{"id":171467,"date":"2026-09-05T15:39:38","date_gmt":"2026-09-05T15:39:38","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/?page_id=171467"},"modified":"2026-09-05T15:58:30","modified_gmt":"2026-09-05T15:58:30","slug":"marduk","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/marduk\/","title":{"rendered":"Marduk"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"171467\" class=\"elementor elementor-171467 elementor-1880 elementor-bc-flex-widget\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-10fdade e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"10fdade\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-herohlft0 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"herohlft0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c3ceb64 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"c3ceb64\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-96ae5e1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"96ae5e1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Marduk, d\u00e9u de la tradici\u00f3 mesopot\u00e0mica<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e45238a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e45238a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>D\u00e9u principal de Babil\u00f2nia i d\u00e9u imperial del pante\u00f3 babil\u00f2nic, ascendit de d\u00e9u local d&#8217;una ciutat a la m\u00e0xima autoritat divina. Marduk ocupa el centre de l&#8217;estructura divina mesopot\u00e0mica com a vencedor en la lluita contra el caos i creador del m\u00f3n ordenat.<\/p><p>El seu ascens de d\u00e9u de la ciutat de Babil\u00f2nia a d\u00e9u suprem babil\u00f2nic reflecteix l&#8217;expansi\u00f3 pol\u00edtica de Babil\u00f2nia sota Hammurabi i queda registrat liter\u00e0riament a l&#8217;Enuma Elish, el poema \u00e8pic babil\u00f2nic de la creaci\u00f3.<\/p><p>Marduk \u00e9s considerat el domador del caos de la <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"El conjunt de relats m\u00edtics transmesos d'una cultura.\" tabindex=\"0\">mitologia<\/span> mesopot\u00e0mica.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-klsbdg01 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"klsbdg01\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-klshtm01 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"klshtm01\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"iwg-pill-row\"><span class=\"iwg-klasse-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"D\u00e9u \/ Deessa: Poder suprem personificat en el pante\u00f3 d'una cultura, amb compet\u00e8ncies clares, forces de la natura, dest\u00ed, guerra, fertilitat. Venerat mitjan\u00e7ant cultes, ofrenes i institucions de temple.\">D\u00e9u<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/mesopotamia\/\" class=\"iwg-kultur-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Bressol de la religi\u00f3 documentada, Sumer, Akkad, Babil\u00f2nia, Ass\u00edria (aprox. 3500 aC fins 330 aC).\">Mesopot\u00e0mia<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/?page_id=171459\" class=\"iwg-tradition-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Els d\u00e9us m\u00e9s alts d'un pante\u00f3, sobirania c\u00f2smica, aspecte creador o governant.\">Alta divinitat<\/a><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3f74855 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3f74855\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1c30362 elementor-toc--minimized-on-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-table-of-contents\" data-id=\"1c30362\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;exclude_headings_by_selector&quot;:[],&quot;no_headings_message&quot;:&quot;No s&#039;ha trobat cap encap\\u00e7alament en aquesta p\\u00e0gina.&quot;,&quot;headings_by_tags&quot;:[&quot;h2&quot;,&quot;h3&quot;],&quot;marker_view&quot;:&quot;bullets&quot;,&quot;minimize_box&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;icon&quot;:{&quot;value&quot;:&quot;fas fa-circle&quot;,&quot;library&quot;:&quot;fa-solid&quot;,&quot;rendered_tag&quot;:&quot;&lt;svg class=\\&quot;e-font-icon-svg e-fas-circle\\&quot; viewBox=\\&quot;0 0 512 512\\&quot; xmlns=\\&quot;http:\\\/\\\/www.w3.org\\\/2000\\\/svg\\&quot;&gt;&lt;path d=\\&quot;M256 8C119 8 8 119 8 256s111 248 248 248 248-111 248-248S393 8 256 8z\\&quot;&gt;&lt;\\\/path&gt;&lt;\\\/svg&gt;&quot;},&quot;minimized_on&quot;:&quot;tablet&quot;,&quot;hierarchical_view&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;min_height&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"table-of-contents.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__header\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-toc__header-title\">\n\t\t\t\t\u00cdndex\t\t\t<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--expand\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__1c30362\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Open table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-down\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M207.029 381.476L12.686 187.132c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941l22.667-22.667c9.357-9.357 24.522-9.375 33.901-.04L224 284.505l154.745-154.021c9.379-9.335 24.544-9.317 33.901.04l22.667 22.667c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941L240.971 381.476c-9.373 9.372-24.569 9.372-33.942 0z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--collapse\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__1c30362\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Close table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-up\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M240.971 130.524l194.343 194.343c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941l-22.667 22.667c-9.357 9.357-24.522 9.375-33.901.04L224 227.495 69.255 381.516c-9.379 9.335-24.544 9.317-33.901-.04l-22.667-22.667c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941L207.03 130.525c9.372-9.373 24.568-9.373 33.941-.001z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-toc__1c30362\" class=\"elementor-toc__body\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__spinner-container\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg class=\"elementor-toc__spinner eicon-animation-spin e-font-icon-svg e-eicon-loading\" aria-hidden=\"true\" viewBox=\"0 0 1000 1000\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M500 975V858C696 858 858 696 858 500S696 142 500 142 142 304 142 500H25C25 237 238 25 500 25S975 237 975 500 763 975 500 975Z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-herorght0 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"herorght0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-heroimg00 iwg-hero-image elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"heroimg00\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"683\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_mesopotamien_marduk-683x1024.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-1635\" alt=\"Marduk\" srcset=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_mesopotamien_marduk-683x1024.webp 683w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_mesopotamien_marduk-200x300.webp 200w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_mesopotamien_marduk-768x1152.webp 768w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_mesopotamien_marduk.webp 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 683px) 100vw, 683px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-32917199 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"32917199\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-26e916cb e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"26e916cb\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-253a40d4 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"253a40d4\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1200c304 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1200c304\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Marduk<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-159dcf9a e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"159dcf9a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-48cee66f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"48cee66f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Perfil breu: Marduk<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3f50d82c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"3f50d82c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Tipus:<\/strong> Divinitat principal mesopot\u00e0mica, d\u00e9u de l&#8217;imperi de Babil\u00f2nia<br><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"El conjunt dels d\u00e9us d'una religi\u00f3 o cultura.\" tabindex=\"0\">Pante\u00f3<\/span>: Babil\u00f2nia (d\u00e9u principal del pante\u00f3 babil\u00f2nic), Assur (secund\u00e0riament com a Bel)<br>Funci\u00f3: creaci\u00f3, reialesa, tempesta, just\u00edcia, economia<br>Atributs principals: drac alat (Mushhusshu), pala (marru), tiara alta en forma de diadema<br>Principals llocs de culte: Babil\u00f2nia (temple de l&#8217;Esagila amb el zigurat de l&#8217;Etemenanki), Borsippa (fill Nabu)<br>Identificaci\u00f3 astron\u00f2mica: J\u00fapiter (Salbatu)<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-18613602 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"18613602\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-262b8a9f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"262b8a9f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Context<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-46dcb7d e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"46dcb7d\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-61d3ab3 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"61d3ab3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-117c166 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"117c166\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Per\u00edode dels textos<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-73997a0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"73997a0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Marduk est\u00e0 documentat des de l&#8217;\u00e8poca paleobabil\u00f2nica (principis del 2n mil\u00b7lenni aC) com a divinitat local de la ciutat de Babil\u00f2nia. El seu principal ascens es produeix sota Hammurabi (cap al 1750 aC), quan esdev\u00e9 divinitat imperial. Al per\u00edode neobabil\u00f2nic (Nabopolassar, Nabucodonosor II) esdev\u00e9 el d\u00e9u principal absolut.<\/p><p>L&#8217;<em>Enuma Elish<\/em> (poema \u00e8pic de la creaci\u00f3, segle XII aC) estableix Marduk com a creador del m\u00f3n a partir del drac del caos Tiamat. El seu complex de <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Una construcci\u00f3 destinada a la veneraci\u00f3 d'una o diverses divinitats.\" tabindex=\"0\">temple<\/span> <em>Esagila<\/em> amb el zigurat <em>Etemenanki<\/em> (\u00abla torre de Babel\u00bb) va ser una de les meravelles de l&#8217;<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"\u00c8poca de la cultura grega i romana, aproximadament del 800 aC al 600 dC.\" tabindex=\"0\">Antiguitat<\/span>.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d47b156 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d47b156\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ff38c2b elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"ff38c2b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">\u00c0rea de difusi\u00f3<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4e49fcc elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4e49fcc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>El principal centre de culte va ser <strong>Babil\u00f2nia<\/strong> amb el <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Una construcci\u00f3 destinada a la veneraci\u00f3 d'una o diverses divinitats.\" tabindex=\"0\">temple<\/span> d&#8217;<em>Esagila<\/em> i el zigurat d&#8217;<em>Etemenanki<\/em>. A m\u00e9s, Borsippa (<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Una construcci\u00f3 destinada a la veneraci\u00f3 d'una o diverses divinitats.\" tabindex=\"0\">temple<\/span> del fill Nabu), Sippar, N\u00ednive (secund\u00e0riament).<\/p><p>La <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Una process\u00f3 religiosa solemne.\" tabindex=\"0\">process\u00f3<\/span> anual de l&#8217;<em>Akitu<\/em> (festa d&#8217;Any Nou, al mes de Nisan) era la festa popular babil\u00f2nica m\u00e9s important; Marduk recorria la ciutat en una solemne <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Una process\u00f3 religiosa solemne.\" tabindex=\"0\">process\u00f3<\/span>, i el rei renovava el seu mandat. Amb l&#8217;\u00e8poca aquem\u00e8nida i la sel\u00e8ucida es produeix un declivi; al segle I dC s&#8217;extingeix el <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"El conjunt d'actes de veneraci\u00f3 religiosa dedicats a una divinitat o figura sagrada.\" tabindex=\"0\">culte<\/span>.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-db03c39 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"db03c39\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-229a87b e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"229a87b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1f471fc elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1f471fc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Estat de les fonts<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-36b1201 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"36b1201\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Fonts centrals: l&#8217;<em>Enuma Elish<\/em> (poema \u00e8pic de la creaci\u00f3, 7 tauletes), l&#8217;<em>estela de Hammurabi<\/em> (concessi\u00f3 del poder a Marduk), l&#8217;epopeia d&#8217;<em>Erra<\/em>, inscripcions reials neobabil\u00f2niques (Nabopolassar, Nabucodonosor II, Nabonid). Bibliografia secund\u00e0ria: Lambert, <em>Babylonian Creation Myths<\/em>; Sommerfeld, <em>Der Aufstieg Marduks<\/em>; Bott\u00e9ro, <em>La plus vieille religion<\/em>; Black\/Green, <em>Gods, Demons and Symbols<\/em>.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3ae0637c e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"3ae0637c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-31d07739 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"31d07739\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Denominaci\u00f3 i grafies<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b7642947 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"b7642947\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a086266 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a086266\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Accadi:<\/strong> Marduk (MAR.DUK en cune\u00efforme), possible origen: \u00abvedell d&#8217;Utu\u00bb o \u00abfill de la llum\u00bb; l&#8217;etimologia \u00e9s discutida. Ep\u00edtets: <em>Bel<\/em> (\u00absenyor\u00bb, denominaci\u00f3 est\u00e0ndard posterior, especialment en el per\u00edode hel\u00b7len\u00edstic), <em>Merodac<\/em> (transliteraci\u00f3 grega), <em>Lugal-dimmer-ankia<\/em> (equivalent sumeri: \u00abrei dels d\u00e9us de la terra\u00bb).<\/p><p>Els 50 noms teol\u00f2gics: a l&#8217;Enuma Elish s&#8217;atorguen a Marduk 50 noms, cadascun corresponent a l&#8217;assumpci\u00f3 de les funcions d&#8217;altres d\u00e9us babil\u00f2nics, un <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un signe que representa una idea o significat.\" tabindex=\"0\">s\u00edmbol<\/span> de la seva supremacia. Recepci\u00f3 b\u00edblica: \u00abBel\u00bb a Jeremies i Daniel; \u00abMerodac\u00bb com a nom d&#8217;\u00eddol en fonts hel\u00b7len\u00edstiques.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-709a44a8 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"709a44a8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2f585873 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2f585873\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Descripci\u00f3<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-70621c12 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"70621c12\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4296eb49 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4296eb49\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Aparen\u00e7a<\/strong><\/p><p>Marduk se representa t\u00edpicament com un home madur i barbut, entronitzat o caminant, amb vestidura reial. Porta la corona de banyes (<em>agus<\/em>) com a senyal de la seva divinitat. Un cercle radiant envolta el seu cap.<\/p><p>A les mans sost\u00e9 la pala <em>Marru<\/em>, l&#8217;eina de creaci\u00f3 i ordre, o b\u00e9 un ceptre. El drac Mushhushshu (tamb\u00e9 anomenat Sirrush), un monstre de set caps amb potes davanteres de lle\u00f3 i potes posteriors d&#8217;\u00e0nec, li serveix de muntura o esperit protector.<\/p><p><strong>Naturalesa i acci\u00f3<\/strong><\/p><p>Marduk no \u00e9s un creador primigeni, sin\u00f3 l&#8217;ordenador del caos. A l&#8217;Enuma Elish lluita contra la deessa primordial Tiamat, la ven\u00e7 i crea a partir del seu cos el cel i la terra. Amb aix\u00f2 estableix la visi\u00f3 c\u00f2smica ordenadora del m\u00f3n.<\/p><p>\u00c9s guardi\u00e0 de la just\u00edcia, jutge dels d\u00e9us i protector de l&#8217;ordre hum\u00e0. Com a d\u00e9u tutelar de Babil\u00f2nia va marcar el <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Una seq\u00fc\u00e8ncia regulada d'accions simb\u00f2liques amb significat religi\u00f3s o cultural.\" tabindex=\"0\">ritual<\/span> p\u00fablic, especialment la festa d&#8217;Any Nou d&#8217;Akitu, en la qual la seva supremacia es renovava anualment.<\/p><p><strong>Aparen\u00e7a i simbolisme<\/strong><\/p><p><em>Marduk<\/em> es representa com un home poder\u00f3s i barbut amb una corona alta (el <em>Marru<\/em>) i vestidures que mostren la seva autoritat reial. Porta un ceptre daurat i sovint apareix envoltat d&#8217;aures daurades o argentades.<\/p><p>Al seu costat porta l&#8217;espasa flamejant o altres armes de guerra. En la seva forma creadora se&#8217;l representa sovint amb una mena de llum o energia creadora. El seu animal sagrat \u00e9s el drac <em>Tiamat<\/em> (o el drac de cinc caps <em>Ushum<\/em>), <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un signe que representa una idea o significat.\" tabindex=\"0\">s\u00edmbol<\/span> del seu domini sobre la for\u00e7a ca\u00f2tica.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-44e71476 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"44e71476\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3c1fc3f0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3c1fc3f0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Fitxa: Marduk<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-84f33b8e e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"84f33b8e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-hqkdc67p elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"hqkdc67p\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Els aspectes m\u00e9s importants de Marduk d&#8217;una ullada. Els camps seg\u00fcents resumeixen origen, funci\u00f3, aparen\u00e7a, veneraci\u00f3, s\u00edmbols i paral\u00b7lels.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c5 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c1 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-qh9oavvu iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"qh9oavvu\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-awzx8k2k elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"awzx8k2k\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Tradici\u00f3<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-x6rowhv0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"x6rowhv0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Marduk \u00e9s fill d&#8217;<em>Ea<\/em> (Enki, d\u00e9u de l&#8217;aigua) i de <em>Damkina<\/em>. A l&#8217;<em>Enuma Elish<\/em> \u00e9s l&#8217;heroi de la jove generaci\u00f3 de d\u00e9us, que lluita contra la deessa primordial <em>Tiamat<\/em> (drac del caos) i la ven\u00e7; a partir del seu cos crea el cel i la terra.<\/p><p>Pare de <em>Nabu<\/em> (d\u00e9u dels escrivans), esp\u00f2s de <em>Sarpanitu<\/em>. En el seu ascens a divinitat imperial rep els <em>50 noms<\/em>, que li atribueixen les funcions de tots els altres d\u00e9us (consolidaci\u00f3 teog\u00f2nica).<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8e3o4kxs iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"8e3o4kxs\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-08rkdgov elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"08rkdgov\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">La funci\u00f3 de Marduk<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-uwjelx8s elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"uwjelx8s\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>D\u00e9u imperial de Babil\u00f2nia: cada rei rebia el seu poder de la m\u00e0 de Marduk. Creador del m\u00f3n (segons l&#8217;Enuma Elish), garant de l&#8217;ordre c\u00f2smic. Patr\u00f3 de l&#8217;economia i el benestar de Babil\u00f2nia. D\u00e9u de la tempesta i el temps (en el seu antic rol local). En el <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"El conjunt d'accions de veneraci\u00f3 religiosa cap a una divinitat o figura sagrada.\" tabindex=\"0\">culte<\/span> personal tamb\u00e9 se&#8217;l <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"L'acte de suplicar o invocar una divinitat o poder.\" tabindex=\"0\">invocava<\/span> per demanar protecci\u00f3 contra la malaltia, el crim i l&#8217;assetjament demon\u00edac; el seu estel (J\u00fapiter) es considerava de bon auguri.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-jm2n74ec iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"jm2n74ec\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8vufse4c elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"8vufse4c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Representaci\u00f3<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-mwb9u015 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"mwb9u015\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Antropomorf, representat com un home barbut amb un diadema alt en forma de capell i una vestidura llarga de diverses capes. Atributs caracter\u00edstics: la <em>pala<\/em> (marru, la seva ins\u00edgnia, originalment una eina de pag\u00e8s, despr\u00e9s <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un signe que representa una idea o significat.\" tabindex=\"0\">s\u00edmbol<\/span> del creador), arc, fletxes, espasa. Animal acompanyant: el drac <em>Mushhushshu<\/em> (<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un \u00e9sser que combina caracter\u00edstiques de diversos animals.\" tabindex=\"0\">\u00e9sser h\u00edbrid<\/span> de serp, lle\u00f3 i ocell), el <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un signe que representa una idea o significat.\" tabindex=\"0\">s\u00edmbol<\/span> m\u00e9s fam\u00f3s de Marduk a la porta d&#8217;Ishtar de Babil\u00f2nia. Als relleus neobabil\u00f2nics apareix sovint dret amb la pala a la m\u00e0.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c2 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c2\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-37ss2yr6 iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"37ss2yr6\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3v0wp3wx elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3v0wp3wx\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">La veneraci\u00f3 de Marduk<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-w3247g2m elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"w3247g2m\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>\u00c0mbit d&#8217;acci\u00f3:<\/strong> Marduk era invocat com a d\u00e9u principal de Babil\u00f2nia en tots els \u00e0mbits, des del mandat reial fins a la <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Una process\u00f3 religiosa solemne.\" tabindex=\"0\">process\u00f3<\/span> anual d&#8217;Akitu i la protecci\u00f3 personal. L&#8217;Esagila era destinaci\u00f3 de peregrinatge de tot el reialme.<\/p><p>El rei rebia la seva confirmaci\u00f3 en el <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Una seq\u00fc\u00e8ncia regulada d'accions simb\u00f2liques amb significat religi\u00f3s o cultural.\" tabindex=\"0\">ritual<\/span> anual d&#8217;Akitu: era humiliat pel gran sacerdot i despr\u00e9s reinstaurat en el seu c\u00e0rrec per la m\u00e0 de Marduk. Els ritus personals m\u00e9s importants eren les preg\u00e0ries de s\u00faplica en cas de malaltia i les preg\u00e0ries de protecci\u00f3 en moments de crisi personal.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0qpjal9w iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"0qpjal9w\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6ndoih0o elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6ndoih0o\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Els s\u00edmbols de Marduk<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6684tyh9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6684tyh9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Pala (marru), diadema alt en forma de capell, arc, fletxes, espasa, drac Mushhushshu (animal acompanyant), <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un edifici dedicat a la veneraci\u00f3 d'una o diverses divinitats.\" tabindex=\"0\">temple<\/span> de l&#8217;Esagila, zigurat de l&#8217;Etemenanki, disc solar alat (en algunes tradicions). Planta sagrada: la tamariu. Estel sagrat: J\u00fapiter. Nombre sagrat: 50 (els noms de Marduk).<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3lfi7x32 iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3lfi7x32\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0kg99ga1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"0kg99ga1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Elements comparables<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-n0fum6kp elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"n0fum6kp\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><em>Bel<\/em> (invocaci\u00f3 ass\u00edria, simplement significa \u00absenyor\u00bb), <em>Ashur<\/em> (Ass\u00edria, equivalent assiri com a d\u00e9u imperial), <em>Anu<\/em> (Mesopot\u00e0mia, pare m\u00e9s antic del pante\u00f3), <em>Iuppiter Optimus Maximus<\/em> (Roma, identificat astron\u00f2micament amb J\u00fapiter), <em>Zeus<\/em> (Gr\u00e8cia, paral\u00b7lel com a d\u00e9u imperial i del llamp), <em>Indra<\/em> (hinduisme, rei dels d\u00e9us amb tro i llamp), <em>Thor<\/em> (germ\u00e0nic, parcialment), <em>Hadad\/Adad<\/em> (Mesopot\u00e0mia, aspecte de d\u00e9u del temps).<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7533bc7a e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"7533bc7a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2447d18d elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2447d18d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Veneraci\u00f3 en la vida quotidiana<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d5d0260c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d5d0260c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-341be2ac elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"341be2ac\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Marduk era principalment un d\u00e9u del culte estatal, no una <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un \u00e9sser venerat com a div\u00ed dins d'una religi\u00f3.\" tabindex=\"0\">divinitat<\/span> de salvaci\u00f3 personal o misteris. En l&#8217;\u00e0mbit p\u00fablic la seva veneraci\u00f3 era marcada: les inscripcions reials invocaven la <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Concessi\u00f3 de benestar i protecci\u00f3, sovint en una f\u00f3rmula ling\u00fc\u00edstica fixa.\" tabindex=\"0\">benedicci\u00f3<\/span> de Marduk, els contractes es formalitzaven sota la mirada de Marduk, i les f\u00f3rmules de jurament el citaven com a supervisor.<\/p><p>A la llar privada, Marduk tenia un paper menys central. La <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"L'actitud i pr\u00e0ctica religiosa viscuda d'una persona.\" tabindex=\"0\">pietat<\/span> personal es dirigia m\u00e9s aviat als esperits protectors, a la deessa Ixtar o al d\u00e9u de la curaci\u00f3 Gula.<\/p><p>Tot i aix\u00ed, molts babilonis portaven noms que contenien \u00abMarduk\u00bb (per exemple, Merodac-Baladan: \u00abMarduk ha donat un fill\u00bb), la qual cosa era expressi\u00f3 de la integraci\u00f3 teol\u00f2gica de Marduk en el pensament quotidi\u00e0. Durant la festa d&#8217;Akitu, la festa de cap d&#8217;any, la ciutat i el pa\u00eds celebraven la renovaci\u00f3 de la sobirania de Marduk sobre el m\u00f3n; participar en la <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Una desfilada religiosa solemne.\" tabindex=\"0\">process\u00f3<\/span> era una obligaci\u00f3 per a cada babiloni.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5a584676 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"5a584676\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6d0757bf elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6d0757bf\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Marduk, paral\u00b7lelismes en altres cultures<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-60563f68 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"60563f68\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5a93fdd6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5a93fdd6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Tradici\u00f3 grega:<\/strong> Zeus com a divinitat suprema i governant del cel i l&#8217;ordre. Cap dels dos \u00e9s un creador primigeni, sin\u00f3 ordenadors del caos despr\u00e9s d&#8217;una lluita amb els titans. La funci\u00f3 del llamp \u00e9s m\u00e9s forta en Zeus, per\u00f2 l&#8217;aspecte de l&#8217;ordre c\u00f2smic el comparteixen tots dos.<\/p><p><strong>Tradici\u00f3 v\u00e8dica i hinduista:<\/strong> Indra com a d\u00e9u del tro i cap dels devas. El <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un element de contingut recurrent en l'art o la narrativa.\" tabindex=\"0\">motiu<\/span> del combat contra el drac (Indra contra Vritra) \u00e9s un element m\u00edtic paral\u00b7lel fonamental del <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Una narraci\u00f3 transmesa sobre d\u00e9us, or\u00edgens i l'ordre del m\u00f3n.\" tabindex=\"0\">mite<\/span>. Indra tamb\u00e9 porta un llamp (Vajra) i \u00e9s guardi\u00e0 de l&#8217;ordre c\u00f2smic (Rta).<\/p><p><strong>Tradici\u00f3 eg\u00edpcia:<\/strong> Ra com a d\u00e9u del sol i garant de Maat (l&#8217;ordre del m\u00f3n). Mentre Marduk domina el caos mitjan\u00e7ant una narraci\u00f3 de combat, en Ra aix\u00f2 succeeix en el viatge nocturn c\u00edclic (lluita contra la serp Apofis). El model teol\u00f2gic, divinitat creadora com a ordenadora, \u00e9s similar.<\/p><p><strong>Tradici\u00f3 hitita:<\/strong> Teixub com a d\u00e9u del temps i divinitat suprema, conegut pel <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Una narraci\u00f3 transmesa sobre d\u00e9us, or\u00edgens i l'ordre del m\u00f3n.\" tabindex=\"0\">mite<\/span> de Kumarbi, compareix el <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un element de contingut recurrent en l'art o la narrativa.\" tabindex=\"0\">motiu<\/span> del combat contra el drac amb Marduk. La lluita de Teixub contra la serp Illuyanka \u00e9s un paral\u00b7lelisme amb el <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Una narraci\u00f3 transmesa sobre d\u00e9us, or\u00edgens i l'ordre del m\u00f3n.\" tabindex=\"0\">mite<\/span> de Tiamat.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp6874574 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp6874574\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpb3658ca elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cpb3658ca\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">L'Enuma Elish: l'epopeia babil\u00f2nica de la creaci\u00f3<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp3f37203 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp3f37203\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpa527e77 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cpa527e77\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>La font m\u00e9s important sobre el rang de Marduk \u00e9s l&#8217;epopeia babil\u00f2nica de la creaci\u00f3, anomenada <em>Enuma Elish<\/em> (\u00abQuan a dalt\u00bb) pels seus mots inicials. Es conserva en set tauletes d&#8217;argila, procedents principalment de la biblioteca del rei assiri Assurbanipal a N\u00ednive, per\u00f2 que preserven material m\u00e9s antic.<\/p><p>Sobre el moment exacte de la seva composici\u00f3 hi ha debat; molt apunta a una redacci\u00f3 durant el segon mil\u00b7lenni abans de la nostra era, possiblement en \u00e8poca paleobabil\u00f2nica o mitjababil\u00f2nica.<\/p><p>L&#8217;epopeia narra com de les aig\u00fces primordials, encarnades per <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/?page_id=171558\">Tiamat<\/a> i Apsu, sorgeixen els d\u00e9us. Quan Tiamat declara la guerra als d\u00e9us m\u00e9s joves i aixeca un ex\u00e8rcit de monstres, cap dels d\u00e9us antics s&#8217;atreveix a enfrontar-la. Marduk s&#8217;ofereix, per\u00f2 exigeix com a preu la dignitat suprema de rei entre els d\u00e9us.<\/p><p>L&#8217;assemblea divina li concedeix aquesta posici\u00f3. Marduk ven\u00e7 Tiamat en combat singular, en parteix el cos i, amb les meitats, forma el cel i la terra. De la sang de Kingu, el cap de l&#8217;ex\u00e8rcit enemic, es crea l&#8217;\u00e9sser hum\u00e0, perqu\u00e8 serveixi els d\u00e9us. Finalment, els d\u00e9us construeixen per a Marduk la ciutat de Babil\u00f2nia amb el <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Una construcci\u00f3 destinada a la veneraci\u00f3 d'una o diverses divinitats.\" tabindex=\"0\">temple<\/span> d&#8217;Esagila.<\/p><p>L&#8217;<em>Enuma Elish<\/em> \u00e9s, doncs, menys un relat neutre de la creaci\u00f3 que una justificaci\u00f3 teol\u00f2gica de la preemin\u00e8ncia de Babil\u00f2nia i de Marduk. Explica per qu\u00e8 el m\u00f3n est\u00e0 ordenat com est\u00e0, i per qu\u00e8 precisament Babil\u00f2nia n&#8217;ha de ser el centre.<\/p><p>La setena tauleta consisteix quasi \u00edntegrament en una lletania dels cinquanta noms de Marduk, en la qual se li atribueixen les funcions d&#8217;altres d\u00e9us.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpab7c6b1 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cpab7c6b1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp922795f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp922795f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Esagila i Etemenanki: el temple de Marduk i la torre de Babel<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpf75bb56 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cpf75bb56\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpd1621ff elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cpd1621ff\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>El <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"El conjunt d'actes religiosos de veneraci\u00f3 dedicats a una divinitat o figura sagrada.\" tabindex=\"0\">culte<\/span> a Marduk estava lligat espacialment a Babil\u00f2nia. El seu temple principal es deia <em>Esagila<\/em>, \u00abcasa el cim de la qual \u00e9s alt\u00bb. Al seu costat s&#8217;aixecava la torre esglaonada <em>Etemenanki<\/em>, \u00abcasa dels fonaments del cel i la terra\u00bb, una zigurat concebuda com a vincle entre les esferes.<\/p><p><em>Etemenanki<\/em> \u00e9s considerat per la recerca com el probable model real de la narraci\u00f3 b\u00edblica de la torre de Babel.<\/p><p>Les restes arqueol\u00f2giques estan molt malmeses per l&#8217;espoliaci\u00f3 de l&#8217;<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"\u00c8poca de la cultura grega i romana, aproximadament del 800 aC al 600 dC.\" tabindex=\"0\">antiguitat<\/span> i per intervencions modernes, per\u00f2 descripcions <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"\u00c8poca de la cultura grega i romana, aproximadament del 800 aC al 600 dC.\" tabindex=\"0\">antigues<\/span>, com la d&#8217;Her\u00f2dot, i textos cune\u00efformes permeten una reconstrucci\u00f3 aproximada. El rei babil\u00f2nic Nabucodonosor II va fer ampliar generosament el complex al segle VI abans de la nostra era.<\/p><p>A l&#8217;Esagila hi havia la <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Representaci\u00f3 figurativa d'una divinitat, venerada al temple o al santuari.\" tabindex=\"0\">imatge de culte<\/span> de Marduk. Aquesta imatge estava tan estretament lligada a la identitat de la ciutat que el seu segrest per part d&#8217;enemics, com els hitites i m\u00e9s tard els assiris, es considerava una cat\u00e0strofe nacional; el seu retorn era un triomf.<\/p><p>L&#8217;est\u00e0tua no era una simple representaci\u00f3, sin\u00f3 que es considerava una pres\u00e8ncia real del d\u00e9u, que calia tenir cura, vestir i alimentar.<\/p><p>Babil\u00f2nia comptava tamb\u00e9 amb el <em>Carrer de les Processons<\/em>, que passava per la famosa Porta d&#8217;Ishtar, revestida de rajoles vidriades i figures d&#8217;animals. Per aquest carrer avan\u00e7ava, durant la festa d&#8217;Any Nou, la <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Una process\u00f3 religiosa solemne.\" tabindex=\"0\">process\u00f3<\/span> de les imatges divines. L&#8217;arquitectura monumental de Babil\u00f2nia era aix\u00ed escenari i decorat del culte a Marduk, no un simple rerefons.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp3ede43e e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp3ede43e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp0a5ee8a elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp0a5ee8a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">La festa d'Any Nou Akitu: ritual, reialesa i renovaci\u00f3 c\u00f2smica<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp7a1665f e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp7a1665f\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp33d71f1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp33d71f1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>El cicle festiu m\u00e9s important del culte a Marduk era la festa de l&#8217;<em>Akitu<\/em>, l&#8217;Any Nou babil\u00f2nic, que se celebrava a la primavera durant uns onze dies. De l&#8217;\u00e8poca tardana s&#8217;han conservat textos rituals que descriuen alguns dels esdeveniments diaris, encara que de manera fragment\u00e0ria.<\/p><p>Entre els elements transmesos hi ha la recitaci\u00f3 de l&#8217;<em>Enuma Elish<\/em> davant la <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Representaci\u00f3 figurativa d'una divinitat, venerada al temple o al santuari.\" tabindex=\"0\">imatge de culte<\/span> de Marduk. Aix\u00ed es feia present lit\u00fargicament la vict\u00f2ria del d\u00e9u sobre el caos: la festa repetia i assegurava l&#8217;ordre del m\u00f3n. Tamb\u00e9 \u00e9s coneguda una escena en qu\u00e8 el rei ha de compar\u00e8ixer davant la <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Representaci\u00f3 figurativa d'una divinitat, venerada al temple o al santuari.\" tabindex=\"0\">imatge de culte<\/span>.<\/p><p>El summe sacerdot li retira les ins\u00edgnies reials, el colpeja a la cara i li fa jurar que no ha com\u00e8s cap injust\u00edcia. Nom\u00e9s despr\u00e9s recupera les ins\u00edgnies. Aquest <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Una seq\u00fc\u00e8ncia regulada d'actes simb\u00f2lics amb significat religi\u00f3s o cultural.\" tabindex=\"0\">ritual<\/span> vinculava la reialesa terrenal a Marduk i la sotmetia al control div\u00ed.<\/p><p>Un altre element era la gran <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Una process\u00f3 religiosa solemne.\" tabindex=\"0\">process\u00f3<\/span>, en la qual les imatges divines dels temples de diverses ciutats eren traslladades a Babil\u00f2nia i a una casa festiva fora de la ciutat. Amb aix\u00f2, la festa demostrava alhora la preemin\u00e8ncia de Marduk i de Babil\u00f2nia sobre els altres centres de culte de Mesopot\u00e0mia.<\/p><p>La recerca m\u00e9s antiga, influenciada per la denominada escola del Myth-and-<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Una seq\u00fc\u00e8ncia regulada d'actes simb\u00f2lics amb significat religi\u00f3s o cultural.\" tabindex=\"0\">Ritual<\/span>, ha volgut veure sovint en la festa de l&#8217;<em>Akitu<\/em> un drama del d\u00e9u que mor i ressuscita. Aquesta interpretaci\u00f3 avui es considera exagerada i mal fonamentada. La lectura m\u00e9s s\u00f2bria destaca que la festa reafirmava conjuntament l&#8217;ordre del cosmos, la posici\u00f3 de Babil\u00f2nia i la legitimitat del rei.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpe942edb e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cpe942edb\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpc69cf80 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cpc69cf80\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">De d\u00e9u de la ciutat a d\u00e9u de l'imperi: l'ascens hist\u00f2ric de Marduk<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp779b35e e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp779b35e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp6af0f46 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp6af0f46\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Marduk no era origin\u00e0riament una <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un \u00e9sser venerat com a div\u00ed dins d'una religi\u00f3.\" tabindex=\"0\">divinitat<\/span> important. En les fonts m\u00e9s antigues apareix com el d\u00e9u local de Babil\u00f2nia, una ciutat de poca import\u00e0ncia en l&#8217;\u00e8poca din\u00e0stica primerenca. El seu ascens est\u00e0 estretament lligat a l&#8217;ascens pol\u00edtic de Babil\u00f2nia.<\/p><p>L&#8217;impuls decisiu el va donar el regnat d&#8217;Hammurabi al segle XVIII abans de la nostra era, quan Babil\u00f2nia es va convertir en la pot\u00e8ncia dominant de Mesopot\u00e0mia. Fins i tot despr\u00e9s, el proc\u00e9s va continuar avan\u00e7ant.<\/p><p>Teol\u00f2gicament, Marduk va ser dotat progressivament de funcions que abans corresponien a altres d\u00e9us, sobretot a l&#8217;antic rei dels d\u00e9us sumeri <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/?page_id=171786\">Enlil<\/a> i al d\u00e9u de la saviesa <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/?page_id=171507\">Ea<\/a>, que en l&#8217;epopeia apareix com el pare de Marduk.<\/p><p>La llista de noms de la setena tauleta de l&#8217;<em>Enuma Elish<\/em> \u00e9s l&#8217;eina teol\u00f2gica d&#8217;aquesta transfer\u00e8ncia: en rebre els noms, i per tant els trets essencials d&#8217;altres d\u00e9us, Marduk esdev\u00e9 la suma del pante\u00f3. Alguns investigadors parlen d&#8217;una tend\u00e8ncia cap a la monolatria, sense que Babil\u00f2nia arrib\u00e9s mai al <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"La creen\u00e7a en un \u00fanic d\u00e9u.\" tabindex=\"0\">monoteisme<\/span>.<\/p><p>L&#8217;ep\u00edtet de Marduk era sovint simplement <em>Bel<\/em>, \u00absenyor\u00bb, un t\u00edtol que tamb\u00e9 apareix a la B\u00edblia hebrea com a <em>Bel<\/em>, per exemple en els profetes Jeremies i Isa\u00efes, que es burlen del d\u00e9u babil\u00f2nic.<\/p><p>El seu fill era el d\u00e9u escriba <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/?page_id=171560\">Nab\u00fb<\/a> de Borsippa, l&#8217;ascens del qual va acompanyar el de Marduk. La constataci\u00f3 hist\u00f2rica mostra aix\u00ed de manera exemplar com estaven estretament entrella\u00e7ades la <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"La disciplina que estudia D\u00e9u i la fe d'una religi\u00f3.\" tabindex=\"0\">teologia<\/span> i la pol\u00edtica de poder a Mesopot\u00e0mia.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-36dd7469 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"36dd7469\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-13760ab4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"13760ab4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Enlla\u00e7os relacionats<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-28c87796 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"28c87796\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5d6538df elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5d6538df\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/?page_id=171507\">Ea\/Enki, pare<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/?page_id=171560\">Nabu, fill<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/?page_id=171558\">Tiamat, deessa del caos ven\u00e7uda<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/?page_id=171463\">Anu, pare m\u00e9s antic del pante\u00f3<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/mesopotamia\/\">Mesopot\u00e0mia, panorama del pante\u00f3<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/?page_id=171459\">Grans divinitats, subcategoria<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/?page_id=171431\">D\u00e9us, panorama de classes<\/a><\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-grl4kl40 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"grl4kl40\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bzsbfrmh elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"bzsbfrmh\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Bibliografia (selecci\u00f3)<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2c13224a e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"2c13224a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0eymh9ub elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"0eymh9ub\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<footer class=\"iwg-literatur\" data-nosnippet=\"true\"><ul><li><span data-nosnippet>Lambert, Wilfred G.: <em>Babylonian Creation Myths<\/em>. Winona Lake 2013.<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Sommerfeld, Walter: <em>Der Aufstieg Marduks. Die Stellung Marduks in der babylonischen Religion des zweiten Jahrtausends v. Chr.<\/em>. Neukirchen-Vluyn 1982.<\/span><\/li><li>Walde, Christine (Hg.): <em>Der Neue Pauly<\/em> (Lema &bdquo;Marduk&ldquo;).<\/li><\/ul><\/footer>\n<p class=\"iwg-bib-more\"><span data-nosnippet>M\u00e9s obres de refer\u00e8ncia al <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/?page_id=171483\">\u00cdndex bibliogr\u00e0fic<\/a>.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-wv-marduk-faq-9f83f8 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"wv-marduk-faq-9f83f8\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-wv-marduk-faq-col-1313dd\" data-id=\"wv-marduk-faq-col-1313dd\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-wv-marduk-h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"wv-marduk-h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Preguntes freq\u00fcents sobre Marduk<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-wv-marduk-t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"wv-marduk-t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n<details class=\"iwg-faq-item\">\n  <summary><strong>Qui era el d\u00e9u Marduk?<\/strong><\/summary>\n  <p>Marduk era el d\u00e9u principal del pante\u00f3 babil\u00f2nic i es considera el creador del m\u00f3n segons la concepci\u00f3 babil\u00f2nica. L&#8217;Enuma Elish, el mite de creaci\u00f3 babil\u00f2nic, narra com Marduk ven\u00e7 la dracona del mar primigeni Tiamat i, amb el seu cos, forma el cel i la terra. En l&#8217;\u00e8poca posterior a l&#8217;acc\u00e0dica, Marduk va assumir la funci\u00f3 del d\u00e9u sumeri Enlil.<\/p>\n<\/details>\n\n<details class=\"iwg-faq-item\">\n  <summary><strong>Qu\u00e8 \u00e9s la festa de Marduk?<\/strong><\/summary>\n  <p>La festa m\u00e9s important de Marduk era l&#8217;Akitu, el festival babil\u00f2nic d&#8217;Any Nou celebrat a la primavera. Durant aquesta festa es recitava p\u00fablicament el mite de creaci\u00f3 Enuma Elish, la imatge de Marduk era portada des del <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un edifici destinat a la veneraci\u00f3 d'una o m\u00e9s divinitats.\" tabindex=\"0\">temple<\/span> d&#8217;Esagila en <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Una process\u00f3 religiosa solemne.\" tabindex=\"0\">process\u00f3<\/span> per Babil\u00f2nia, i el rei era confirmat de nou en el seu c\u00e0rrec. L&#8217;Akitu estructurava l&#8217;any babil\u00f2nic.<\/p>\n<\/details>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-wv-marduk-s elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"wv-marduk-s\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<script type=\"application\/ld+json\">{\"@context\": \"https:\/\/schema.org\", \"@type\": \"FAQPage\", \"mainEntity\": [{\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"Qui era el d\u00e9u Marduk?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"Marduk era el d\u00e9u principal del pante\u00f3 babil\u00f2nic i es considera el creador del m\u00f3n segons la concepci\u00f3 babil\u00f2nica. L'Enuma Elish, el mite de creaci\u00f3 babil\u00f2nic, narra com Marduk ven\u00e7 la dracona del mar primigeni Tiamat i, amb el seu cos, forma el cel i la terra. En l'\u00e8poca posterior a l'acc\u00e0dica, Marduk va assumir la funci\u00f3 del d\u00e9u sumeri Enlil.\"}}, {\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"Qu\u00e8 \u00e9s la festa de Marduk?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"La festa m\u00e9s important de Marduk era l'Akitu, el festival babil\u00f2nic d'Any Nou celebrat a la primavera. Durant aquesta festa es recitava p\u00fablicament el mite de creaci\u00f3 Enuma Elish, la imatge de Marduk era portada des del temple d'Esagila en process\u00f3 per Babil\u00f2nia, i el rei era confirmat de nou en el seu c\u00e0rrec. L'Akitu estructurava l'any babil\u00f2nic.\"}}]}<\/script>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":1635,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"elementor_header_footer","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_focuskw":"Marduk","_yoast_wpseo_title":"Marduk \u2013 El d\u00e9u imperial de Babil\u00f2nia i domador del caos","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"Ascens de d\u00e9u local a d\u00e9u imperial, vict\u00f2ria sobre Tiamat, temple d'Esagila, festa de l'Akitu, els 50 noms, drac Mushhushshu.","_yoast_wpseo_meta-robots-noindex":"","_yoast_wpseo_canonical":"","_angie_page":false,"gefaehrdungsstufe":"3","wesen_kultur":"mesopotamien","wesen_klasse":"goetter","footnotes":""},"categories":[],"class_list":["post-171467","page","type-page","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is 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