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/?page_id=171459\">Divinitats supremes, subcategoria<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/?page_id=171431\">D\u00e9us, panorama de classes<\/a><\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-grl4kl40 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"grl4kl40\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bzsbfrmh elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"bzsbfrmh\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Bibliografia de recerca<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2c13224a e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"2c13224a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0eymh9ub elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"0eymh9ub\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<footer class=\"iwg-literatur\" data-nosnippet=\"true\"><ul><li><span data-nosnippet>Doniger, Wendy: <em>Asceticism and Eroticism in the Mythology of &Saacute;iva<\/em>. London 1973 (obra de refer\u00e8ncia).<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Sanderson, Alexis: <em>The &Saacute;aiva Age<\/em>. In: <em>Genesis and Development of Tantrism<\/em>. Tokyo 2009.<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Kramrisch, Stella: <em>The Presence of &Saacute;iva<\/em>. Princeton 1981.<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Lorenzen, David N.: <em>The K&acirc;palikas and K&acirc;l&acirc;mukhas<\/em>. Berkeley 1972.<\/span><\/li><li>Sambandar, Appar, Sundarar: <em>Tev&acirc;ram<\/em>; Manikkav&acirc;cakar: <em>Tiruv&acirc;cakam<\/em> (bhakti t\u00e0mil, traduccions disponibles).<\/li><li>Walde, Christine (Hg.): <em>Der Neue Pauly<\/em> (entrada &bdquo;&Saacute;iva&ldquo;).<\/li><\/ul><\/footer>\n<p class=\"iwg-bib-more\"><span data-nosnippet>M\u00e9s obres de refer\u00e8ncia a la <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/?page_id=171483\">bibliografia<\/a>.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-52a9727 e-con-boxed e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"52a9727\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3ea6358 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"3ea6358\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n<h2>Preguntes freq\u00fcents sobre Shiva<\/h2>\n<div class=\"iwg-faq-q\"><h3>Qui \u00e9s el d\u00e9u Shiva a l&#8217;hinduisme?<\/h3><p>Shiva \u00e9s un dels tres d\u00e9us principals de l&#8217;hinduisme, junt amb Brahma (el creador) i Vishnu (el conservador). Shiva \u00e9s el destructor, per\u00f2 en la concepci\u00f3 hinduista la destrucci\u00f3 \u00e9s necess\u00e0ria per a la renovaci\u00f3: ell dissol l&#8217;univers al final d&#8217;una era del m\u00f3n perqu\u00e8 pugui tornar a ser creat.<\/p><p>Els principals atributs de Shiva: el trident (Trishul), el tambor (Damaru), el tercer ull (l&#8217;ull del coneixement), la serp al voltant del coll (Vasuki) i la mitja lluna als cabells. Medita a la muntanya Kailash.<\/p><\/div>\n<div class=\"iwg-faq-q\"><h3>Qu\u00e8 \u00e9s la dansa de Shiva (Nataraja)?<\/h3><p>Shiva Nataraja (senyor de la dansa) \u00e9s una de les formes m\u00e9s importants de Shiva, el ballar\u00ed c\u00f2smic que, en la seva dansa Tandava, crea, sost\u00e9 i destrueix l&#8217;univers alhora.<\/p><p>Les c\u00e8lebres escultures de bronze de l&#8217;\u00e8poca Chola (segles X-XII) el mostren amb quatre bra\u00e7os dins un cercle de flames, ballant sobre el nan Apasmara (la ignor\u00e0ncia). Cada gest t\u00e9 un significat: el peu al\u00e7at \u00e9s l&#8217;alliberament, el nan aixafat \u00e9s la ignor\u00e0ncia destru\u00efda. La dansa \u00e9s <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Una imatge il\u00b7lustrativa que representa una idea abstracta.\" tabindex=\"0\">s\u00edmbol<\/span> del ritme c\u00f2smic.<\/p><\/div>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\">{\"@context\":\"https:\/\/schema.org\",\"@type\":\"FAQPage\",\"mainEntity\":[{\"@type\":\"Question\",\"name\":\"Qui \u00e9s el d\u00e9u Shiva a l'hinduisme?\",\"acceptedAnswer\":{\"@type\":\"Answer\",\"text\":\"Shiva \u00e9s un dels tres d\u00e9us principals de l'hinduisme, junt amb Brahma (el creador) i Vishnu (el conservador). Shiva \u00e9s el destructor, per\u00f2 en la concepci\u00f3 hinduista la destrucci\u00f3 \u00e9s necess\u00e0ria per a la renovaci\u00f3: ell dissol l'univers al final d'una era del m\u00f3n perqu\u00e8 pugui tornar a ser creat.Els principals atributs de Shiva: el trident (Trishul), el tambor (Damaru), el tercer ull (l'ull del coneixement), la serp al voltant del coll (Vasuki) i la mitja lluna als cabells. Medita a la muntanya Kailash.\"}},{\"@type\":\"Question\",\"name\":\"Qu\u00e8 \u00e9s la dansa de Shiva (Nataraja)?\",\"acceptedAnswer\":{\"@type\":\"Answer\",\"text\":\"Shiva Nataraja (senyor de la dansa) \u00e9s una de les formes m\u00e9s importants de Shiva, el ballar\u00ed c\u00f2smic que, en la seva dansa Tandava, crea, sost\u00e9 i destrueix l'univers alhora.Les c\u00e8lebres escultures de bronze de l'\u00e8poca Chola (segles X-XII) el mostren amb quatre bra\u00e7os dins un cercle de flames, ballant sobre el nan Apasmara (la ignor\u00e0ncia). 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