{"id":171510,"date":"2026-09-05T15:39:58","date_gmt":"2026-09-05T15:39:58","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/?page_id=171510"},"modified":"2026-09-05T15:59:37","modified_gmt":"2026-09-05T15:59:37","slug":"proserpina","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/proserpina\/","title":{"rendered":"Proserpina"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"171510\" class=\"elementor elementor-171510 elementor-1979 elementor-bc-flex-widget\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-10fdade e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"10fdade\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-herohlft0 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"herohlft0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c3ceb64 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"c3ceb64\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-96ae5e1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"96ae5e1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Proserpina, deessa de la tradici\u00f3 romana<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e45238a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e45238a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Proserpina \u00e9s la deessa de l&#8217;infram\u00f3n i del renaixement en la tradici\u00f3 romana. \u00c9s l&#8217;esposa de Plut\u00f3 i sobirana del regne dels morts, per\u00f2 la seva tornada anual al m\u00f3n de dalt la mant\u00e9 lligada als cicles de la natura. Des del punt de vista de la ci\u00e8ncia de les religions, Proserpina encarna el pas entre la vida i la mort, entre el m\u00f3n de dalt i el de baix.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-klsbdg01 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"klsbdg01\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-klshtm01 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"klshtm01\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"iwg-pill-row\"><span class=\"iwg-klasse-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"D\u00e9u \/ Deessa: Poder suprem personificat en el pante\u00f3 d'una cultura, amb atribucions clares: forces de la natura, dest\u00ed, guerra, fertilitat. Venerat mitjan\u00e7ant cultes, ofrenes i institucions de temple.\">Deessa<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/roma\/\" class=\"iwg-kultur-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Religi\u00f3 romana des de la monarquia fins a l'antiguitat tardana, sincr\u00e8tica amb capes gregues i etrusques.\">Roma<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/?page_id=171461\" class=\"iwg-tradition-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"D\u00e9us de l'infram\u00f3n i de la mort, sobirans de l'ultratomba, jutges dels morts, guies d'\u00e0nimes.\">Divinitat de l'infram\u00f3n<\/a><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3f74855 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3f74855\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1c30362 elementor-toc--minimized-on-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-table-of-contents\" data-id=\"1c30362\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;exclude_headings_by_selector&quot;:[],&quot;no_headings_message&quot;:&quot;No s&#039;ha trobat cap encap\\u00e7alament en aquesta p\\u00e0gina.&quot;,&quot;headings_by_tags&quot;:[&quot;h2&quot;,&quot;h3&quot;],&quot;marker_view&quot;:&quot;bullets&quot;,&quot;minimize_box&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;icon&quot;:{&quot;value&quot;:&quot;fas fa-circle&quot;,&quot;library&quot;:&quot;fa-solid&quot;,&quot;rendered_tag&quot;:&quot;&lt;svg class=\\&quot;e-font-icon-svg e-fas-circle\\&quot; viewBox=\\&quot;0 0 512 512\\&quot; xmlns=\\&quot;http:\\\/\\\/www.w3.org\\\/2000\\\/svg\\&quot;&gt;&lt;path d=\\&quot;M256 8C119 8 8 119 8 256s111 248 248 248 248-111 248-248S393 8 256 8z\\&quot;&gt;&lt;\\\/path&gt;&lt;\\\/svg&gt;&quot;},&quot;minimized_on&quot;:&quot;tablet&quot;,&quot;hierarchical_view&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;min_height&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"table-of-contents.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__header\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-toc__header-title\">\n\t\t\t\t\u00cdndex\t\t\t<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--expand\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__1c30362\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Open table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-down\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M207.029 381.476L12.686 187.132c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941l22.667-22.667c9.357-9.357 24.522-9.375 33.901-.04L224 284.505l154.745-154.021c9.379-9.335 24.544-9.317 33.901.04l22.667 22.667c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941L240.971 381.476c-9.373 9.372-24.569 9.372-33.942 0z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--collapse\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__1c30362\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Close table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-up\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M240.971 130.524l194.343 194.343c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941l-22.667 22.667c-9.357 9.357-24.522 9.375-33.901.04L224 227.495 69.255 381.516c-9.379 9.335-24.544 9.317-33.901-.04l-22.667-22.667c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941L207.03 130.525c9.372-9.373 24.568-9.373 33.941-.001z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-toc__1c30362\" class=\"elementor-toc__body\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__spinner-container\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg class=\"elementor-toc__spinner eicon-animation-spin e-font-icon-svg e-eicon-loading\" aria-hidden=\"true\" viewBox=\"0 0 1000 1000\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M500 975V858C696 858 858 696 858 500S696 142 500 142 142 304 142 500H25C25 237 238 25 500 25S975 237 975 500 763 975 500 975Z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-herorght0 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"herorght0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-heroimg00 iwg-hero-image elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"heroimg00\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"683\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_rom_proserpina-683x1024.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-1738\" alt=\"Proserpina\" srcset=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_rom_proserpina-683x1024.webp 683w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_rom_proserpina-200x300.webp 200w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_rom_proserpina-768x1152.webp 768w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_rom_proserpina.webp 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 683px) 100vw, 683px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-32917199 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"32917199\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-26e916cb e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"26e916cb\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-253a40d4 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"253a40d4\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1200c304 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1200c304\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Proserpina<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-11758e7f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"11758e7f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Proserpina encarna la dualitat entre virginitat i estat marital, entre innoc\u00e8ncia i autoritat reial. \u00c9s filla de Ceres (el gra), esposa de Plut\u00f3 i sobirana dels morts.<\/p><p>El <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un relat transm\u00e8s sobre d\u00e9us, or\u00edgens i l'ordre del m\u00f3n.\" tabindex=\"0\">mite<\/span> del seu rapte per Plut\u00f3 explica els canvis estacionals de la vegetaci\u00f3 i l&#8217;estructura de l&#8217;any. Els seus aspectes centrals s\u00f3n la fertilitat, la maduresa, la transici\u00f3 i la sanci\u00f3 de noves vides des del regne dels morts. Els misteris eleusins celebraven el seu paper en la regeneraci\u00f3 c\u00f2smica.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-159dcf9a e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"159dcf9a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-48cee66f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"48cee66f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Perfil breu: Proserpina<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3f50d82c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"3f50d82c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Fonts: les Metamorfosis d&#8217;Ovidi (llibre 5), les Ge\u00f2rgiques de Virgili, De Natura Deorum de Cicer\u00f3, les Metamorfosis d&#8217;Apuleu, himnes a Proserpina, inscripcions llatines i epitafis funeraris. Bibliografia secund\u00e0ria: Georg Wissowa, Karl Latte, Walter Burkert (sobre la fusi\u00f3 amb Pers\u00e8fone), Hubert Cancik. El culte a Proserpina va ser especialment fort en els cultes d&#8217;Eleusis, per\u00f2 tamb\u00e9 estava est\u00e8s en cases privades d&#8217;It\u00e0lia, la G\u00e0l\u00b7lia i l&#8217;\u00c0frica.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-18613602 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"18613602\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-262b8a9f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"262b8a9f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Context<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-46dcb7d e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"46dcb7d\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-61d3ab3 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"61d3ab3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-117c166 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"117c166\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Per\u00edode dels textos<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-73997a0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"73997a0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Proserpina va seguir present molt despr\u00e9s de la fi del culte antic. La descripci\u00f3 d&#8217;Ovidi del rapte a les Metamorfosis i el poema \u00e8pic de l&#8217;antiguitat tardana De raptu Proserpinae de Claudi\u00e0 van mantenir viu el tema, i pintors i escultors des del Renaixement fins a Bernini i Rossetti el van reprendre. Goethe va escriure un monodrama sobre ella. El nucli del mite, l&#8217;any repartit entre el m\u00f3n de dalt i l&#8217;infram\u00f3n, \u00e9s fins avui la interpretaci\u00f3 antiga m\u00e9s coneguda de les estacions.<\/p><h3>Situaci\u00f3 mitol\u00f2gica<\/h3><p>Proserpina \u00e9s la deessa romana de la primavera i de l&#8217;infram\u00f3n, filla de Ceres. El seu <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un relat transm\u00e8s sobre d\u00e9us, or\u00edgens i l'ordre del m\u00f3n.\" tabindex=\"0\">mite<\/span>, el rapte per Plut\u00f3, la tornada, \u00e9s essencial per entendre les estacions. No \u00e9s una figura impotent, sin\u00f3 sobirana de l&#8217;infram\u00f3n al costat de Plut\u00f3. \u00c9s una figura ambivalent de transformaci\u00f3.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d47b156 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d47b156\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ff38c2b elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"ff38c2b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">\u00c0rea de difusi\u00f3<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4e49fcc elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4e49fcc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Proserpina era coneguda i venerada, o temuda amb respecte, arreu del m\u00f3n rom\u00e0, sense limitar-se a regions o llocs concrets. Tant en grans centres urbans com en zones rurals perif\u00e8riques, tant entre l&#8217;elit social com entre el poble senzill, la seva import\u00e0ncia espiritual o cultural era reconeguda i universal.<\/p><p>La incorporaci\u00f3 de Proserpina a Roma va ser una decisi\u00f3 de l&#8217;estat: per ordre dels Llibres Sibil\u00b7lins, el seu culte es va instaurar l&#8217;any 249 a.C. junt amb el de Dis Pater, per allunyar la desgr\u00e0cia de la comunitat. El seu model grec, Pers\u00e8fone, va arribar a Roma a trav\u00e9s de les col\u00f2nies del sud d&#8217;It\u00e0lia i Sic\u00edlia; el santuari de Locres i els llocs de culte sicilians mostren com el comer\u00e7 i la colonitzaci\u00f3 van difondre i uniformitzar la seva veneraci\u00f3 per la Mediterr\u00e0nia.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-db03c39 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"db03c39\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-229a87b e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"229a87b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1f471fc elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1f471fc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Estat de les fonts<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-36b1201 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"36b1201\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Fonts prim\u00e0ries: Ovidi, Metamorfosis 5 (rapte de Proserpina), Virgili, Ge\u00f2rgiques i Eneida, Himne hom\u00e8ric a Dem\u00e8ter (equivalent grec), Cicer\u00f3, De Natura Deorum, trag\u00e8dies de S\u00e8neca.<\/p><p>Per\u00edode: del segle V a.C. al segle VI d.C. Investigadors: Georg Wissowa, Karl Latte (Hist\u00f2ria de la religi\u00f3 romana), Walter Burkert (Religi\u00f3 grega), Manfred Clauss (Cultes). Testimonis arqueol\u00f2gics: santuaris eleusins, monuments funeraris de l&#8217;\u00e8poca romana, tauletes de maledicci\u00f3 (defixiones) amb el nom de Proserpina.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3ae0637c e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"3ae0637c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-31d07739 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"31d07739\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Denominaci\u00f3 i grafies<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b7642947 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"b7642947\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a086266 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a086266\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Proserpina es representa en les diverses fonts i tradicions art\u00edstiques amb determinats elements iconogr\u00e0fics recurrents, que es mantenen relativament constants al llarg de d\u00e8cades i en diferents espais geogr\u00e0fics. Aquests elements estan profundament codificats simb\u00f2licament i tenen un gran significat; no es poden explicar com a simple decoraci\u00f3 o elecci\u00f3 a l&#8217;atzar.<\/p><p>En les imatges de Proserpina es pot llegir la seva doble naturalesa. Les espigues, les flors i la magrana remeten a la fertilitat i la vegetaci\u00f3, i alhora al fruit el consum del qual la va lligar a l&#8217;infram\u00f3n. La torxa correspon a la cerca de la seva mare Ceres, i el tron al costat de Plut\u00f3 la mostra com a reina del regne dels morts. Qui coneixia el mite reconeixia en cadascun d&#8217;aquests signes una etapa de la seva hist\u00f2ria: rapte, cerca, magrana, any repartit. Els atributs narren el mite de les estacions de manera condensada.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-709a44a8 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"709a44a8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2f585873 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2f585873\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Descripci\u00f3<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-70621c12 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"70621c12\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4296eb49 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4296eb49\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Pros\u00e8rpina va ser central en la pr\u00e0ctica religiosa, els rituals quotidians i la comprensi\u00f3 cotidiana de Roma. Les persones s&#8217;adre\u00e7aven a aquesta entitat en situacions vitals cr\u00edtiques o determinades, o en \u00e8poques rituals concretes de l&#8217;any, amb rituals estructurats, sovint elaborats, preg\u00e0ries o ofrenes.<\/p><p>El culte a Pros\u00e8rpina estava fermament regulat a Roma. L&#8217;any 249 aC es va introduir oficialment la seva veneraci\u00f3 juntament amb la de Dis Pater, i els sacrificis a l&#8217;altar subterrani del Tarentum, al Camp de Mart, seguien preceptes rituals precisos. En els misteris d&#8217;arrel grega relatius al seu model Pers\u00e8fone, funcionaris del culte especialment designats dirigien les iniciacions; la participaci\u00f3 i el desenvolupament estaven sotmesos a normes estrictes.<\/p><p>Els ritus dedicats a Pros\u00e8rpina van complir funcions concretes durant segles. Com a deessa de la vegetaci\u00f3, era invocada juntament amb Ceres per assegurar el creixement de les collites, \u00e9s a dir, per garantir la subsist\u00e8ncia de la comunitat. Com a reina de l&#8217;infram\u00f3n, rebia ofrenes destinades a assegurar una acollida ben\u00e8vola als difunts. El seu mite del pujar i baixar anual tamb\u00e9 explicava el canvi de les estacions i donava una forma tangible al pas entre la vida i la mort.<\/p><h3>Aparen\u00e7a i simbolisme<\/h3><p>Pros\u00e8rpina es representa en fases de transici\u00f3, de vegades jove i primaveral, de vegades ombr\u00edvola. Porta corona i sovint sost\u00e9 claus. La magrana \u00e9s el seu atribut (llavor del retorn). Les espigues d&#8217;ordi i les flors tamb\u00e9 li s\u00f3n pr\u00f2pies. La seva ambival\u00e8ncia \u00e9s la seva for\u00e7a.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-44e71476 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"44e71476\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3c1fc3f0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3c1fc3f0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Fitxa: Pros\u00e8rpina<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-84f33b8e e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"84f33b8e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-hqkdc67p elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"hqkdc67p\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>La fitxa explica la naturalesa de Pros\u00e8rpina a trav\u00e9s de sis dimensions: el seu origen m\u00edtic i difusi\u00f3, les formes de la seva veneraci\u00f3 en la religi\u00f3 i la <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Pr\u00e0ctiques que pretenen influir en el curs dels esdeveniments mitjan\u00e7ant accions o f\u00f3rmules especials.\" tabindex=\"0\">m\u00e0gia<\/span>, la seva representaci\u00f3 caracter\u00edstica en l&#8217;art i els s\u00edmbols, el significat de la <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"L'acte de pregar o invocar una divinitat o poder.\" tabindex=\"0\">invocaci\u00f3<\/span> i el respecte, figures relacionades en cultures ve\u00efnes, i una visi\u00f3 final de la seva funci\u00f3 c\u00f2smica com a deessa de la transici\u00f3.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c5 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c1 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-qh9oavvu iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"qh9oavvu\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-awzx8k2k elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"awzx8k2k\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Origen de Pros\u00e8rpina<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-x6rowhv0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"x6rowhv0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Pros\u00e8rpina \u00e9s la forma romana de la deessa grega Pers\u00e8fone i prov\u00e9 dels mites indoeuropeus de deesses de la fertilitat. El <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un relat transm\u00e8s sobre d\u00e9us, or\u00edgens i l'ordre del m\u00f3n.\" tabindex=\"0\">mite<\/span> del rapte (llat\u00ed: raptus) va ser origin\u00e0riament una explicaci\u00f3 dels cicles vegetatius estacionals. A Roma, Pros\u00e8rpina era venerada com a esposa de Plut\u00f3, aut\u00f2noma i poderosa.<\/p><p>Els primers testimonis es remunten al segle V aC, per\u00f2 es van intensificar sota influ\u00e8ncia grega (segles II-I aC). Els cultes mist\u00e8rics eleusinis la van difondre per tot el m\u00f3n <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"\u00c8poca de la cultura grega i romana, aproximadament del 800 aC al 600 dC.\" tabindex=\"0\">antic<\/span>.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8e3o4kxs iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"8e3o4kxs\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-08rkdgov elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"08rkdgov\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Destinataris de Pros\u00e8rpina<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-uwjelx8s elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"uwjelx8s\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Pros\u00e8rpina era invocada pels pagesos en la sembra i la collita, per les dones embarassades (com a garant de la nova vida), i pels que estaven de dol (per apaivagar els morts).<\/p><p>Els misteris eleusinis eren estrictament secrets, per\u00f2 els seus participants parlaven del paper de Pros\u00e8rpina com a portadora d&#8217;esperan\u00e7a despr\u00e9s de la mort. A les cases particulars, se li pregava per la fertilitat i la protecci\u00f3 dels infants. Les Antesteries (festa de les flors) eren una celebraci\u00f3 anual en el seu honor.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-jm2n74ec iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"jm2n74ec\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8vufse4c elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"8vufse4c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Representaci\u00f3<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-mwb9u015 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"mwb9u015\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Pros\u00e8rpina era representada com una jove o com a reina madura, segons la fase del <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un relat transm\u00e8s sobre d\u00e9us, or\u00edgens i l'ordre del m\u00f3n.\" tabindex=\"0\">mite<\/span>: jove en el moment del rapte, madura i coronada com a sobirana de l&#8217;infram\u00f3n.<\/p><p>Els seus atributs s\u00f3n la c\u00e0psula de rosella (<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un signe que representa una idea o significat.\" tabindex=\"0\">s\u00edmbol<\/span> de la son i la mort), la cornuc\u00f2pia (abund\u00e0ncia), el ceptre i la torxa (que il\u00b7lumina la fosca de l&#8217;infram\u00f3n). En les monedes apareix asseguda al costat de Plut\u00f3 o portant una corona. En les l\u00e0pides funer\u00e0ries simbolitza la transici\u00f3 i l&#8217;esperan\u00e7a de la vida despr\u00e9s de la mort.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c2 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c2\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-37ss2yr6 iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"37ss2yr6\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3v0wp3wx elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3v0wp3wx\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Activitat<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-w3247g2m elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"w3247g2m\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>\u00c0mbit d&#8217;acci\u00f3:<\/strong> Pros\u00e8rpina (tamb\u00e9 Pers\u00e8fone, en grec) \u00e9s la deessa de l&#8217;infram\u00f3n a Roma, filla de Ceres (Dem\u00e8ter) i esposa de Plut\u00f3 (Hades).<\/p><p>Simbolitza la transici\u00f3 entre les estacions, entre la vida i la mort. El seu rapte a l&#8217;infram\u00f3n i el seu retorn anual a la mare expliquen el canvi entre l&#8217;estiu i l&#8217;hivern. No \u00e9s impotent ni passiva: en molts textos \u00e9s sobirana de l&#8217;infram\u00f3n, esposa amb un regne propi.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0qpjal9w iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"0qpjal9w\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6ndoih0o elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6ndoih0o\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Amulets protectors<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6684tyh9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6684tyh9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Pros\u00e8rpina era objecte d&#8217;<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"L'acte de pregar o invocar una divinitat o poder.\" tabindex=\"0\">invocaci\u00f3<\/span> i de veneraci\u00f3 protectora, com a mediadora entre la vida i la mort, no com a deessa maligna. Les <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ofrena a una divinitat per expressar gratitud, s\u00faplica o veneraci\u00f3.\" tabindex=\"0\">ofrenes<\/span> eren rosella, mel, fruites i animals negres.<\/p><p>En els casos de dol, se li pregava per acollir els difunts sota el seu domini i concedir-los pau. Les dones embarassades portaven amulets amb la seva imatge. La <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Pr\u00e0ctiques que pretenen influir en el curs dels esdeveniments mitjan\u00e7ant accions o f\u00f3rmules especials.\" tabindex=\"0\">m\u00e0gia<\/span> sovint invocava el seu nom per a la <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un ritual ling\u00fc\u00edstic destinat a invocar o vincular un poder.\" tabindex=\"0\">invocaci\u00f3<\/span> o la protecci\u00f3 contra esperits malignes.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3lfi7x32 iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3lfi7x32\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0kg99ga1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"0kg99ga1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Elements comparables<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-n0fum6kp elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"n0fum6kp\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Pers\u00e8fone (grega) \u00e9s el model directe i es mant\u00e9 estructuralment id\u00e8ntica. Inanna\/Ixtar, en l&#8217;\u00e0mbit mesopot\u00e0mic, se li assembla en el viatge a l&#8217;infram\u00f3n, per\u00f2 no en la vinculaci\u00f3 estacional. En l&#8217;\u00e0mbit egipci, Osiris (mascul\u00ed) mostra funcions similars com a jutge dels morts i figura d&#8217;esperan\u00e7a. Hel, en l&#8217;\u00e0mbit germ\u00e0nic, \u00e9s una sobirana de l&#8217;infram\u00f3n menys ambivalent.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5a584676 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"5a584676\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6d0757bf elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6d0757bf\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Pros\u00e8rpina, paral\u00b7lelismes en altres cultures<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-60563f68 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"60563f68\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5a93fdd6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5a93fdd6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Proserpina \u00e9s l&#8217;adaptaci\u00f3 romana de la Pers\u00e8fone grega; el seu <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un relat transm\u00e8s sobre d\u00e9us, or\u00edgens i l'ordre del m\u00f3n.\" tabindex=\"0\">mite<\/span> es va vincular al calendari agr\u00edcola rom\u00e0 i als misteris eleusinis. Mentre que Pers\u00e8fone segueix sent la figura central de dol en el <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un relat transm\u00e8s sobre d\u00e9us, or\u00edgens i l'ordre del m\u00f3n.\" tabindex=\"0\">mite<\/span> de les quatre estacions, Proserpina assumeix en la pr\u00e0ctica romana funcions addicionals de protecci\u00f3 del matrimoni i de la llar.<\/p>\n<p><p><strong>Tradici\u00f3 jueva:<\/strong> En la <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"El conjunt de relats m\u00edtics transmesos sobre els d\u00e9us d'una cultura.\" tabindex=\"0\">mitologia<\/span> jueva no hi ha cap deessa de l&#8217;infram\u00f3n. El Sheol \u00e9s un regne dels morts passiu, sense una governant personificada. Nom\u00e9s en la <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Corrent de la m\u00edstica jueva amb obres principals com el Sefer Jetsir\u00e0 i el Zohar.\" tabindex=\"0\">C\u00e0bala<\/span> i l&#8217;apocal\u00edptica es mencionen \u00e9ssers de tipus ang\u00e8lic, per\u00f2 cap an\u00e0leg de Proserpina.<\/p><p><strong>M\u00f3n grecorom\u00e0:<\/strong> Pers\u00e8fone \u00e9s l&#8217;original grec de Proserpina. En els cultes compartits (especialment a partir del segle III aC) els noms i les funcions es van fusionar, per\u00f2 l&#8217;estructura es va mantenir igual. Es van afegir altres divinitats de l&#8217;infram\u00f3n (com H\u00e8cate) sense despla\u00e7ar Pers\u00e8fone.<\/p><p><strong>Mesopot\u00e0mia:<\/strong> Innana\/Ixtar empr\u00e8n un viatge a l&#8217;infram\u00f3n i hi resta breument capturada, per\u00f2 torna, en una estructura semblant al cicle estacional de Proserpina, encara que m\u00e9s dram\u00e0tica i menys regenerativa.<\/p><p><strong>\u00cdndia\/\u00c0sia:<\/strong> A l&#8217;hinduisme, Kali encarna la destrucci\u00f3 i la regeneraci\u00f3, per\u00f2 no comparteix el paper concret de Proserpina com a esposa del d\u00e9u dels morts. En el budisme primitiu no existeix una figura semblant; l&#8217;infram\u00f3n hi \u00e9s menys personificat.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp96567ce e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp96567ce\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp39824e6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp39824e6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">El rapte de Proserpina en detall<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp625c136 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp625c136\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp57771b6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp57771b6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>El relat central sobre Proserpina \u00e9s el seu rapte per Plut\u00f3, sobir\u00e0 de l&#8217;infram\u00f3n. Ovidi el descriu amb detall al llibre cinqu\u00e8 de les <em>Metamorfosis<\/em>; en dona una segona versi\u00f3, diferent, als <em>Fasti<\/em>. Segons la narraci\u00f3 d&#8217;Ovidi, Proserpina cull flors amb les seves companyes en un <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un bosc sagrat que servia com a lloc de culte.\" tabindex=\"0\">bosquet<\/span> a prop del llac sicili\u00e0 Pergus, vora Enna.<\/p><p>Plut\u00f3, ferit per una fletxa d&#8217;Amor, la veu, l&#8217;agafa i se l&#8217;emporta en un carro cap a les profunditats. La terra s&#8217;obre a prop del llac C\u00edane, la nimfa del qual s&#8217;hi resisteix en va.<\/p><p>Ceres, la mare, busca la seva filla per tota la terra. Enfurismada, segons Ovidi fa que Sic\u00edlia esdevingui inf\u00e8rtil. Nom\u00e9s la nimfa Aretusa li explica que ha vist Proserpina com a reina de l&#8217;infram\u00f3n. Ceres s&#8217;adre\u00e7a a J\u00fapiter.<\/p><p>La devoluci\u00f3, per\u00f2, fracassa per una condici\u00f3 de les Parques: qui hagi menjat aliment a l&#8217;infram\u00f3n no pot tornar. Proserpina ha menjat set grans d&#8217;una magrana, observada per Asc\u00e0laf, a qui ella, per aix\u00f2, transforma en mussol.<\/p><p>J\u00fapiter proposa un comprom\u00eds. Proserpina passa una part de l&#8217;any al m\u00f3n de dalt amb la mare, i una part a l&#8217;infram\u00f3n amb Plut\u00f3. Ovidi, als <em>Fasti<\/em>, parla d&#8217;una divisi\u00f3 a parts iguals; a les <em>Metamorfosis<\/em>, en canvi, d&#8217;una proporci\u00f3 de dos a un a favor del m\u00f3n de dalt.<\/p><p>Aquesta variaci\u00f3 ja present en les fonts antigues mostra que el relat no tenia una forma can\u00f2nica fixada. El <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un relat transm\u00e8s sobre d\u00e9us, or\u00edgens i l'ordre del m\u00f3n.\" tabindex=\"0\">mite<\/span> es vincula estretament amb la mat\u00e8ria grega de Dem\u00e8ter i Pers\u00e8fone, la versi\u00f3 m\u00e9s completa de la qual \u00e9s l&#8217;<em>Himne hom\u00e8ric a Dem\u00e8ter<\/em>. La literatura romana va adoptar en gran part aquesta mat\u00e8ria, per\u00f2 va traslladar preferentment l&#8217;escenari a Sic\u00edlia, considerada centre de culte de Ceres.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp5c9ee0b e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp5c9ee0b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp4f63d12 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp4f63d12\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Proserpina i el mite de les estacions<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp39c0a19 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp39c0a19\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp45c5234 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp45c5234\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>El relat de l&#8217;estada compartida de Proserpina ja es va llegir en l&#8217;<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"\u00c8poca de la cultura grega i romana, aproximadament del 800 a. C. al 600 d. C.\" tabindex=\"0\">Antiguitat<\/span> com una explicaci\u00f3 del canvi d&#8217;estacions. L&#8217;estada a l&#8217;infram\u00f3n correspon al per\u00edode de poca vegetaci\u00f3, i el retorn a la mare, al creixement.<\/p><p>Aquesta interpretaci\u00f3 ja apareix en els textos antics, per exemple quan Ovidi vincula el dol de Ceres amb l&#8217;infertilitat de la terra. La recerca en ci\u00e8ncies de la religi\u00f3 del segle XIX i principis del XX, sobretot en l&#8217;entorn de James Frazer i els anomenats Cambridge Ritualists, en va fer una teoria \u00e0mplia sobre les divinitats vegetals que moren i retornen.<\/p><p>La recerca m\u00e9s recent es mostra m\u00e9s cautelosa amb aquesta interpretaci\u00f3. Assenyala que Proserpina \u00e9s raptada i regna, en lloc de morir, i que el cicle clim\u00e0tic mediterrani, amb un estiu sec i un hivern humit, no s&#8217;ajusta f\u00e0cilment a aquest esquema.<\/p><p>Alguns investigadors llegeixen el <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un relat transm\u00e8s sobre d\u00e9us, or\u00edgens i l'ordre del m\u00f3n.\" tabindex=\"0\">mite<\/span> m\u00e9s b\u00e9 com un relat d&#8217;iniciaci\u00f3 i matrimoni: Proserpina fa la transici\u00f3 de noia a dona, de la casa de la mare a la del marit. La magrana, sovint associada a la fertilitat i el matrimoni, dona suport a aquesta lectura.<\/p><p>Ambdues interpretacions no s&#8217;exclouen. Els cultes de l&#8217;<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"\u00c8poca de la cultura grega i romana, aproximadament del 800 a. C. al 600 d. C.\" tabindex=\"0\">Antiguitat<\/span> podien entendre el mateix <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un relat transm\u00e8s sobre d\u00e9us, or\u00edgens i l'ordre del m\u00f3n.\" tabindex=\"0\">mite<\/span> a diversos nivells. Per al culte de Ceres i Proserpina a Roma, en tot cas, la refer\u00e8ncia agr\u00edcola era central, com mostra la festa de les <em>Cerialia<\/em> al mes d&#8217;abril.<\/p><p>Al costat, hi havia una <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"L'actitud i la pr\u00e0ctica religiosa viscuda d'una persona.\" tabindex=\"0\">pietat<\/span> m\u00e9s personal, orientada a l&#8217;ultram\u00f3n, que tenia el seu espai en els cultes mist\u00e8rics i que apuntava a l&#8217;esperan\u00e7a individual m\u00e9s enll\u00e0 de la mort. Fins a quin punt aquestes l\u00ednies estaven entrella\u00e7ades en el <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"El conjunt de les pr\u00e0ctiques de veneraci\u00f3 religiosa d'una divinitat o figura sagrada.\" tabindex=\"0\">culte<\/span> rom\u00e0 nom\u00e9s es pot reconstruir parcialment a partir de les fonts fragment\u00e0ries.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpa45d7ca e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cpa45d7ca\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp26d5ef9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp26d5ef9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Culte i misteris de Ceres i Proserpina a Roma<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp09178ee e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp09178ee\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp875fb57 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp875fb57\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>A Roma, Proserpina era rarament objecte de culte en solitari. Apareix normalment junt amb Ceres. El <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un edifici destinat a la veneraci\u00f3 d'una o diverses divinitats.\" tabindex=\"0\">temple<\/span> m\u00e9s important de les dues deesses es trobava a l&#8217;Avent\u00ed, <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Lliurat al sagrat mitjan\u00e7ant un acte religi\u00f3s i, per tant, separat de l'\u00e0mbit quotidi\u00e0.\" tabindex=\"0\">consagrat<\/span> segons la <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"La transmissi\u00f3 de coneixements i relats a trav\u00e9s de les generacions.\" tabindex=\"0\">tradici\u00f3<\/span> a principis del segle V abans de la nostra era, juntament amb Liber.<\/p><p>Aquest <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"El conjunt d'actes de veneraci\u00f3 religiosa dedicats a una divinitat o figura sagrada.\" tabindex=\"0\">culte<\/span> avent\u00ed era considerat la contrapartida plebea de la tr\u00edada patr\u00edcia del Capitoli i, per tant, tenia tamb\u00e9 una dimensi\u00f3 social i pol\u00edtica.<\/p><p>Els <em>sacra Cereris<\/em> tenien una forma pr\u00f2pia: un <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"El conjunt d'actes de veneraci\u00f3 religiosa dedicats a una divinitat o figura sagrada.\" tabindex=\"0\">culte<\/span> d&#8217;empremta grega que, segons Cicer\u00f3, era gestionat per sacerdotesses gregues provinents del sud d&#8217;It\u00e0lia i estava reservat exclusivament a les dones. Aquest <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Una successi\u00f3 reglada d'actes simb\u00f2lics amb significat religi\u00f3s o cultural.\" tabindex=\"0\">ritual<\/span> es relacionava amb les concepcions eleusines, per\u00f2 les traslladava al s\u00f2l rom\u00e0.<\/p><p>A m\u00e9s, a la Roma republicana, en temps de crisi, se celebrava un ritual de dol per Ceres i Proserpina que, segons Livi, podia suspendre&#8217;s en situacions greus de calamitat p\u00fablica, ja que el dol es considerava inadequat en aquells moments.<\/p><p>De l&#8217;\u00e8poca imperial es coneix tamb\u00e9 una festa nocturna, la <em>Saecularfeier<\/em>, celebrada a intervals irregulars, en la qual hi tenien un paper, entre altres coses, les <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ofrena a una divinitat per expressar gratitud, s\u00faplica o veneraci\u00f3.\" tabindex=\"0\">ofrenes<\/span> a Proserpina com a deessa de l&#8217;infram\u00f3n. La informaci\u00f3 sobre els detalls d&#8217;aquests rituals \u00e9s limitada, ja que els cultes mist\u00e8rics no en deixaven const\u00e0ncia escrita de manera deliberada.<\/p><p>El que sabem prov\u00e9 sobretot d&#8217;al\u00b7lusions de Cicer\u00f3, de la pol\u00e8mica cristiana i de testimonis epigr\u00e0fics i arqueol\u00f2gics. La <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"L'ordre establert del culte religi\u00f3s d'una comunitat de fe.\" tabindex=\"0\">lit\u00fargia<\/span> exacta continua sent en gran part desconeguda. Es troben estructures comparables en el cas de la <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/?page_id=171502\">Pers\u00e8fone<\/a> grega, el <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"El conjunt d'actes de veneraci\u00f3 religiosa dedicats a una divinitat o figura sagrada.\" tabindex=\"0\">culte<\/span> eleus\u00ed de la qual est\u00e0 una mica millor documentat.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp3f2b3a9 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp3f2b3a9\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2b5008f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp2b5008f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Proserpina en les arts pl\u00e0stiques i en sarc\u00f2fags<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp9688396 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp9688396\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp1c2e52e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp1c2e52e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>El rapte de Proserpina \u00e9s un dels mites m\u00e9s representats de l&#8217;art rom\u00e0. El <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un element de contingut recurrent en l'art o en la narraci\u00f3.\" tabindex=\"0\">motiu<\/span> \u00e9s especialment freq\u00fcent en sarc\u00f2fags de l&#8217;\u00e8poca imperial mitjana i tardana. L&#8217;escena mostra t\u00edpicament Plut\u00f3 arrossegant Proserpina cap al seu carro tirat per cavalls, acompanyat de Minerva, Diana i la resistent Ciane.<\/p><p>L&#8217;elecci\u00f3 precisament d&#8217;aquest motiu per al context funerari resulta significativa: el <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un relat transm\u00e8s sobre d\u00e9us, or\u00edgens i l'ordre del m\u00f3n.\" tabindex=\"0\">mite<\/span> del pas for\u00e7at a l&#8217;infram\u00f3n i del retorn parcial oferia un llenguatge visual per a la mort que, al costat de la p\u00e8rdua, expressava tamb\u00e9 esperan\u00e7a.<\/p><p>A m\u00e9s hi ha pintures murals, per exemple a Pompeia, i mosaics que mostren el rapte o Proserpina entronitzada com a sobirana de l&#8217;infram\u00f3n. Com a reina de l&#8217;infram\u00f3n, porta sovint diadema o polos, i de vegades espigues o la magrana com a atribut.<\/p><p>En la seva funci\u00f3 de sobirana, seu al costat de Plut\u00f3 al tron, sovint amb el gos de tres caps C\u00e8rber als peus.<\/p><p>La recepci\u00f3 continua molt m\u00e9s enll\u00e0 de l&#8217;<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"\u00c8poca de la cultura grega i romana, aproximadament del 800 aC al 600 dC.\" tabindex=\"0\">antiguitat<\/span>. La versi\u00f3 moderna m\u00e9s c\u00e8lebre \u00e9s el grup de marbre <em>Ratto di Proserpina<\/em> de Gianlorenzo Bernini, dels anys al voltant de 1621 a 1622, que capta amb gran dinamisme l&#8217;instant del rapte.<\/p><p>En la pintura, entre altres, Rembrandt i, m\u00e9s tard, els prerafaelites, com Dante Gabriel Rossetti amb la seva <em>Proserpine<\/em>, van tractar el tema. Tamb\u00e9 a la m\u00fasica l&#8217;assumpte va trobar \u00fas, per exemple en \u00f2peres barroques. El conjunt dels testimonis arqueol\u00f2gics i historicoart\u00edstics fa de Proserpina una de les figures m\u00e9s documentades visualment del <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un relat transm\u00e8s sobre d\u00e9us, or\u00edgens i l'ordre del m\u00f3n.\" tabindex=\"0\">mite<\/span> rom\u00e0.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp1d56957 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp1d56957\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp521bb21 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp521bb21\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Etimologia i la relaci\u00f3 amb Pers\u00e8fone<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp47a25ab e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp47a25ab\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp88c9301 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp88c9301\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>L&#8217;origen etimol\u00f2gic del nom Proserpina no est\u00e0 del tot aclarit. L&#8217;etimologia popular de l&#8217;<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"\u00c8poca de la cultura grega i romana, aproximadament del 800 aC al 600 dC\" tabindex=\"0\">antiguitat<\/span> el va relacionar amb el verb llat\u00ed <em>proserpere<\/em>, sortir reptant, i el va interpretar com el brotar de les llavors. Aquesta explicaci\u00f3 apareix en Cicer\u00f3 i en Varr\u00f3. La ling\u00fc\u00edstica moderna la considera una interpretaci\u00f3 secund\u00e0ria.<\/p><p>\u00c9s m\u00e9s probable que <em>Proserpina<\/em> sigui una transformaci\u00f3 fon\u00e8tica del nom grec <em>Pers\u00e8fone<\/em>, possiblement mitjan\u00e7ant una etapa interm\u00e8dia etrusca. En els miralls etruscs la figura apareix amb el nom de <em>Phersipnai<\/em> o formes semblants, cosa que fa plausible una transmissi\u00f3 a trav\u00e9s de l&#8217;etrusc.<\/p><p>El mateix nom grec <em>Pers\u00e8fone<\/em> es considera tamb\u00e9 opac i probablement prov\u00e9 d&#8217;\u00e8poca pregrega. Ja els grecs coneixien nombroses formes alternatives com <em>Persephatta<\/em> o <em>Pherrephatta<\/em>, cosa que indica un nom antic i dif\u00edcil d&#8217;interpretar. Les nombroses variants mostren que la figura mai va quedar del tot fixada ling\u00fc\u00edsticament en la <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"La transmissi\u00f3 de coneixements i relats al llarg de generacions.\" tabindex=\"0\">tradici\u00f3<\/span>.<\/p><p>En la religi\u00f3 romana, Proserpina es va fondre aviat amb la concepci\u00f3 aut\u00f2ctona de l&#8217;infram\u00f3n, per\u00f2 tamb\u00e9 es va identificar amb la deessa it\u00e0lica L\u00edbera, l&#8217;equivalent femen\u00ed de Liber. Aquesta identificaci\u00f3 no \u00e9s constant i mostra com diferents l\u00ednies de tradici\u00f3 van convergir en la figura.<\/p><p>Per a l&#8217;estudi acad\u00e8mic, Proserpina \u00e9s per aix\u00f2 un bon exemple de com un <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un relat transm\u00e8s sobre d\u00e9us, or\u00edgens i l'ordre del m\u00f3n.\" tabindex=\"0\">mite<\/span> grec es va incorporar al sistema rom\u00e0 a trav\u00e9s de cultures intermedi\u00e0ries i es va combinar amb elements aut\u00f2ctons preexistents. Una separaci\u00f3 completa entre la figura romana i la grega gaireb\u00e9 no \u00e9s possible en les fonts conservades.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpa0b2c61 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cpa0b2c61\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp1225fc8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp1225fc8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Proserpina com a sobirana de l'infram\u00f3n i en la pr\u00e0ctica de maledicci\u00f3<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp3d58d11 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp3d58d11\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp9a4fb59 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp9a4fb59\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>A m\u00e9s del seu paper en el mite estacional, Proserpina tenia una funci\u00f3 pr\u00f2pia com a sobirana del regne dels morts.<\/p><p>En aquest paper apareix en un tipus de font especialment revelador per a la vida quotidiana romana: les tauletes de maledicci\u00f3, en llat\u00ed <em>defixiones<\/em>. Aquests textos, gravats majorit\u00e0riament en l\u00e0mines de plom, es dipositaven en tombes, pous o fonts i invocaven poders de l&#8217;infram\u00f3n per perjudicar un adversari, influir en un proc\u00e9s judicial o recuperar b\u00e9ns robats.<\/p><p>En nombroses tauletes conservades s&#8217;invoca Proserpina juntament amb Plut\u00f3 o Dis Pater. Hi apareix sota diversos ep\u00edtets, de vegades tamb\u00e9 fosa amb altres figures de l&#8217;infram\u00f3n.<\/p><p>El llenguatge d&#8217;aquests textos \u00e9s formulari i segueix patrons reconeixibles, cosa que suggereix l&#8217;exist\u00e8ncia de models o redactors especialitzats. Per a la recerca, les <em>defixiones<\/em> tenen un gran valor perqu\u00e8 documenten una <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"L'actitud i pr\u00e0ctica religiosa viscuda per una persona.\" tabindex=\"0\">pietat<\/span> m\u00e9s enll\u00e0 dels cultes oficials de l&#8217;Estat i mostren com la gent s&#8217;adre\u00e7ava concretament als d\u00e9us.<\/p><p>Proserpina tamb\u00e9 estava vinculada a la recompensa i el c\u00e0stig a l&#8217;altre m\u00f3n. En les concepcions mist\u00e8riques, palpables entre altres coses en les anomenades l\u00e0mines d&#8217;or orfico-b\u00e0quiques, una reina de l&#8217;infram\u00f3n t\u00e9 un paper com a inst\u00e0ncia davant la qual l&#8217;\u00e0nima del difunt re\u00efx o fracassa.<\/p><p>Si aquestes l\u00e0mines es refereixen a Proserpina en el sentit rom\u00e0 estricte o a una deessa de l&#8217;infram\u00f3n de car\u00e0cter m\u00e9s general i d&#8217;influ\u00e8ncia grega, \u00e9s dif\u00edcil de decidir en cada cas concret. En conjunt, aquest grup de fonts mostra que Proserpina, m\u00e9s enll\u00e0 de la figura m\u00edtica liter\u00e0ria, va ser destinat\u00e0ria d&#8217;una pr\u00e0ctica ritual real, que anava des de la m\u00e0gia amorosa fins a l&#8217;esperan\u00e7a de l&#8217;altra vida.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-36dd7469 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"36dd7469\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-13760ab4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"13760ab4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Enlla\u00e7os relacionats<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-28c87796 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"28c87796\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5d6538df elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5d6538df\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/roma\/\">Roma, cultura<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/?page_id=171505\">Plut\u00f3, marit i rei de l&#8217;infram\u00f3n<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/?page_id=171502\">Pers\u00e8fone, forma d&#8217;origen grega<\/a><\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-grl4kl40 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"grl4kl40\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bzsbfrmh elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"bzsbfrmh\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Bibliografia de recerca<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2c13224a e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"2c13224a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0eymh9ub elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"0eymh9ub\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<footer class=\"iwg-literatur\" data-nosnippet=\"true\"><ul><li><span data-nosnippet>Beard, Mary \/ North, John \/ Price, Simon: <em>Religions of Rome<\/em>. Cambridge University Press, 1998.<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Foley, Helene P. (Hrsg.): <em>The Homeric Hymn to Demeter: Translation and Commentary<\/em>. Princeton University Press, 1994.<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Caldwell, Richard S.: <em>The Psychology of Religion. A Jungian Perspective<\/em>. Routledge, 1991.<\/span><\/li><\/ul><\/footer>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgkw2-add-proserpina e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgkw2-add-proserpina\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgkw2-add-proserpina-t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgkw2-add-proserpina-t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Com a <em><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un \u00e9sser venerat com a div\u00ed dins d'una religi\u00f3.\" tabindex=\"0\">divinitat<\/span><\/em> de la tradici\u00f3 romana, Proserpina correspon a la grega Pers\u00e8fone i comparteix el seu any entre el m\u00f3n superior i l&#8217;infram\u00f3n; el seu <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"El conjunt d'actes de veneraci\u00f3 religiosa dedicats a una divinitat o figura sagrada.\" tabindex=\"0\">culte<\/span> va marcar les festes de la sembra i els <em>libri Sibyllini<\/em>.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":1738,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"elementor_header_footer","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_focuskw":"Proserpina","_yoast_wpseo_title":"Proserpina \u2013 deessa romana de l'infram\u00f3n","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"Proserpina, deessa romana de l'infram\u00f3n: el rapte de Plut\u00f3, la magrana i el mite de les estacions, la hist\u00f2ria del culte des de Roma fins a les tauletes de maledicci\u00f3.","_yoast_wpseo_meta-robots-noindex":"","_yoast_wpseo_canonical":"","_angie_page":false,"gefaehrdungsstufe":"2","wesen_kultur":"rom","wesen_klasse":"goetter","footnotes":""},"categories":[],"class_list":["post-171510","page","type-page","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v27.7 (Yoast SEO v28.3) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Proserpina \u2013 deessa romana de l&#039;infram\u00f3n<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Proserpina, deessa romana de l&#039;infram\u00f3n: el rapte de Plut\u00f3, la magrana i el mite de les estacions, la hist\u00f2ria del culte des de Roma fins a les tauletes de maledicci\u00f3.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/proserpina\/\" \/>\n<meta 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