{"id":171505,"date":"2026-09-05T15:39:56","date_gmt":"2026-09-05T15:39:56","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/?page_id=171505"},"modified":"2026-09-05T15:59:25","modified_gmt":"2026-09-05T15:59:25","slug":"pluto","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/pluto\/","title":{"rendered":"Plut\u00f3"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"171505\" class=\"elementor elementor-171505 elementor-1966 elementor-bc-flex-widget\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-10fdade e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"10fdade\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-herohlft0 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"herohlft0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c3ceb64 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"c3ceb64\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-96ae5e1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"96ae5e1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Plut\u00f3, d\u00e9u de la tradici\u00f3 romana<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e45238a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e45238a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Plut\u00f3 \u00e9s el d\u00e9u de l&#8217;infram\u00f3n i de la riquesa en la tradici\u00f3 romana. El nom mateix significa \u00abel ric\u00bb i fa refer\u00e8ncia als tresors minerals de la terra. Des del punt de vista de la ci\u00e8ncia de les religions, Plut\u00f3 \u00e9s un exemple de l&#8217;ambival\u00e8ncia de les divinitats ct\u00f2niques, alhora temibles i generadores de vida, com a jutge dels morts i guardi\u00e0 de la terra.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-klsbdg01 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"klsbdg01\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-klshtm01 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"klshtm01\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"iwg-pill-row\"><span class=\"iwg-klasse-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"D\u00e9u \/ Deessa: Poder suprem personificat en el pante\u00f3 d'una cultura, amb compet\u00e8ncies clares, forces de la natura, dest\u00ed, guerra, fertilitat. Venerat mitjan\u00e7ant cultes, ofrenes i institucions dels temples.\">D\u00e9u<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/roma\/\" class=\"iwg-kultur-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Religi\u00f3 romana des de la monarquia fins a l'antiguitat tardana, sincretista amb capes gregues i etrusques.\">Roma<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/?page_id=171461\" class=\"iwg-tradition-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"D\u00e9us de l'infram\u00f3n i de la mort, sobirans de l'ultratomba, jutges dels morts, guies d'\u00e0nimes.\">Divinitat de la mort<\/a><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3f74855 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3f74855\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1c30362 elementor-toc--minimized-on-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-table-of-contents\" data-id=\"1c30362\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;exclude_headings_by_selector&quot;:[],&quot;no_headings_message&quot;:&quot;No s&#039;ha trobat cap encap\\u00e7alament en aquesta p\\u00e0gina.&quot;,&quot;headings_by_tags&quot;:[&quot;h2&quot;,&quot;h3&quot;],&quot;marker_view&quot;:&quot;bullets&quot;,&quot;minimize_box&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;icon&quot;:{&quot;value&quot;:&quot;fas fa-circle&quot;,&quot;library&quot;:&quot;fa-solid&quot;,&quot;rendered_tag&quot;:&quot;&lt;svg class=\\&quot;e-font-icon-svg e-fas-circle\\&quot; viewBox=\\&quot;0 0 512 512\\&quot; xmlns=\\&quot;http:\\\/\\\/www.w3.org\\\/2000\\\/svg\\&quot;&gt;&lt;path d=\\&quot;M256 8C119 8 8 119 8 256s111 248 248 248 248-111 248-248S393 8 256 8z\\&quot;&gt;&lt;\\\/path&gt;&lt;\\\/svg&gt;&quot;},&quot;minimized_on&quot;:&quot;tablet&quot;,&quot;hierarchical_view&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;min_height&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"table-of-contents.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__header\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-toc__header-title\">\n\t\t\t\t\u00cdndex\t\t\t<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--expand\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__1c30362\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Open table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-down\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M207.029 381.476L12.686 187.132c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941l22.667-22.667c9.357-9.357 24.522-9.375 33.901-.04L224 284.505l154.745-154.021c9.379-9.335 24.544-9.317 33.901.04l22.667 22.667c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941L240.971 381.476c-9.373 9.372-24.569 9.372-33.942 0z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--collapse\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__1c30362\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Close table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-up\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M240.971 130.524l194.343 194.343c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941l-22.667 22.667c-9.357 9.357-24.522 9.375-33.901.04L224 227.495 69.255 381.516c-9.379 9.335-24.544 9.317-33.901-.04l-22.667-22.667c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941L207.03 130.525c9.372-9.373 24.568-9.373 33.941-.001z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-toc__1c30362\" class=\"elementor-toc__body\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__spinner-container\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg class=\"elementor-toc__spinner eicon-animation-spin e-font-icon-svg e-eicon-loading\" aria-hidden=\"true\" viewBox=\"0 0 1000 1000\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M500 975V858C696 858 858 696 858 500S696 142 500 142 142 304 142 500H25C25 237 238 25 500 25S975 237 975 500 763 975 500 975Z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-herorght0 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"herorght0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-heroimg00 iwg-hero-image elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"heroimg00\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"683\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_rom_pluto-683x1024.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-1737\" alt=\"Plut\u00f3\" srcset=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_rom_pluto-683x1024.webp 683w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_rom_pluto-200x300.webp 200w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_rom_pluto-768x1152.webp 768w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_rom_pluto.webp 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 683px) 100vw, 683px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-32917199 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"32917199\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-26e916cb e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"26e916cb\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-253a40d4 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"253a40d4\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1200c304 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1200c304\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Plut\u00f3<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-11758e7f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"11758e7f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Plut\u00f3 regna sobre el reialme dels morts, junt amb la seva esposa Pros\u00e8rpina. No \u00e9s pas mal\u00e8vol, sin\u00f3 fidel al deure i a l&#8217;ordre, un sobir\u00e0 estricte de l&#8217;infram\u00f3n. Els seus aspectes centrals s\u00f3n el domini sobre la mort, la purificaci\u00f3 mitjan\u00e7ant la mort, els recursos ocults i la fertilitat subterr\u00e0nia. El <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Una construcci\u00f3 dedicada a la veneraci\u00f3 d'una o m\u00e9s divinitats.\" tabindex=\"0\">temple<\/span> de Tarracina (Volterra) i els cultes dels Chthonii (d\u00e9us subterranis) testimonien la seva veneraci\u00f3 estesa.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-159dcf9a e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"159dcf9a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-48cee66f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"48cee66f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">En resum: Plut\u00f3<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3f50d82c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"3f50d82c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Les fonts s\u00f3n nombroses: l&#8217;Eneida de Virgili (llibre 6, el viatge a l&#8217;infram\u00f3n), les Metamorfosis d&#8217;Ovidi, De Natura Deorum de Cicer\u00f3, S\u00e8neca, inscripcions funer\u00e0ries llatines i defixions (tauletes de maledicci\u00f3). En l&#8217;\u00e0mbit secundari, Karl Latte, Georg Wissowa i <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Historiador de les religions alemany (1931\u20132015); obra principal Griechische Religion (1977).\">Walter Burkert<\/span> han analitzat les connexions entre Plut\u00f3, Hades i les divinitats subterr\u00e0nies. La seva veneraci\u00f3 es va estendre per It\u00e0lia, la G\u00e0l\u00b7lia i l&#8217;\u00c0frica.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-18613602 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"18613602\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-262b8a9f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"262b8a9f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Contextualitzaci\u00f3 hist\u00f2rica<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-46dcb7d e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"46dcb7d\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-61d3ab3 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"61d3ab3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-117c166 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"117c166\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Per\u00edode dels textos<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-73997a0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"73997a0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>La figura de Plut\u00f3 va sobreviure el final de la religi\u00f3 antiga. Virgili i Ovidi van fixar el rapte de Pros\u00e8rpina en la literatura llatina, a trav\u00e9s de la qual es va transmetre a l&#8217;edat mitjana i al Renaixement.<\/p><p>Dante va convertir Plut\u00f3 en un personatge del seu infern, i Bernini va crear amb El rapte de Pros\u00e8rpina una de les escultures m\u00e9s conegudes del barroc. Finalment, el 1930, el cos celeste acabat de descobrir als l\u00edmits del sistema solar va rebre el nom d&#8217;aquest d\u00e9u.<\/p><h3>Classificaci\u00f3 mitol\u00f2gica<\/h3><p>Plut\u00f3 \u00e9s el d\u00e9u rom\u00e0 de l&#8217;infram\u00f3n, de la mort i de la riquesa. A difer\u00e8ncia de l&#8217;Hades grec, est\u00e0 m\u00e9s vinculat al Laci. Se&#8217;l considera necessari i respectat, i no se&#8217;l relaciona amb la maldat. El seu domini sobre la riquesa subterr\u00e0nia el vincula amb la prosperitat. Governa els l\u00edmits.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d47b156 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d47b156\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ff38c2b elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"ff38c2b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">\u00c0rea de difusi\u00f3<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4e49fcc elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4e49fcc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Plut\u00f3 era conegut i venerat, o temut amb respecte, arreu del m\u00f3n rom\u00e0, sense limitar-se a regions o llocs concrets. Tant en grans centres urbans com en \u00e0rees rurals perif\u00e8riques, tant entre l&#8217;elit social com entre el poble senzill, la import\u00e0ncia espiritual o cultural d&#8217;aquesta entitat era reconeguda de manera constant i universal.<\/p><p>La veneraci\u00f3 del sobir\u00e0 de l&#8217;infram\u00f3n era, a Roma, un assumpte d&#8217;estat, no privat: els jocs seculars dedicats a Dis Pater i Pros\u00e8rpina se celebraven per enc\u00e0rrec del senat i concernien la comunitat en el seu conjunt.<\/p><p>El Plut\u00f3 grec va arribar a Roma a trav\u00e9s del sud d&#8217;It\u00e0lia i les col\u00f2nies gregues d&#8217;aquella zona, on es va fondre amb el Dis Pater aut\u00f2cton; aix\u00ed es va estendre una imatge for\u00e7a unificada del d\u00e9u per tot el territori de domini rom\u00e0.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-db03c39 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"db03c39\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-229a87b e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"229a87b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1f471fc elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1f471fc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Estat de les fonts<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-36b1201 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"36b1201\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Fonts prim\u00e0ries: Virgili, Eneida 6; Ovidi, Metamorfosis 5 (el rapte de Pros\u00e8rpina); Odes d&#8217;Horaci; Epigrames de Marcial; les trag\u00e8dies de S\u00e8neca (Hercules Furens, Octavia); Cicer\u00f3; Apuleu, Metamorfosis. Per\u00edode: del segle IV a.C. al segle VI d.C. Investigadors: Georg Wissowa, Karl Latte (R\u00f6mische Religionsgeschichte), Walter Burkert, Hendrik Versnel, Filippo Coarelli (<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ci\u00e8ncia que estudia les cultures del passat a partir de les restes materials.\" tabindex=\"0\">arqueologia<\/span>). Testimonis: Inscriptiones Latinae Selectae, monuments de Volsinii i Tarracina.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3ae0637c e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"3ae0637c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-31d07739 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"31d07739\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Nom i variants<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b7642947 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"b7642947\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a086266 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a086266\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Plut\u00f3 \u00e9s representat en les diverses fonts i tradicions art\u00edstiques amb certs elements iconogr\u00e0fics recurrents que romanen relativament constants al llarg de les d\u00e8cades i en diferents \u00e0mbits geogr\u00e0fics. Aquests elements estan profundament codificats simb\u00f2licament i tenen un significat important; en cap cas es tracta d&#8217;eleccions purament decoratives o casuals.<\/p><p>Les representacions de Plut\u00f3 fan reconeixible el seu \u00e0mbit de sobirania. El ceptre l&#8217;identifica com a sobir\u00e0 de l&#8217;infram\u00f3n, i el tron al costat de Pros\u00e8rpina, com a rei del reialme dels morts. La banya de l&#8217;abund\u00e0ncia remet a la segona capa de significat del nom: el grec Plut\u00f3 deriva de plutos, \u00abriquesa\u00bb, i al\u00b7ludeix als tresors i als fruits de la terra que provenen de les seves profunditats.<\/p><p>El gos de tres caps, C\u00e8rber, al seu costat, i el carro amb el qual rapta Pros\u00e8rpina, formen tamb\u00e9 part del repertori iconogr\u00e0fic fix. Qui coneixia el llenguatge visual antic hi podia llegir la compet\u00e8ncia i el rang del d\u00e9u.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-709a44a8 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"709a44a8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2f585873 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2f585873\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Caracter\u00edstiques<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-70621c12 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"70621c12\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4296eb49 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4296eb49\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Plut\u00f3 era central en la pr\u00e0ctica religiosa, els rituals quotidians i la comprensi\u00f3 di\u00e0ria dels romans. La gent s&#8217;adre\u00e7ava a aquesta entitat en situacions vitals cr\u00edtiques o determinades, o en certes \u00e8poques rituals de l&#8217;any, mitjan\u00e7ant rituals estructurats i sovint elaborats, preg\u00e0ries o ofrenes.<\/p><p>A Roma, Plut\u00f3 gaireb\u00e9 no tenia un culte propi amb temple fix i sacerdoci. Tot i aix\u00ed, els rituals dedicats als d\u00e9us de l&#8217;infram\u00f3n seguien normes fixes del dret sagrat rom\u00e0: les ofrenes a les divinitats ct\u00f2niques es feien en fosses, sovint de nit, i majorit\u00e0riament sota el nom de Dis Pater, amb qui Plut\u00f3 es va fusionar en gran part.<\/p><p>El fet que els romans veneressin el d\u00e9u de l&#8217;infram\u00f3n durant segles tenia raons pr\u00e0ctiques.<\/p><p>Els rituals servien a diferents prop\u00f2sits: apaivagar els morts i impedir que enva\u00efssin el m\u00f3n dels vius, acompanyar l&#8217;enterrament i la commemoraci\u00f3 dels difunts, i en els Ludi Tarentini, els posteriors Jocs Seculars, s&#8217;invocava Dis Pater i Proserpina per allunyar la desgr\u00e0cia de la ciutat i inaugurar una nova era.<\/p><h3>Aparen\u00e7a i simbolisme<\/h3><p>Plut\u00f3 \u00e9s representat com sever, majestu\u00f3s, sovint amb una t\u00fanica fosca. Un ceptre simbolitza el seu poder. El negre i el gris fosc s\u00f3n els seus colors. La rosella i el xiprer li s\u00f3n <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Pertanyent al div\u00ed i, per aix\u00f2, excl\u00f2s de l'\u00fas quotidi\u00e0.\" tabindex=\"0\">sagrats<\/span>. De vegades porta corona. El terra s&#8217;obre sota els seus peus.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-44e71476 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"44e71476\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3c1fc3f0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3c1fc3f0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Fitxa: Plut\u00f3<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-84f33b8e e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"84f33b8e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-hqkdc67p elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"hqkdc67p\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>La fitxa resumeix el domini de Plut\u00f3 en sis \u00e0mbits: el seu origen m\u00edtic i hist\u00f2ric, les pr\u00e0ctiques sacerdotals i m\u00e0giques de la seva veneraci\u00f3, la seva representaci\u00f3 caracter\u00edstica en l&#8217;art i el simbolisme, el significat de la <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"L'adre\u00e7ar-se a una divinitat o poder amb s\u00faplica o conjur.\" tabindex=\"0\">invocaci\u00f3<\/span> i el respecte envers la divinitat de la mort, comparacions amb figures relacionades d&#8217;altres cultures i, finalment, una perspectiva global sobre el seu paper c\u00f2smic.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c5 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c1 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-qh9oavvu iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"qh9oavvu\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-awzx8k2k elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"awzx8k2k\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Context cultural<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-x6rowhv0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"x6rowhv0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Plut\u00f3 \u00e9s la forma romana de l&#8217;Hades grec i deriva de d\u00e9us de l&#8217;infram\u00f3n indoeuropeus. El <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"El conjunt de pr\u00e0ctiques de veneraci\u00f3 religiosa envers una divinitat o figura sagrada.\" tabindex=\"0\">culte<\/span> estava arrelat a Etr\u00faria i va ser adoptat per Roma. En santuaris \u00edtalics (especialment<\/p><p>T\u00e0rraco i Volsinii) hi havia santuaris dedicats a Plut\u00f3 ja establerts al segle V a.C. El Plutus rom\u00e0 (d\u00e9u de la riquesa) era una entitat diferent, per\u00f2 sovint es confonia amb Plut\u00f3. El seu <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"El conjunt de pr\u00e0ctiques de veneraci\u00f3 religiosa envers una divinitat o figura sagrada.\" tabindex=\"0\">culte<\/span> era menys p\u00fablic, m\u00e9s aviat una devoci\u00f3 privada i una pr\u00e0ctica m\u00e0gica.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8e3o4kxs iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"8e3o4kxs\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-08rkdgov elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"08rkdgov\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Destinataris<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-uwjelx8s elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"uwjelx8s\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Plut\u00f3 era invocat per tots els mortals, en cas de dol, en judicis (per refor\u00e7ar el jurament amb el poder de l&#8217;infram\u00f3n), pels pagesos en maledicions de camps (defixio) i pels mags en pr\u00e0ctiques de necrom\u00e0ncia.<\/p><p>Especialment els haruspices etruscos (endevins de v\u00edsceres) i els sacerdots romans dels Chthonii (sacerdots subterranis) cultivaven el <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"El conjunt de pr\u00e0ctiques de veneraci\u00f3 religiosa envers una divinitat o figura sagrada.\" tabindex=\"0\">culte<\/span>. A les cases privades es col\u00b7locaven figures de Plut\u00f3 per vigilar les tombes. La festa de les Lem\u00faries (9, 11 i 13 de maig) era un ritual dom\u00e8stic per apaivagar els esperits subterranis.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-jm2n74ec iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"jm2n74ec\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8vufse4c elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"8vufse4c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Representaci\u00f3<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-mwb9u015 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"mwb9u015\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Plut\u00f3 era representat com un home barbut i seri\u00f3s, sovint entronitzat entre roques o coves, de vegades amb ceptre o serp.<\/p><p>Els seus atributs s\u00f3n la banya de l&#8217;abund\u00e0ncia (cornuc\u00f2pia, <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un signe que representa una idea o significat.\" tabindex=\"0\">s\u00edmbol<\/span> de la riquesa subterr\u00e0nia), el cap de rosella (<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un signe que representa una idea o significat.\" tabindex=\"0\">s\u00edmbol<\/span> del son i de la mort), la serp, monedes o tresors. En les monedes apareix entronitzat al costat de Proserpina. Les l\u00e0pides el mostren com a jutge dels difunts.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c2 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c2\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-37ss2yr6 iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"37ss2yr6\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3v0wp3wx elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3v0wp3wx\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">\u00c0mbit d'acci\u00f3<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-w3247g2m elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"w3247g2m\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>\u00c0mbit d&#8217;acci\u00f3:<\/strong> Plut\u00f3 (o Dis Pater) \u00e9s el sobir\u00e0 de l&#8217;infram\u00f3n rom\u00e0, germ\u00e0 de J\u00fapiter i Nept\u00fa. Se&#8217;l considera l&#8217;administrador just de l&#8217;ultratomba; la tradici\u00f3 no li atribueix trets mal\u00e8fics. A Roma se l&#8217;invocava sense contacte visual: la persona es girava i li parlava d&#8217;esquena.<\/p><p>La riquesa (*ploutus*, abund\u00e0ncia) se li associa perqu\u00e8 tots els minerals i fruits de la terra provenen del seu regne. \u00c9s el d\u00e9u silenci\u00f3s que ho cont\u00e9 tot dins seu.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0qpjal9w iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"0qpjal9w\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6ndoih0o elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6ndoih0o\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Formes de defensa<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6684tyh9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6684tyh9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Plut\u00f3 rebia una <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"L'adre\u00e7ar-se a una divinitat o poder amb s\u00faplica o conjur.\" tabindex=\"0\">invocaci\u00f3<\/span> reverencial, moguda pel respecte al poder de la natura m\u00e9s que per la por al c\u00e0stig. Les <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ofrena a una divinitat per expressar gratitud, s\u00faplica o veneraci\u00f3.\" tabindex=\"0\">ofrenes<\/span> eren animals de pelatge negre (moltons, toros), mel i sacrificis de sang.<\/p><p>Les defixions (tauletes de maledicci\u00f3 amb noms gravats) es dipositaven a tombes i temples per demanar a Plut\u00f3 just\u00edcia o venjan\u00e7a. Les promeses fetes a Plut\u00f3 es consideraven m\u00e9s vinculants que un jurament terrenal, una excepci\u00f3 en la pr\u00e0ctica religiosa romana.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3lfi7x32 iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3lfi7x32\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0kg99ga1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"0kg99ga1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Paral\u00b7lels de Plut\u00f3<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-n0fum6kp elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"n0fum6kp\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Hades (grec) \u00e9s el paral\u00b7lel m\u00e9s directe, amb rols i atributs similars. L&#8217;etrusc Aitn\/Aita \u00e9s un proto-Plut\u00f3. A Mesopot\u00e0mia, Nergal correspon al d\u00e9u de l&#8217;infram\u00f3n amb funcions similars. A Egipte, Osiris encarna el sobirania de l&#8217;infram\u00f3n i la renaixen\u00e7a. Aquestes divinitats comparteixen l&#8217;ambival\u00e8ncia entre el terror i l&#8217;ordre c\u00f2smic necessari.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5a584676 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"5a584676\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6d0757bf elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6d0757bf\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Plut\u00f3, paral\u00b7lels en altres cultures<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-60563f68 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"60563f68\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5a93fdd6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5a93fdd6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>El Plut\u00f3 rom\u00e0 correspon funcionalment a l&#8217;Hades grec, per\u00f2 en la pr\u00e0ctica religiosa romana s&#8217;hi integren refer\u00e8ncies ct\u00f2niques i agr\u00edcoles addicionals. El seu <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"El conjunt d'actes de veneraci\u00f3 religiosa dedicats a una divinitat o figura sagrada.\" tabindex=\"0\">culte<\/span> se superposa amb el de Dis Pater i Orc, per\u00f2 a l&#8217;Imperi s&#8217;orienta m\u00e9s cap a la riquesa i la fertilitat de la terra que el model grec.<\/p>\n<p><p><strong>Tradici\u00f3 jueva:<\/strong> el Xeol jueu no \u00e9s un regne amb un d\u00e9u personificat, sin\u00f3 simplement el regne dels morts. M\u00e9s tard (en l&#8217;apocal\u00edptica) s&#8217;hi esmenten <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"En les religions abrah\u00e0miques, un \u00e9sser missatger celestial de D\u00e9u.\" tabindex=\"0\">\u00e0ngels<\/span> com a jutges, per\u00f2 no hi ha cap equivalent de Plut\u00f3. Un <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Fusi\u00f3 d'idees o divinitats provinents de diferents tradicions religioses.\" tabindex=\"0\">sincretisme<\/span> entre Hades i Plut\u00f3 est\u00e0 documentat en el judaisme hel\u00b7len\u00edstic, per\u00f2 no \u00e9s <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Que pertany a un corpus fixat d'escriptures sagrades d'una religi\u00f3; els textos no can\u00f2nics es consideren ap\u00f2crifs.\">can\u00f2nic<\/span>.<\/p><p><strong>M\u00f3n grecorom\u00e0:<\/strong> Hades \u00e9s el predecessor i el paral\u00b7lel de Plut\u00f3. Els romans van partir de les concepcions gregues, per\u00f2 van accentuar m\u00e9s la jurisdicci\u00f3 i l&#8217;ordre. Hermes Psicopomp (el conductor dels morts) n&#8217;\u00e9s un complement, no un rival.<\/p><p><strong>Mesopot\u00e0mia:<\/strong> Nergal i Ereshkigal (deessa de l&#8217;inframon) governen conjuntament el regne dels morts. Nergal comparteix amb Plut\u00f3 la for\u00e7a b\u00e8l\u00b7lica i el poder ct\u00f2nic. Ereshkigal \u00e9s una jutgessa m\u00e9s severa que Pros\u00e8rpina.<\/p><p><strong>\u00cdndia\/\u00c0sia:<\/strong> Yama \u00e9s el d\u00e9u v\u00e8dic dels morts, que estableix l&#8217;ordre entre els difunts. No hi ha un paral\u00b7lel directe, per\u00f2 hi ha una similitud estructural: ordenador de l&#8217;inframon, estrictament just. En el budisme, l&#8217;inframon est\u00e0 menys personificat i no hi ha cap equivalent de Plut\u00f3.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp63e7126 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp63e7126\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp9bbe5a9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp9bbe5a9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Dis Pater, Orcus i els noms romans del d\u00e9u dels morts<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpcb0d808 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cpcb0d808\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp75de8e9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp75de8e9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>El d\u00e9u rom\u00e0 del m\u00f3n subterrani apareixia sota diversos noms, i la relaci\u00f3 entre ells resulta reveladora per a la hist\u00f2ria de la religi\u00f3. <em>Plut\u00f3<\/em> mateix \u00e9s la forma llatinitzada de l&#8217;ep\u00edtet grec <em>Plouton<\/em>, \u00abel Ric\u00bb, que va arribar a Roma amb l&#8217;adopci\u00f3 de les concepcions gregues. Al costat d&#8217;aquest hi havia designacions m\u00e9s antigues i pr\u00f2piament romanes.<\/p><p>La m\u00e9s important \u00e9s <em>Dis Pater<\/em>, \u00abel Pare Ric\u00bb. El nom <em>Dis<\/em> es considera una contracci\u00f3 de <em>dives<\/em>, \u00abric\u00bb, i \u00e9s per tant un equivalent llat\u00ed exacte del grec Plouton. Tamb\u00e9 aqu\u00ed la riquesa remet a all\u00f2 que hi ha sota la terra: el gra i els tresors del s\u00f2l.<\/p><p>Un tercer nom \u00e9s <em>Orcus<\/em>, d&#8217;origen discutit; Orcus podia designar tant el d\u00e9u com el mateix m\u00f3n subterrani i una for\u00e7a punitiva i intimidat\u00f2ria. D&#8217;Orcus deriva, per camins indirectes, l&#8217;itali\u00e0 <em>orco<\/em> i finalment el mot \u00abogre\u00bb.<\/p><p>Aquesta diversitat de noms mostra que la concepci\u00f3 romana del d\u00e9u dels morts es va nodrir de diverses fonts: d&#8217;una tradici\u00f3 pr\u00f2piament romana, vinculada a Dis Pater i Orcus, i de la <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"La doctrina erudita sobre D\u00e9u i sobre la fe d'una religi\u00f3.\" tabindex=\"0\">teologia<\/span> grega, que amb el nom de Plut\u00f3 va aportar l&#8217;elaborada <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"El conjunt de relats m\u00edtics transmesos d'una cultura sobre els seus d\u00e9us.\" tabindex=\"0\">mitologia<\/span> d&#8217;Hades.<\/p><p>La investigaci\u00f3 considera que les concepcions romanes aut\u00f2ctones eren origin\u00e0riament menys personificades i menys riques en mites que les gregues. Nom\u00e9s mitjan\u00e7ant la identificaci\u00f3 amb Hades-Plouton el d\u00e9u rom\u00e0 del m\u00f3n subterrani va adquirir la seva forma elaborada i els seus relats, sobretot el rapte de <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/?page_id=171510\">Proserpina<\/a>.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpc860d54 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cpc860d54\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpabb6594 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cpabb6594\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Els Ludi Tarentini i l'altar al Camp de Mart<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp9b61d10 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp9b61d10\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpf79ffd5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cpf79ffd5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Un <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"La totalitat dels actes de veneraci\u00f3 religiosa dedicats a una divinitat o figura sagrada.\" tabindex=\"0\">culte<\/span> rom\u00e0 propi de Dis Pater i Proserpina tenia el seu centre al Camp de Mart, en un lloc anomenat <em>Tarentum<\/em> o <em>Terentum<\/em>. All\u00ed hi havia un <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Lloc elevat o taula per a sacrificis i actes religiosos.\" tabindex=\"0\">altar<\/span> subterrani, que nom\u00e9s es descobria i s&#8217;utilitzava en ocasions determinades.<\/p><p>Segons la llegenda fundacional, un sab\u00ed anomenat Valesius hauria excavat all\u00ed i trobat l&#8217;<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Lloc elevat o taula per a sacrificis i actes religiosos.\" tabindex=\"0\">altar<\/span> mentre buscava curaci\u00f3 per als seus fills.<\/p><p>En aquest lloc se celebraven els <em>Ludi Tarentini<\/em>, jocs nocturns i <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ofrena a una divinitat per expressar gratitud, petici\u00f3 o veneraci\u00f3.\" tabindex=\"0\">sacrificis<\/span> dedicats a les divinitats subterr\u00e0nies.<\/p><p>D&#8217;aquesta tradici\u00f3 van derivar els <em>Ludi Saeculares<\/em>, els Jocs Seculars, que nom\u00e9s se celebraven una vegada per <em>saeculum<\/em>, un per\u00edode d&#8217;aproximadament cent o cent deu anys, amb l&#8217;argument que cap persona havia de viure&#8217;ls dues vegades. Els jocs marcaven la transici\u00f3 d&#8217;una era a la seg\u00fcent.<\/p><p>Especialment ben documentats s\u00f3n els Jocs Seculars que l&#8217;emperador August va fer celebrar l&#8217;any 17 aC.<\/p><p>Per a aquesta ocasi\u00f3, Horaci va compondre el <em>Carmen Saeculare<\/em>, cantat per cors de nois i noies. Es conserva una inscripci\u00f3 que documenta el programa de la festa i que es considera una font important.<\/p><p>Des del punt de vista de la ci\u00e8ncia de la religi\u00f3, aquesta dada \u00e9s significativa: mostra que Dis Pater, dins el culte estatal rom\u00e0, anava m\u00e9s enll\u00e0 del paper de receptor de ritus funeraris privats. Hi apareix com una for\u00e7a vinculada al pas de les grans eres i a la renovaci\u00f3 ritual de la comunitat. Els sacrificis nocturns i foscos dedicats als d\u00e9us del m\u00f3n subterrani formaven aix\u00ed part fixa del calendari festiu rom\u00e0.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp303ceab e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp303ceab\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp40a75b5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp40a75b5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Riquesa des de les profunditats: Plut\u00f3, mineria i fertilitat<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpd3c2a83 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cpd3c2a83\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp4cdbc79 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp4cdbc79\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>El tret m\u00e9s destacat de Plut\u00f3 \u00e9s el seu propi nom, l&#8217;Ric. Aquesta vinculaci\u00f3 entre d\u00e9u dels morts i riquesa no \u00e9s casual, sin\u00f3 l&#8217;expressi\u00f3 d&#8217;una concepci\u00f3 coherent.<\/p><p>La terra a la qual descendeixen els morts \u00e9s, alhora, la terra d&#8217;on brota el gra i on s&#8217;amaguen els metalls i les pedres precioses. Qui governa l&#8217;inframon governa tamb\u00e9 aquests tresors.<\/p><p>A l&#8217;<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"\u00c8poca de la cultura grega i romana, aproximadament del 800 a. C. al 600 d. C.\" tabindex=\"0\">Antiguitat<\/span>, Plut\u00f3 estava per aix\u00f2 associat a la riquesa del s\u00f2l, tant a l&#8217;agricultura com a la mineria. El d\u00e9u grec <em>Plutos<\/em>, una personificaci\u00f3 de la riquesa en sentit estricte, s&#8217;ha de distingir de Plouton, per\u00f2 els dos noms s\u00f3n tan propers que ja a l&#8217;<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"\u00c8poca de la cultura grega i romana, aproximadament del 800 a. C. al 600 d. C.\" tabindex=\"0\">Antiguitat<\/span> es van confondre.<\/p><p>El vincle estret del d\u00e9u de l&#8217;inframon amb Pros\u00e8rpina, que ella mateixa apareix com a deessa de la vegetaci\u00f3, refor\u00e7a aquest aspecte: el seu ascens i descens anual est\u00e0 lligat al naixement i a la mort de les collites.<\/p><p>Des del punt de vista cient\u00edfic, aquest fet posa de manifest que romans i grecs no concebien la mort i la fertilitat com a purs contraris. La mateixa terra que devora tamb\u00e9 fa n\u00e9ixer. Per aix\u00f2, el d\u00e9u dels morts \u00e9s m\u00e9s que una figura temible: \u00e9s alhora el garant d&#8217;un cicle del qual depenen els vius.<\/p><p>En les arts pl\u00e0stiques, Plut\u00f3 va ser representat de vegades amb una cornuc\u00f2pia, el <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un signe que representa una idea o un significat.\" tabindex=\"0\">s\u00edmbol<\/span> de l&#8217;abund\u00e0ncia, la qual cosa fa visible aquest vessant positiu. Tot i aix\u00f2, en els sacrificis que se li oferien es feien servir les formes habituals per a les divinitats ct\u00f2niques: animals de color fosc, sang vessada a terra i una actitud ritual seriosa, orientada cap a les profunditats.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp7308312 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp7308312\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp3e9d09b elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp3e9d09b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Del d\u00e9u al planeta nan: la hist\u00f2ria moderna del nom<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp72760ea e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp72760ea\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp64c91ff elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp64c91ff\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span data-nosnippet>El nom de Plut\u00f3 va viure una segona carrera al segle XX, ben allunyada de la religi\u00f3 antiga. Quan el 1930 es va descobrir a l&#8217;Observatori Lowell, a Arizona, un nou cos celeste m\u00e9s enll\u00e0 de Nept\u00fa, es va buscar un nom per a ell.<\/span><\/p><p>La proposta va venir de Venetia Burney, una nena escolar d&#8217;onze anys d&#8217;Oxford interessada en la <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"\u00c8poca de la cultura grega i romana, aproximadament del 800 a. C. al 600 d. C.\" tabindex=\"0\">mitologia<\/span> <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"El conjunt de relats m\u00edtics transmesos sobre els d\u00e9us d'una cultura.\" tabindex=\"0\">antiga<\/span>. El nom d&#8217;un d\u00e9u de l&#8217;inframon fosc i lluny\u00e0 semblava adequat per a aquell cos celeste fred i distant.<\/p><p>La proposta va triomfar tamb\u00e9 perqu\u00e8 les dues primeres lletres del nom, P i L, coincidien amb les inicials de Percival Lowell, el fundador de l&#8217;observatori, que feia temps que buscava un planeta d&#8217;aquest tipus.<\/p><p><span data-nosnippet>El <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un signe que representa una idea o un significat.\" tabindex=\"0\">s\u00edmbol<\/span> astron\u00f2mic del cos celeste combina aquestes dues lletres. Plut\u00f3 va ser considerat inicialment el nov\u00e8 planeta del sistema solar. El 2006, la Uni\u00f3 Astron\u00f2mica Internacional el va reclassificar com a planeta nan, una decisi\u00f3 que va provocar reaccions inusualment intenses entre el p\u00fablic.<\/span><\/p><p>Des del punt de vista cient\u00edfic, aquest episodi \u00e9s un exemple de la perviv\u00e8ncia dels noms dels d\u00e9us antics en el llenguatge cient\u00edfic modern.<\/p><p>Igual que els planetes J\u00fapiter, Mart, Venus i Nept\u00fa, aquest cos celeste tamb\u00e9 porta el nom d&#8217;un d\u00e9u rom\u00e0, i amb ell va migrar tot un camp de conceptes: la lluna m\u00e9s gran de Plut\u00f3 es diu Caront, en honor del barquer de l&#8217;inframon, i altres llunes porten noms com Estix i C\u00e8rber.<\/p><p>La geografia de l&#8217;ultram\u00f3n <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"\u00c8poca de la cultura grega i romana, aproximadament del 800 a. C. al 600 d. C.\" tabindex=\"0\">antiga<\/span>, despullada del seu contingut religi\u00f3s, s&#8217;ha convertit aix\u00ed en un dip\u00f2sit per a la nomenclatura astron\u00f2mica. Avui dia, el d\u00e9u dels morts dels romans \u00e9s conegut per la majoria de la gent sobretot com un lluny\u00e0 cos gelat als confins del sistema solar.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-36dd7469 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"36dd7469\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-13760ab4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"13760ab4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Enlla\u00e7os relacionats<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-28c87796 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"28c87796\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5d6538df elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5d6538df\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/roma\/\">Roma, Cultura<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/?page_id=171510\">Pros\u00e8rpina, esposa, reina de l&#8217;inframon<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/?page_id=171468\">Hades, equivalent grec<\/a><\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-grl4kl40 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"grl4kl40\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bzsbfrmh elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"bzsbfrmh\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Fonts i bibliografia<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2c13224a e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"2c13224a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0eymh9ub elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"0eymh9ub\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<footer class=\"iwg-literatur\" data-nosnippet=\"true\"><ul><li><span data-nosnippet>Beard, Mary \/ North, John \/ Price, Simon: <em>Religions of Rome<\/em>. Cambridge University Press, 1998.<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Burkert, Walter: <em>Greek Religion<\/em>. Harvard University Press, 1985.<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Turcan, Robert: <em>The Cults of the Roman Empire<\/em>. Blackwell Publishers, 1996.<\/span><\/li><\/ul><\/footer>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgkw2-add-pluto e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgkw2-add-pluto\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgkw2-add-pluto-t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgkw2-add-pluto-t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Com a <em><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un \u00e9sser venerat com a div\u00ed dins d'una religi\u00f3.\" tabindex=\"0\">divinitat<\/span><\/em> de la tradici\u00f3 romana, Plut\u00f3 fon el Hades grec amb les antigues concepcions italianes sobre la riquesa de la terra, i governa el regne dels morts, els tresors del subs\u00f2l i les capes subterr\u00e0nies del m\u00f3n.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":1737,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"elementor_header_footer","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_focuskw":"Plut\u00f3","_yoast_wpseo_title":"Plut\u00f3 \u2013 d\u00e9u rom\u00e0 de l'infram\u00f3n","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"Plut\u00f3, d\u00e9u rom\u00e0 de l'infram\u00f3n i de la riquesa, transm\u00e8s durant segles: esp\u00f2s de Pros\u00e8rpina, jutge dels morts, temple a Tarracina.","_yoast_wpseo_meta-robots-noindex":"","_yoast_wpseo_canonical":"","_angie_page":false,"gefaehrdungsstufe":"2","wesen_kultur":"rom","wesen_klasse":"goetter","footnotes":""},"categories":[],"class_list":["post-171505","page","type-page","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin 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