{"id":171466,"date":"2026-09-05T15:39:37","date_gmt":"2026-09-05T15:39:37","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/?page_id=171466"},"modified":"2026-09-05T15:58:26","modified_gmt":"2026-09-05T15:58:26","slug":"ra","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/ra\/","title":{"rendered":"Ra"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"171466\" class=\"elementor elementor-171466 elementor-1878 elementor-bc-flex-widget\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-10fdade e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"10fdade\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-herohlft0 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"herohlft0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c3ceb64 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"c3ceb64\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-96ae5e1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"96ae5e1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Ra, d\u00e9u de la tradici\u00f3 eg\u00edpcia<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e45238a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e45238a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Ra \u00e9s un d\u00e9u de la tradici\u00f3 eg\u00edpcia.<\/p><p>D\u00e9u solar egipci i divinitat suprema, creador de l&#8217;ordre i recreador diari del m\u00f3n. Ra ocupa el centre de la religi\u00f3 eg\u00edpcia i de la <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"El conjunt de relats mitol\u00f2gics transmesos sobre d\u00e9us en una cultura.\" tabindex=\"0\">mitologia<\/span> com la figura suprema del cosmos.<\/p><p>Encarna la for\u00e7a del sol, la renovaci\u00f3 c\u00edclica i la lluita eterna entre la llum i el caos. El seu nom \u00e9s sin\u00f2nim de poder div\u00ed i de la garantia de que el dia segueix la nit, i que el b\u00e9 triomfa sobre el mal.<\/p><p>Com a d\u00e9u solar egipci, Ra \u00e9s alhora creador i sostenidor del m\u00f3n.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-klsbdg01 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"klsbdg01\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-klshtm01 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"klshtm01\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"iwg-pill-row\"><span class=\"iwg-klasse-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"D\u00e9u \/ Deessa: Poder suprem personificat en el pante\u00f3 d'una cultura, amb \u00e0mbits clars com les forces de la natura, el dest\u00ed, la guerra o la fertilitat. Venerat mitjan\u00e7ant cultes, ofrenes i institucions dels temples.\">D\u00e9u<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/egipte\/\" class=\"iwg-kultur-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Mitologia de l'antiga vall del Nil, ca. 3000 aC fins 30 aC.\">Egipte<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/?page_id=171459\" class=\"iwg-tradition-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Els d\u00e9us m\u00e9s elevats d'un pante\u00f3, sobirania c\u00f2smica, aspecte creador o governant.\">Divinitat suprema<\/a><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3f74855 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3f74855\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1c30362 elementor-toc--minimized-on-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-table-of-contents\" data-id=\"1c30362\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;exclude_headings_by_selector&quot;:[],&quot;no_headings_message&quot;:&quot;No s&#039;ha trobat cap encap\\u00e7alament en aquesta p\\u00e0gina.&quot;,&quot;headings_by_tags&quot;:[&quot;h2&quot;,&quot;h3&quot;],&quot;marker_view&quot;:&quot;bullets&quot;,&quot;minimize_box&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;icon&quot;:{&quot;value&quot;:&quot;fas fa-circle&quot;,&quot;library&quot;:&quot;fa-solid&quot;,&quot;rendered_tag&quot;:&quot;&lt;svg class=\\&quot;e-font-icon-svg e-fas-circle\\&quot; viewBox=\\&quot;0 0 512 512\\&quot; xmlns=\\&quot;http:\\\/\\\/www.w3.org\\\/2000\\\/svg\\&quot;&gt;&lt;path d=\\&quot;M256 8C119 8 8 119 8 256s111 248 248 248 248-111 248-248S393 8 256 8z\\&quot;&gt;&lt;\\\/path&gt;&lt;\\\/svg&gt;&quot;},&quot;minimized_on&quot;:&quot;tablet&quot;,&quot;hierarchical_view&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;min_height&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"table-of-contents.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__header\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-toc__header-title\">\n\t\t\t\t\u00cdndex\t\t\t<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--expand\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__1c30362\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Open table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-down\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M207.029 381.476L12.686 187.132c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941l22.667-22.667c9.357-9.357 24.522-9.375 33.901-.04L224 284.505l154.745-154.021c9.379-9.335 24.544-9.317 33.901.04l22.667 22.667c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941L240.971 381.476c-9.373 9.372-24.569 9.372-33.942 0z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--collapse\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__1c30362\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Close table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-up\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M240.971 130.524l194.343 194.343c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941l-22.667 22.667c-9.357 9.357-24.522 9.375-33.901.04L224 227.495 69.255 381.516c-9.379 9.335-24.544 9.317-33.901-.04l-22.667-22.667c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941L207.03 130.525c9.372-9.373 24.568-9.373 33.941-.001z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-toc__1c30362\" class=\"elementor-toc__body\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__spinner-container\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg class=\"elementor-toc__spinner eicon-animation-spin e-font-icon-svg e-eicon-loading\" aria-hidden=\"true\" viewBox=\"0 0 1000 1000\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M500 975V858C696 858 858 696 858 500S696 142 500 142 142 304 142 500H25C25 237 238 25 500 25S975 237 975 500 763 975 500 975Z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-herorght0 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"herorght0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-heroimg00 iwg-hero-image elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"heroimg00\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"683\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_aegypten_ra-683x1024.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-173904\" alt=\"Ra - D\u00e9us de la tradici\u00f3 eg\u00edpcia, il\u00b7lustraci\u00f3 hist\u00f2rica\" srcset=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_aegypten_ra-683x1024.webp 683w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_aegypten_ra-200x300.webp 200w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_aegypten_ra-768x1152.webp 768w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_aegypten_ra.webp 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 683px) 100vw, 683px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-32917199 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"32917199\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-26e916cb e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"26e916cb\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-253a40d4 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"253a40d4\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1200c304 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1200c304\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Ra<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-159dcf9a e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"159dcf9a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-48cee66f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"48cee66f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Resum: Ra<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3f50d82c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"3f50d82c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Tipus:<\/strong> Alta divinitat, d\u00e9u solar, d\u00e9u creador<br><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"El conjunt de d\u00e9us d'una religi\u00f3 o cultura.\" tabindex=\"0\">Pante\u00f3<\/span>: Egipte<br>Funci\u00f3: Creador de l&#8217;ordre, renovaci\u00f3 di\u00e0ria del m\u00f3n, lluita contra el caos<br>Atributs principals: Disc solar, serp uraeus, cap de falc\u00f3, <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"L'escarabat peloter com a s\u00edmbol de l'antic Egipte per al devenir i la renovaci\u00f3.\" tabindex=\"0\">Escarabeu<\/span><br>Principals llocs de culte: Heli\u00f2polis (On), Tebes (Karnak-Luxor\/Amon-Ra), Abu Gurob<br>Equivalent rom\u00e0: Sol Invictus, H\u00e8lios (Gr\u00e8cia)<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-18613602 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"18613602\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-262b8a9f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"262b8a9f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Context<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-46dcb7d e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"46dcb7d\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-61d3ab3 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"61d3ab3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-117c166 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"117c166\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Per\u00edode dels textos<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-73997a0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"73997a0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>La <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"La transmissi\u00f3 de coneixement i relats a trav\u00e9s de generacions.\" tabindex=\"0\">tradici\u00f3<\/span> sobre Ra arriba des de l&#8217;Imperi Antic (ca. 2700, 2200 aC), on ja \u00e9s venerat com a divinitat suprema als <em>Textos de les Pir\u00e0mides<\/em>, passant per l&#8217;Imperi Mitj\u00e0 i el Nou Imperi fins a l&#8217;\u00e8poca ptolemaica i romana.<\/p><p>Els testimonis literaris m\u00e9s importants s\u00f3n els <em>Textos de les Pir\u00e0mides<\/em> (Imperi Antic), els <em>Textos dels Sarc\u00f2fags<\/em> (Imperi Mitj\u00e0), el <em>Llibre dels Morts egipci<\/em> (especialment el <em>Llibre del Dia<\/em> i el <em>Llibre de la Nit<\/em>) i les <em>lletanies solars<\/em> dels temples. Les fusions sincretistes amb Atum i Amon es consoliden m\u00e9s durant el Nou Imperi i es mantenen fins a l&#8217;\u00e8poca romana.<\/p><p><strong>Classificaci\u00f3 mitol\u00f2gica<\/strong><\/p><p><em>Ra<\/em>, el d\u00e9u solar, \u00e9s el principi c\u00f2smic definitori de l&#8217;univers egipci i la manifestaci\u00f3 di\u00e0ria de la for\u00e7a creadora. Cada dia travessa el cel a bord del seu vaixell solar, es pon al capvespre i creua de nit el m\u00e9s enll\u00e0 (<em>Duat<\/em>) en una lluita \u00e8pica contra la serp <em>Apop<\/em>, que intenta devorar-lo di\u00e0riament.<\/p><p><em>Ra<\/em> encarna la naturalesa c\u00edclica de la vida, la mort i el renaixement. Es fon amb altres d\u00e9us (<em>Amon-Ra<\/em>, <em>Ra-Horakhty<\/em>), formant aix\u00ed una figura m\u00faltiple de for\u00e7a universal.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d47b156 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d47b156\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ff38c2b elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"ff38c2b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">\u00c0rea de difusi\u00f3<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4e49fcc elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4e49fcc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Ra \u00e9s venerat a tot l&#8217;antic Egipte, amb centres principals a Heli\u00f2polis (Iunu, en egipci On), el lloc de culte solar m\u00e9s antic, i Tebes (amb la figura sincretista Amon-Ra).<\/p><p>La seva veneraci\u00f3 no es limita a una sola ciutat, sin\u00f3 que travessa la pr\u00e0ctica religiosa des del Delta fins a la frontera nubiana. Despr\u00e9s de la conquesta pels poders hel\u00b7len\u00edstics i romans, Ra s&#8217;identifica amb el grec Helios i el rom\u00e0 Sol Invictus.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-db03c39 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"db03c39\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-229a87b e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"229a87b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1f471fc elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1f471fc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Estat de les fonts<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-36b1201 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"36b1201\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>El nucli de la <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"La transmissi\u00f3 de coneixement i relats a trav\u00e9s de generacions.\" tabindex=\"0\">tradici\u00f3<\/span> el formen els <em>Textos de les Pir\u00e0mides<\/em> de Giza, Memfis i Abidos (dinasties 5a i 6a), que ja presenten Ra com a d\u00e9u del cel i creador. Els <em>Textos dels Sarc\u00f2fags<\/em> de l&#8217;Imperi Mitj\u00e0 amplien els mites amb cicles c\u00f2smics.<\/p><p><span data-nosnippet>El <em>Llibre dels Morts egipci<\/em> (ca. 1550, 1070 aC) descriu el viatge nocturn de Ra pel m\u00e9s enll\u00e0 amb un llenguatge visual ric. Les inscripcions dels <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un edifici destinat al culte d'una o diverses divinitats.\" tabindex=\"0\">temples<\/span>, les pintures de les tombes i els comentaris sacerdotals a les biblioteques dels temples (per exemple, Edf\u00fa, Dendera) expliquen els sincretismes i la pr\u00e0ctica ritual quotidiana.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3ae0637c e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"3ae0637c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-31d07739 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"31d07739\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Denominaci\u00f3 i grafies<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b7642947 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"b7642947\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a086266 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a086266\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Egipci:<\/strong> Ra (tamb\u00e9 <em>Re<\/em>, en egipci <em>R\u02e4<\/em> o <em>Ra\u02e4<\/em>), determinatiu: disc solar. L&#8217;arrel apunta a \u00absol\u00bb. Variants d&#8217;escriptura: <em>Re<\/em> (transliteraci\u00f3 llatina, freq\u00fcent en obres m\u00e9s antigues), <em>Ra<\/em> (convenci\u00f3 moderna), <em>Pre<\/em> (lectura a partir dels jerogl\u00edfics, m\u00e9s rara).<\/p><p>Noms sincretistes: <em>Atum-Ra<\/em> (fusi\u00f3 amb el d\u00e9u creador Atum d&#8217;Heli\u00f2polis, especialment en la forma matinal), <em>Amon-Ra<\/em> (fusi\u00f3 amb el d\u00e9u suprem Amon de Tebes, predominant durant el Nou Imperi), <em>Ra-Horakhty<\/em> (Horus a l&#8217;horitz\u00f3, la figura unificada d&#8217;Horus naixent i del d\u00e9u solar), <em>Khnum-Ra<\/em> (fusi\u00f3 amb el d\u00e9u creador amb forma de molt\u00f3 Khnum a la frontera sud).<\/p><p>Ep\u00edtets: <em>Khepri<\/em> (forma matinal com a <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"L'escarabat pilotaire com a s\u00edmbol egipci antic de la creaci\u00f3 i la renovaci\u00f3.\" tabindex=\"0\">escarabat<\/span>, \u00abel que es converteix\u00bb), <em>Atum<\/em> (forma vespertina com a home anci\u00e0 o molt\u00f3), <em>Khenti-Amenti<\/em> (senyor de l&#8217;Occident, al m\u00e9s enll\u00e0), <em>Neb-Tauy<\/em> (senyor de les dues terres, del cosmos). Representaci\u00f3 jerogl\u00edfica: el disc solar (Aten), sovint amb un punt o un cercle a sota.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-709a44a8 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"709a44a8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2f585873 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2f585873\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Descripci\u00f3<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-70621c12 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"70621c12\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4296eb49 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4296eb49\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Aparen\u00e7a<\/strong><\/p><p>Ra se representa t\u00edpicament com un home amb <em>cap de falc\u00f3<\/em>, sobre el qual descansa el resplendent <em>disc solar<\/em>. Al voltant del disc solar s&#8217;enrosca la <em>serp uraeus<\/em> (eg. <em>wadjet<\/em>), el <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un signe que representa una idea o un significat.\" tabindex=\"0\">s\u00edmbol<\/span> del poder reial i de la protecci\u00f3. En les representacions m\u00e9s antigues (Imperi Antic) Ra seu en una barca (embarcaci\u00f3) i \u00e9s arrossegat per altres d\u00e9us.<\/p><p>Representacions posteriors el mostren de vegades com a <em><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"L'escarabat peloter com a s\u00edmbol egipci antic de gestaci\u00f3 i renovaci\u00f3.\" tabindex=\"0\">escarabeu<\/span><\/em> (Khepri, la forma matutina, una figura d&#8217;escarabat pelotaire) que fa rodar la bola solar durant tota la nit fins que, al mat\u00ed, la fa sortir de nou i el sol torna a n\u00e9ixer. En la forma vespertina apareix com un home vell i venerable o com un <em>marr\u00e0<\/em> (forma d&#8217;Atum).<\/p><p><strong>Naturalesa i acci\u00f3<\/strong><\/p><p>Ra \u00e9s el d\u00e9u del sol al cel i, m\u00e9s enll\u00e0 d&#8217;aix\u00f2, la <em>for\u00e7a mateixa de la creaci\u00f3 i la renovaci\u00f3<\/em>. Segons la <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Idea sobre l'estructura i l'ordre del m\u00f3n dins d'una cultura.\" tabindex=\"0\">cosmologia<\/span> eg\u00edpcia, crea el dia amb el seu viatge diari pel cel a bord de la barca di\u00fcrna <em>Mandjet<\/em> i ordena el m\u00f3n.<\/p><p>De nit navega amb la barca nocturna <em>Mesektet<\/em> a trav\u00e9s del m\u00f3n subterrani (Duat), on es troba amb el dimoni del caos <em>Apopis<\/em>, una serp gegant que amena\u00e7a d&#8217;engolir-lo.<\/p><p>Cada nit Ra lluita contra Apopis; cada nit ven\u00e7, i aix\u00ed el m\u00f3n es renova. Aquesta batalla c\u00f2smica equival a la vict\u00f2ria de l&#8217;ordre (Maat) sobre el caos (Isfet).<\/p><p><strong>Aparen\u00e7a i simbolisme<\/strong><\/p><p><em>Ra<\/em> es representa com un home amb cap de falc\u00f3 i el disc solar, adornat amb l&#8217;<em>uraeus<\/em>, la serp sagrada dels faraons.<\/p><p>Porta joies d&#8217;or i el <em>ceptre del cel<\/em>. En les seves fases di\u00e0ries canvia de forma: com <em>Khepri<\/em> (<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"L'escarabat peloter com a s\u00edmbol egipci antic de gestaci\u00f3 i renovaci\u00f3.\" tabindex=\"0\">escarabeu<\/span>) a l&#8217;alba, com <em>Ra<\/em> al migdia, com <em>Atum<\/em> al capvespre i com <em>Auf<\/em> de nit al m\u00f3n subterrani.<\/p><p>El disc solar \u00e9s el seu <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un signe que representa una idea o un significat.\" tabindex=\"0\">s\u00edmbol<\/span> m\u00e9s dominant, que representa la vida, la for\u00e7a vital i la intel\u00b7lig\u00e8ncia conscient.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-44e71476 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"44e71476\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3c1fc3f0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3c1fc3f0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Fitxa: Ra<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-84f33b8e e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"84f33b8e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-hqkdc67p elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"hqkdc67p\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Els aspectes m\u00e9s importants de Ra d&#8217;un cop d&#8217;ull. La taula resumeix l&#8217;origen, la funci\u00f3, l&#8217;aparen\u00e7a, la veneraci\u00f3, els s\u00edmbols i els paral\u00b7lelismes.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c5 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c1 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-qh9oavvu iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"qh9oavvu\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-awzx8k2k elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"awzx8k2k\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Context cultural<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-x6rowhv0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"x6rowhv0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Ra sorgeix com a <em>autocreador<\/em> o \u00e9s creat per <em>Atum<\/em> (els mites varien). En algunes versions \u00e9s fill d&#8217;Atum i de la deessa del cel <em>Nut<\/em>. A Heli\u00f2polis (On), el lloc de culte m\u00e9s antic, se&#8217;l venera com a manifestaci\u00f3 directa de l&#8217;energia solar.<\/p><p>Els faraons a partir de la 5a dinastia (cap al 2500 aC) es fan anomenar \u00abfill de Ra\u00bb (<em>Sa Ra<\/em>) i legitimen aix\u00ed el seu govern com a reflex terrenal de l&#8217;ordre c\u00f2smic.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8e3o4kxs iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"8e3o4kxs\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-08rkdgov elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"08rkdgov\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Funci\u00f3 de Ra<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-uwjelx8s elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"uwjelx8s\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Divinitat suprema i garant de l&#8217;ordre c\u00f2smic (Maat). Creador i recreador diari del m\u00f3n. L\u00edder de la lluita contra el caos i la fosca. Protector dels faraons i del poble egipci. La seva funci\u00f3 \u00e9s c\u00f2smica, independent de la moral en sentit personal: representa el retorn imperi\u00f3s del b\u00e9 i de la llum.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-jm2n74ec iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"jm2n74ec\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8vufse4c elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"8vufse4c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Aparen\u00e7a de Ra<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-mwb9u015 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"mwb9u015\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Home amb cap de falc\u00f3, disc solar i serp uraeus al front. Forma d&#8217;<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"L'escarabat peloter com a s\u00edmbol egipci antic de gestaci\u00f3 i renovaci\u00f3.\" tabindex=\"0\">escarabeu<\/span> (Khepri) com a forma matutina. Marr\u00e0 vell (Atum) com a forma vespertina. Seu en una barca (Mandjet o Mesektet), arrossegada per altres d\u00e9us o animals.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c2 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c2\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-37ss2yr6 iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"37ss2yr6\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3v0wp3wx elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3v0wp3wx\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Veneraci\u00f3 de Ra<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-w3247g2m elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"w3247g2m\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Principals llocs de culte: <em>Heli\u00f2polis<\/em> (On, el temple solar m\u00e9s antic i important, destru\u00eft per\u00f2 \u00e0mpliament documentat liter\u00e0riament), <em>Tebes<\/em> (Karnak i Luxor amb el <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un lloc sagrat dedicat a la veneraci\u00f3 d'una divinitat.\" tabindex=\"0\">santuari<\/span> d&#8217;Amon-Ra), <em>Abu Gurab<\/em> (santuari solar de la 5a dinastia, escenari dels rituals diaris).<\/p><p>Cos sacerdotal: els sacerdots d&#8217;Heli\u00f2polis dirigien himnes solars diaris. Els mateixos faraons actuaven com a representants terrenals de Ra. Veneraci\u00f3 privada: amulets en forma d&#8217;<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"L'escarabat peloter com a s\u00edmbol egipci antic de gestaci\u00f3 i renovaci\u00f3.\" tabindex=\"0\">escarabeu<\/span> com a amulets protectors personals, invocacions a la sortida del sol en moments culminants de la vida.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0qpjal9w iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"0qpjal9w\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6ndoih0o elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6ndoih0o\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">S\u00edmbols de Ra<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6684tyh9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6684tyh9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<em>Disc solar<\/em> (Aton), <em>falc\u00f3<\/em> (com a ocell del cel i de la velocitat), <em>serp uraeus<\/em> (protecci\u00f3 i poder), <em><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"L'escarabat peloter com a s\u00edmbol egipci antic de gestaci\u00f3 i renovaci\u00f3.\" tabindex=\"0\">escarabeu<\/span><\/em> (Khepri, forma matutina i cicle), <em>marr\u00e0<\/em> (Atum, forma vespertina), <em>barca<\/em> (Mandjet i Mesektet, els vehicles a trav\u00e9s del cosmos).\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3lfi7x32 iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3lfi7x32\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0kg99ga1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"0kg99ga1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Equivalents<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-n0fum6kp elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"n0fum6kp\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<em>H\u00e8lios<\/em> (Gr\u00e8cia), <em>Sol Invictus<\/em> (Roma, especialment en l&#8217;\u00e8poca imperial tardana), <em>Surya<\/em> (v\u00e8dic\/hinduisme), <em>Xamaix<\/em> (Mesopot\u00e0mia com a d\u00e9u solar, per\u00f2 no divinitat suprema), <em>Apol\u00b7lo<\/em> (Gr\u00e8cia, parcialment amb atributs de d\u00e9u solar), <em>Savitar<\/em> (v\u00e8dic, despertador i impulsor). La divinitat solar eg\u00edpcia i la v\u00e8dica comparteixen la funci\u00f3 de la renovaci\u00f3 di\u00e0ria i la contenci\u00f3 del caos.\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7533bc7a e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"7533bc7a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2447d18d elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2447d18d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Veneraci\u00f3 en la vida quotidiana<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d5d0260c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d5d0260c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-341be2ac elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"341be2ac\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Ra era el d\u00e9u garant de l&#8217;ordre, no un d\u00e9u de promeses de salvaci\u00f3 personal o de misteris. La seva veneraci\u00f3 es desenvolupava en dos nivells:<\/p><p><strong>Sacerdotal i estatal:<\/strong> Faraons i sacerdots duien a terme rituals diaris als temples d&#8217;Heli\u00f2polis, Karnak i altres llocs de culte. Al mat\u00ed es cantaven himnes per ajudar Ra en el seu ascens; al vespre s&#8217;entonaven encanteris protectors i cants de combat contra Apophis.<\/p><p>Aquests rituals es consideraven <em>treball cosm\u00f2lic<\/em>, que garantia l&#8217;exist\u00e8ncia mateixa del m\u00f3n, molt m\u00e9s enll\u00e0 d&#8217;una <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un breu recolliment religi\u00f3s personal o comunitari.\" tabindex=\"0\">devoci\u00f3<\/span> privada.<\/p><p>Personal i comercial: els particulars portaven amulets d&#8217;<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"L'escarabat pilotaire com a s\u00edmbol antic egipci del devenir i la renovaci\u00f3.\" tabindex=\"0\">escarabat<\/span> amb s\u00edmbols o el nom de Ra per assegurar-se la protecci\u00f3 di\u00e0ria. A la sortida del sol es feien breus preg\u00e0ries o invocacions. Especialment sota els faraons de la 5a dinastia es van erigir santuaris solars com a monuments funeraris, per integrar el fara\u00f3 en l&#8217;\u00f2rbita c\u00f2smica de Ra.<\/p><p>En noms personals: el nom <em>Ra<\/em> en si mateix tenia un gran poder. Noms composts com <em>Si-Ra<\/em> (fill de Ra) o <em>Ra-Hotep<\/em> (Ra est\u00e0 satisfet) eren molt habituals en les fam\u00edlies eg\u00edpcies, especialment entre l&#8217;elit.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5a584676 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"5a584676\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6d0757bf elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6d0757bf\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Ra, paral\u00b7lelismes en altres cultures<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-60563f68 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"60563f68\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5a93fdd6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5a93fdd6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Gr\u00e8cia i Roma<\/strong><\/p><em>Helios<\/em> porta tots els atributs de Ra: d\u00e9u solar, viatge diari pel cel en una quadriga (carro), portador de llum del m\u00f3n. En l&#8217;\u00e8poca romana posterior, Ra es fusiona amb <em>Sol Invictus<\/em> (Sol invicte), especialment sota l&#8217;emperador Aureli\u00e0 (270, 275 dC), que va establir Sol Invictus com a d\u00e9u suprem. El paral\u00b7lelisme arriba fins al cristianisme primitiu, que vincula simb\u00f2licament la resurrecci\u00f3 de Crist amb la sortida del sol.<p><strong>Tradici\u00f3 v\u00e8dica i hind\u00fa<\/strong><\/p><em>Surya<\/em> (d\u00e9u solar) i <em>Savitar<\/em> (el que desvetlla, l&#8217;impulsor) comparteixen amb Ra la funci\u00f3 de renovaci\u00f3 di\u00e0ria. El Rigveda (aprox. 1500 aC) descriu Surya viatjant pel cel en una quadriga daurada. Per\u00f2, a difer\u00e8ncia de Ra, que roman com a d\u00e9u suprem, Surya \u00e9s superat en l&#8217;hinduisme posterior per la Trimurti suprema formada per Brahma, Vixnu i Xiva.<p><strong>Mesopot\u00e0mia<\/strong><\/p><em>Shamash<\/em> \u00e9s el d\u00e9u solar i jutge de la tradici\u00f3 eg\u00edpcio-mesopot\u00e0mica. A difer\u00e8ncia de Ra, per\u00f2, Shamash no \u00e9s el d\u00e9u suprem c\u00f2smic, sin\u00f3 un d\u00e9u d&#8217;un aspecte concret entre molts. <em>Marduk<\/em> rep a Babil\u00f2nia el paper de creador del m\u00f3n i vencedor del caos (la lluita contra Tiamat), la qual cosa \u00e9s funcionalment semblant a Ra, per\u00f2 no es limita al sol.<p><strong>Tradici\u00f3 germ\u00e0nica<\/strong><\/p><p>El <em>Sol<\/em> (Sol, Sunna) est\u00e0 representat en la <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"El conjunt de relats mitol\u00f2gics transmesos d'una cultura.\" tabindex=\"0\">mitologia<\/span> germ\u00e0nica per una deessa que tamb\u00e9 travessa el cel en una quadriga, perseguida pel llop Sk\u00f6ll. La funci\u00f3 \u00e9s semblant (renovaci\u00f3 di\u00e0ria), per\u00f2 el g\u00e8nere i el simbolisme difereixen.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpd075236 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cpd075236\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp733d0d5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp733d0d5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">La barca solar i el viatge per les dotze hores de la nit<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpd140f1c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cpd140f1c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp6d26802 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp6d26802\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>La imatge teol\u00f2gica central de Ra \u00e9s el seu viatge diari.<\/p><p>De dia, el d\u00e9u solar travessa el cel amb la barca di\u00fcrna; al vespre puja a la barca nocturna i viatja pel m\u00f3n subterrani, la <em>Duat<\/em>.<\/p><p>Aquest viatge nocturn es descriu detalladament en textos propis, sobretot l&#8217;<em>Amduat<\/em>, literalment el que hi ha al m\u00f3n subterrani, i el <em>Llibre de les portes<\/em>. Ambd\u00f3s pertanyen als llibres del m\u00f3n subterrani que es pintaven a les parets de les tombes reials de la Vall dels Reis durant el Regne Nou.<\/p><p>L&#8217;<em>Amduat<\/em> divideix la nit en dotze hores, cadascuna de les quals representa un \u00e0mbit propi amb \u00e9ssers propis. A l&#8217;hora del mig, sovint la sisena, t\u00e9 lloc l&#8217;esdeveniment decisiu: el d\u00e9u solar s&#8217;uneix amb el cad\u00e0ver d&#8217;Osiris, i d&#8217;aquesta uni\u00f3 n&#8217;obt\u00e9 la for\u00e7a per ren\u00e9ixer.<\/p><p>La investigaci\u00f3, com la d&#8217;Erik Hornung, que ha editat i tradu\u00eft \u00e0mpliament els llibres del m\u00f3n subterrani, hi veu el nucli de la concepci\u00f3 eg\u00edpcia de la renovaci\u00f3 del cosmos.<\/p><p>El viatge no est\u00e0 lliure de perills. A cada hora s&#8217;hi presenten obstacles, cal travessar portes, cal repel\u00b7lir \u00e9ssers nocius. El pitjor enemic \u00e9s la serp Apophis, que intenta aturar la barca. Acompanyants com <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/egipte\/\">altres divinitats<\/a> i els morts benaurats que resideixen a l&#8217;altre m\u00f3n ajuden el d\u00e9u.<\/p><p>Al final de la dotzena hora, Ra torna a n\u00e9ixer com a <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"L'escarabat pilotaire com a s\u00edmbol antic egipci del devenir i la renovaci\u00f3.\" tabindex=\"0\">escarabat<\/span> o com a infant i s&#8217;al\u00e7a a l&#8217;horitz\u00f3 de llevant. Aquesta estructura narrativa va donar als egipcis un model amb el qual es podia sintetitzar en una sola imatge el recorregut diari del sol, la mort i l&#8217;esperan\u00e7a de renaixement.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp8ebeaf6 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp8ebeaf6\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp3cd4822 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp3cd4822\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Apophis: la lluita di\u00e0ria per l'ordre del m\u00f3n<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp0a24bfd e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp0a24bfd\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp29eac91 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp29eac91\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>L&#8217;antagonista de Ra \u00e9s Apophis, en pron\u00fancia eg\u00edpcia <em>Apep<\/em>, una serp gigantesca que amena\u00e7a la barca solar durant el seu viatge nocturn.<\/p><p>Apophis encarna el caos mateix, all\u00f2 desordenat que amena\u00e7a d&#8217;engolir cada dia el m\u00f3n creat; un \u00fanic enemic seria una idea massa petita. A difer\u00e8ncia dels d\u00e9us, Apophis mai neix ni mor definitivament; \u00e9s una amena\u00e7a permanent.<\/p><p>En els llibres de l&#8217;infram\u00f3n i en textos rituals propis es descriu la lluita contra Apophis. La serp intenta engolir l&#8217;aigua sobre la qual navega la barca o bloquejar-ne el cam\u00ed. D\u00e9us com Seth, que es troba a la proa de la barca, o la deessa Selket immobilitzen i travessen la b\u00e8stia.<\/p><p>El text m\u00e9s important sobre aquest tema \u00e9s el conegut com a <em>Llibre d&#8217;Apophis<\/em>, transm\u00e8s en el manuscrit tard\u00e0 del Papir Bremner-Rhind. Cont\u00e9 f\u00f3rmules i instruccions per lligar, tallar i cremar Apophis.<\/p><p>Aquests textos s&#8217;executaven <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Pertanyent a un procediment religi\u00f3s establert.\" tabindex=\"0\">ritualment<\/span> al <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un edifici destinat a la veneraci\u00f3 d'una o diverses divinitats.\" tabindex=\"0\">temple<\/span>. Els sacerdots feien figures de la serp amb cera o les dibuixaven sobre papir, per despr\u00e9s trepitjar-les, foradar-les i cremar-les, una forma de destrucci\u00f3 ritual del caos.<\/p><p>Des del punt de vista de la ci\u00e8ncia de les religions, aquest fet \u00e9s significatiu perqu\u00e8 mostra que la religi\u00f3 eg\u00edpcia no considerava la perman\u00e8ncia de l&#8217;ordre del m\u00f3n com quelcom evident. La <em>Maat<\/em>, l&#8217;ordre just, calia defensar-la cada dia, en el <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un relat transm\u00e8s sobre d\u00e9us, or\u00edgens i l'ordre del m\u00f3n.\" tabindex=\"0\">mite<\/span> mitjan\u00e7ant el d\u00e9u solar, en el <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"El conjunt d'actes de veneraci\u00f3 religiosa dedicats a una divinitat o figura sagrada.\" tabindex=\"0\">culte<\/span> mitjan\u00e7ant el sacerdoci. La sortida del sol era, per tant, cada mat\u00ed una vict\u00f2ria aconseguida, no un fet autom\u00e0tic.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpc5c618a e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cpc5c618a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp06da435 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp06da435\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Heli\u00f2polis i la teologia de la En\u00e8ada<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp5790fae e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp5790fae\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp540b63f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp540b63f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>El principal centre del culte a Ra era Heli\u00f2polis, la ciutat del sol, en egipci <em>Iunu<\/em>, situada a l&#8217;actual nord del Caire. D&#8217;aqu\u00ed prov\u00e9 un dels sistemes de creaci\u00f3 m\u00e9s importants d&#8217;Egipte. Al centre hi ha el d\u00e9u creador, que segons el text s&#8217;anomena Atum, Ra o la combinaci\u00f3 Ra-Atum.<\/p><p>Sorgeix de les aig\u00fces primig\u00e8nies de Nun i genera de si mateix la primera parella divina, Shu, l&#8217;aire, i Tefnut, la humitat. D&#8217;aquests neixen Geb, la terra, i Nut, el cel, i d&#8217;aquests al seu torn Osiris, Isis, Seth i Nefti.<\/p><p>Aquesta s\u00e8rie de nou divinitats es coneix com l&#8217;<em>En\u00e8ada<\/em> d&#8217;Heli\u00f2polis. Ordena les principals divinitats del <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un relat transm\u00e8s sobre d\u00e9us, or\u00edgens i l'ordre del m\u00f3n.\" tabindex=\"0\">mite<\/span> en una estructura geneal\u00f2gica i converteix Ra-Atum en l&#8217;origen de tot.<\/p><p>El sacerdot heliopolit\u00e0 va ser, durant l&#8217;Imperi Antic, un dels funcionaris religiosos m\u00e9s influents, i el culte solar va marcar la ideologia reial: ja des de l&#8217;Imperi Antic els reis van adoptar el t\u00edtol de Fill de Ra, i els Textos de les Pir\u00e0mides, els textos religiosos m\u00e9s antics d&#8217;Egipte, tenen una forta empremta teol\u00f2gica solar.<\/p><p>El signe visible del culte heliopolit\u00e0 era el <em>Benben<\/em>, un pilar de pedra sagrat associat amb la primera terra que va emergir de les aig\u00fces primig\u00e8nies, aix\u00ed com l&#8217;obelisc, la punta del qual havia de captar els raigs del sol.<\/p><p>Els santuaris solars de la 5a dinastia, com el de Niuserre a Abu Gurab, eren construccions independents dedicades a la teologia solar. Heli\u00f2polis mateixa avui est\u00e0 gaireb\u00e9 completament urbanitzada, per\u00f2 les troballes de textos, els obeliscs i els relats d&#8217;autors antics permeten recon\u00e8ixer la posici\u00f3 central d&#8217;aquest lloc per a la religi\u00f3 eg\u00edpcia.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp6535370 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp6535370\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp9466707 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp9466707\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">El mite de la revolta de la humanitat<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpe57068a e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cpe57068a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpd90c983 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cpd90c983\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Un <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un relat transm\u00e8s sobre d\u00e9us, or\u00edgens i l'ordre del m\u00f3n.\" tabindex=\"0\">mite<\/span> poc explicat, per\u00f2 teol\u00f2gicament rellevant, \u00e9s el de l&#8217;extermini de la humanitat, transm\u00e8s en el text de la <em>Vaca Celeste<\/em>, registrat en diverses tombes reials del Nou Imperi.<\/p><p>Narra una \u00e8poca en qu\u00e8 Ra encara regnava com a rei sobre els homes i els d\u00e9us a la terra. El d\u00e9u solar ha envellit, el seu cos \u00e9s d&#8217;or, plata i lapisl\u00e0tzuli, i els homes planegen una revolta contra ell.<\/p><p>Ra convoca els d\u00e9us en consell. Per decisi\u00f3 d&#8217;aquests, envia el seu propi ull en forma de la deessa Hathor o Sekhmet per castigar els rebels. La deessa cau en un frenes\u00ed de sang i amena\u00e7a d&#8217;exterminar tota la humanitat.<\/p><p>Ra, que no vol destruir completament els homes, fa tenyir de vermell grans quantitats de cervesa i la fa vessar per tota la terra. La deessa la confon amb sang, la beu, s&#8217;embriaga i abandona la matan\u00e7a.<\/p><p>El <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un relat transm\u00e8s sobre d\u00e9us, or\u00edgens i l'ordre del m\u00f3n.\" tabindex=\"0\">mite<\/span> acaba amb la retirada de Ra. Cansat del m\u00f3n, es deixa portar sobre l&#8217;esquena de la vaca celeste i puja al cel; amb aix\u00f2 acaba el seu regnat directe sobre la terra, que es transmet a altres d\u00e9us i finalment als faraons.<\/p><p>Des del punt de vista de la ci\u00e8ncia de les religions, el text cont\u00e9 diverses explicacions: per a la separaci\u00f3 entre el cel i la terra, per a la dist\u00e0ncia entre el d\u00e9u suprem i els homes, per a certs costums festius amb cervesa vermella i per a la naturalesa doble i perillosa de l&#8217;ull solar, que pot protegir i destruir alhora. Mostra Ra alhora com un governant poder\u00f3s i com una figura envellida i distanciada del m\u00f3n.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp921d2ed e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp921d2ed\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpc03c319 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cpc03c319\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Fusions: Amon-Ra, At\u00f3n i l'her\u00e8ncia del culte solar<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp992dbdc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp992dbdc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpee3e772 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cpee3e772\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Ra va mantenir-se present durant m\u00e9s de tres mil\u00b7lennis, per\u00f2 rarament amb una forma immutable. Un tret caracter\u00edstic de la religi\u00f3 eg\u00edpcia \u00e9s la fusi\u00f3 de divinitats, i Ra hi va tenir un paper especialment destacat. Ja en \u00e8poca primerenca apareix Ra-Atum, la uni\u00f3 amb el d\u00e9u creador heliopolit\u00e0.<\/p><p>Amb l&#8217;ascens de Tebes en el Regne Nou, Ra es va fusionar amb el d\u00e9u estatal local, Amon, donant lloc a Amon-Ra, que era alhora d\u00e9u ocult i sol visible. Tamb\u00e9 Re-Harakhty, la uni\u00f3 amb Horus en l&#8217;horitz\u00f3, \u00e9s un tipus iconogr\u00e0fic freq\u00fcent, representat com un d\u00e9u de cap de falc\u00f3 amb el disc solar.<\/p><p>La intervenci\u00f3 m\u00e9s radical va ser la pol\u00edtica religiosa d&#8217;Akhenaton, al segle XIV a. C. Akhenaton va elevar l&#8217;<em>Aton<\/em>, el disc solar visible mateix, a l&#8217;\u00fanica <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un \u00e9sser venerat com a div\u00ed dins d'una religi\u00f3.\" tabindex=\"0\">divinitat<\/span> venerada i va actuar contra el culte d&#8217;Amon.<\/p><p>L&#8217;Aton constitueix un cas especial des del punt de vista de la hist\u00f2ria de les religions, ja que era venerat sense cap imatge humana o animal, representat \u00fanicament com un disc amb raigs que acaben en mans. Despr\u00e9s de la mort d&#8217;Akhenaton, aquesta reforma va ser revocada i es va restablir el pante\u00f3 tradicional, incl\u00f2s Amon-Ra.<\/p><p>Aquesta hist\u00f2ria de fusions \u00e9s clau per a la investigaci\u00f3 per comprendre la <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"La doctrina cient\u00edfica sobre D\u00e9u i la fe d'una religi\u00f3.\" tabindex=\"0\">teologia<\/span> eg\u00edpcia. Hornung i altres han mostrat que els egipcis no concebien les divinitats com a individus que s&#8217;exclouen m\u00fatuament: podien recon\u00e8ixer aspectes d&#8217;una <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un \u00e9sser venerat com a div\u00ed dins d'una religi\u00f3.\" tabindex=\"0\">divinitat<\/span> en una altra, sense que els d\u00e9us individuals deixessin d&#8217;existir per aix\u00f2.<\/p><p>Ra \u00e9s, en aquest sentit, menys una figura fixa que un principi teol\u00f2gic: el principi del sol com a origen, sustentador i garant renovat di\u00e0riament de l&#8217;ordre del m\u00f3n, que podia unir-se amb nombroses divinitats locals i regionals.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-36dd7469 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"36dd7469\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-13760ab4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"13760ab4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Enlla\u00e7os relacionats<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-28c87796 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"28c87796\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5d6538df elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5d6538df\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/?page_id=171805\">Atum, Egipte<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/?page_id=171550\">Amon, Egipte<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/apophis\/\">Apop, Egipte<\/a><\/li><li>H\u00e8lios, Gr\u00e8cia<\/li><li>Sol Invictus, Roma<\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/?page_id=171819\">Surya, hinduisme<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/?page_id=171459\">Divinitats supremes, subcategoria<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/?page_id=171431\">D\u00e9us, visi\u00f3 de classe<\/a><\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-grl4kl40 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"grl4kl40\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bzsbfrmh elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"bzsbfrmh\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Bibliografia de recerca<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2c13224a e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"2c13224a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0eymh9ub elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"0eymh9ub\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<footer class=\"iwg-literatur\" data-nosnippet=\"true\"><ul><li><span data-nosnippet>Assmann, Jan: <em>\u00c4gypten. Eine Sinngeschichte<\/em>. Munic 2015.<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Hornung, Erik: <em>Der \u00e4gyptische <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un relat transm\u00e8s sobre d\u00e9us, or\u00edgens i l'ordre del m\u00f3n.\" tabindex=\"0\">Mythos<\/span> von der Himmelskuh. Eine Aetologie des Unvollkommenen<\/em>. Friburg de Brisg\u00f2via 1982.<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Quirke, Stephen: <em>Ancient Egyptian Religion<\/em>. Dover 2013 (reimpressi\u00f3).<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Te Velde, Herman: <em>The God Khenti-Amentiu. Studien zur Religionsgeschichte und zur archaologischen Topographie des Westdelta<\/em>. Leiden 1967.<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Refer\u00e8ncies a: Faulkner, Raymond O. (ed.): <em>The Ancient Egyptian Pyramid Texts<\/em>. Oxford 1969.<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Goyon, Jean-Claude: <em>Le Ceremonial d&#8217;Ouverture de la Bouche dans le contexte rituel du temple d&#8217;Edfu<\/em>. Caire 1972 (per a rituals i himnes sacerdotals).<\/span><\/li><\/ul><\/footer>\n<p class=\"iwg-bib-more\"><span data-nosnippet>M\u00e9s obres de refer\u00e8ncia a la <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/?page_id=171483\">bibliografia<\/a>.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-227cfcf e-con-boxed e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"227cfcf\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-80fc4a2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"80fc4a2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n<h2>Preguntes freq\u00fcents sobre Ra<\/h2>\n<div class=\"iwg-faq-q\"><h3>Qui era Ra en la <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"El conjunt de relats m\u00edtics transmesos sobre d\u00e9us d'una cultura.\" tabindex=\"0\">mitologia<\/span> eg\u00edpcia?<\/h3><p>Ra (tamb\u00e9 Re, en egipci R\u02bf, el sol) \u00e9s el d\u00e9u solar suprem del pante\u00f3 egipci i, en molts per\u00edodes, d\u00e9u de l&#8217;estat. La seva veneraci\u00f3 va ser especialment intensa durant l&#8217;Imperi Antic a Heli\u00f2polis (en egipci Iunu, la ciutat del pilar).<\/p><p>Ra travessa di\u00e0riament el cel a la seva barca solar: al mat\u00ed com a Khepri (<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"L'escarabat pilotaire, s\u00edmbol de l'antic Egipte per al devenir i la renovaci\u00f3.\" tabindex=\"0\">escarabat<\/span>), al migdia com a Ra (falc\u00f3) i al vespre com a Atum (anci\u00e0). De nit travessa les dotze hores del m\u00f3n subterrani, on lluita contra la serp del caos Apop.<\/p><\/div>\n<div class=\"iwg-faq-q\"><h3>Com es relacionen Ra, Amon i Aton?<\/h3><p>Al llarg de la hist\u00f2ria eg\u00edpcia, diversos conceptes de d\u00e9u solar es van anar fusionant. Ra era el d\u00e9u solar originari d&#8217;Heli\u00f2polis. Al Regne Mitj\u00e0, Amon de Tebes es va fusionar amb Ra donant lloc a Amon-Ra, d\u00e9u de l&#8217;estat del Regne Nou.<\/p><p>Akhenaton (1351-1334 a. C.) va intentar, amb la seva reforma d&#8217;Aton, substituir tots els d\u00e9us per l&#8217;aspecte solar abstracte d&#8217;Aton, l&#8217;\u00fanica reforma monoteista coneguda de la hist\u00f2ria religiosa eg\u00edpcia, per\u00f2 que va ser revocada r\u00e0pidament despr\u00e9s de la seva mort.<\/p><\/div>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\">{\"@context\":\"https:\/\/schema.org\",\"@type\":\"FAQPage\",\"mainEntity\":[{\"@type\":\"Question\",\"name\":\"Wer war Ra in der \u00e4gyptischen Mythologie?\",\"acceptedAnswer\":{\"@type\":\"Answer\",\"text\":\"Ra (tambi\u00e9n Re, en egipcio R\u02bf, el sol) es el dios solar supremo del pante\u00f3n egipcio y, en muchos per\u00edodos, dios del estado. Su veneraci\u00f3n fue especialmente intensa durante el Imperio Antiguo en Heli\u00f3polis (en egipcio Iunu, la ciudad del pilar).Ra atraviesa diariamente el cielo en su barca solar: por la ma\u00f1ana como Khepri (escarabajo), al mediod\u00eda como Ra (halc\u00f3n) y por la tarde como Atum (anciano). De noche recorre las doce horas del mundo subterr\u00e1neo, donde lucha contra la serpiente del caos Apofis.\"}},{\"@type\":\"Question\",\"name\":\"Wie h\u00e4ngen Ra, Amun und Aton zusammen?\",\"acceptedAnswer\":{\"@type\":\"Answer\",\"text\":\"A lo largo de la historia egipcia, varios conceptos de dios solar se fueron fusionando. Ra era el dios solar originario de Heli\u00f3polis. En el Imperio Medio, Am\u00f3n de Tebas se fusion\u00f3 con Ra dando lugar a Am\u00f3n-Ra, dios del estado del Imperio Nuevo.Akenat\u00f3n (1351-1334 a. C.) intent\u00f3, con su reforma de At\u00f3n, sustituir a todos los dioses por el aspecto solar abstracto de At\u00f3n, la \u00fanica reforma monote\u00edsta conocida de la historia religiosa egipcia, pero que fue revocada r\u00e1pidamente tras su muerte.\"}}]}<\/script>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":1547,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"elementor_header_footer","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_focuskw":"Ra","_yoast_wpseo_title":"Ra \u2013 D\u00e9u egipci del sol i creador","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"For\u00e7a creadora, sincretismes (Atum-Ra, Amon-Ra), lluita contra Apop, Heli\u00f2polis, Llibre dels Morts, aix\u00ed com paral\u00b7lelismes amb Helios, Sol Invictus, 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