{"id":171427,"date":"2026-09-05T15:39:17","date_gmt":"2026-09-05T15:39:17","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/?page_id=171427"},"modified":"2026-09-05T15:57:26","modified_gmt":"2026-09-05T15:57:26","slug":"gyalpo","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/gyalpo\/","title":{"rendered":"Gyalpo"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"171427\" class=\"elementor elementor-171427 elementor-1338\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-10fdade e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"10fdade\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-herohlft0 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"herohlft0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c3ceb64 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"c3ceb64\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-96ae5e1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"96ae5e1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Gyalpo, esperit de l'escola rNying-ma<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e45238a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e45238a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Gyalpo \u00e9s un <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un \u00e9sser incorpori al qual s'atribueix acci\u00f3 en el m\u00f3n.\" tabindex=\"0\">esperit<\/span> de l&#8217;escola rNying-ma.<\/p><p>Dimonis-rei de la tradici\u00f3 tibetana, monjos caiguts, sobirans destronats, esperits venjatius.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-klsbdg01 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"klsbdg01\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-klshtm01 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"klshtm01\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"iwg-pill-row\"><span class=\"iwg-klasse-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Esperit: \u00c9sser incorpori o semicorpori, difunt, \u00e9sser de la natura, esperit de la llar o guardi\u00e0 del llindar. Actua en la vida quotidiana, sovint lligat a llocs o fam\u00edlies.\">Esperit<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/?page_id=171413\" class=\"iwg-kultur-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Tradici\u00f3 tibetano-budista i B\u00f6n, Yidam, Dharmap\u0101la, m\u00f3n dels nagues.\">Tibet<\/a><span class=\"iwg-tradition-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Classe de divinitats protectores del budisme tibet\u00e0.\">Dharmap\u0101la<\/span><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3f74855 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3f74855\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1c30362 elementor-toc--minimized-on-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-table-of-contents\" data-id=\"1c30362\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;exclude_headings_by_selector&quot;:[],&quot;no_headings_message&quot;:&quot;No s&#039;ha trobat cap encap\\u00e7alament en aquesta p\\u00e0gina.&quot;,&quot;headings_by_tags&quot;:[&quot;h2&quot;,&quot;h3&quot;],&quot;marker_view&quot;:&quot;bullets&quot;,&quot;icon&quot;:{&quot;value&quot;:&quot;fas fa-circle&quot;,&quot;library&quot;:&quot;fa-solid&quot;,&quot;rendered_tag&quot;:&quot;&lt;svg class=\\&quot;e-font-icon-svg e-fas-circle\\&quot; viewBox=\\&quot;0 0 512 512\\&quot; xmlns=\\&quot;http:\\\/\\\/www.w3.org\\\/2000\\\/svg\\&quot;&gt;&lt;path d=\\&quot;M256 8C119 8 8 119 8 256s111 248 248 248 248-111 248-248S393 8 256 8z\\&quot;&gt;&lt;\\\/path&gt;&lt;\\\/svg&gt;&quot;},&quot;minimize_box&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;minimized_on&quot;:&quot;tablet&quot;,&quot;hierarchical_view&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;min_height&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"table-of-contents.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__header\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-toc__header-title\">\n\t\t\t\t\u00cdndex\t\t\t<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--expand\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__1c30362\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Open table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-down\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M207.029 381.476L12.686 187.132c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941l22.667-22.667c9.357-9.357 24.522-9.375 33.901-.04L224 284.505l154.745-154.021c9.379-9.335 24.544-9.317 33.901.04l22.667 22.667c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941L240.971 381.476c-9.373 9.372-24.569 9.372-33.942 0z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--collapse\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__1c30362\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Close table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-up\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M240.971 130.524l194.343 194.343c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941l-22.667 22.667c-9.357 9.357-24.522 9.375-33.901.04L224 227.495 69.255 381.516c-9.379 9.335-24.544 9.317-33.901-.04l-22.667-22.667c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941L207.03 130.525c9.372-9.373 24.568-9.373 33.941-.001z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-toc__1c30362\" class=\"elementor-toc__body\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__spinner-container\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg class=\"elementor-toc__spinner eicon-animation-spin e-font-icon-svg e-eicon-loading\" aria-hidden=\"true\" viewBox=\"0 0 1000 1000\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M500 975V858C696 858 858 696 858 500S696 142 500 142 142 304 142 500H25C25 237 238 25 500 25S975 237 975 500 763 975 500 975Z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-herorght0 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"herorght0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-heroimg00 iwg-hero-image elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"heroimg00\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"683\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/geister_tibet_gyalpo-683x1024.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-1675\" alt=\"Gyalpo\" srcset=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/geister_tibet_gyalpo-683x1024.webp 683w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/geister_tibet_gyalpo-200x300.webp 200w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/geister_tibet_gyalpo-768x1152.webp 768w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/geister_tibet_gyalpo.webp 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 683px) 100vw, 683px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-32917199 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"32917199\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-26e916cb e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"26e916cb\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-253a40d4 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"253a40d4\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1200c304 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1200c304\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Gyalpo (rgyal po)<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-11758e7f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"11758e7f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Els Gyalpo (tib. <em>rgyal po<\/em>, \u00abrei\u00bb) formen una classe especialment temuda d&#8217;\u00e9ssers espirituals tibetans.<\/p><p>El terme \u00abdimonis-rei\u00bb designa esperits de persones que en vida van ocupar posicions elevades, monjos, abats, pr\u00ednceps, erudits, i que despr\u00e9s de la mort tornen com a esperits venjatius per decepci\u00f3, ira o afany de poder. La seva alta formaci\u00f3 intel\u00b7lectual i espiritual els fa m\u00e9s perillosos que els difunts inquiets ordinaris.<\/p><p>Els Gyalpo normalment no atac2n de manera directament f\u00edsica; actuen mitjan\u00e7ant la possessi\u00f3, la disc\u00f2rdia, el dubte, l&#8217;apostasia i els conflictes en monestirs i fam\u00edlies. En la pr\u00e0ctica t\u00e0ntrica se&#8217;ls exorcitza, se&#8217;ls lliga o, en el cas ideal, s&#8217;integren com a esperits protectors lligats en el <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"En l'hinduisme, deure i ordre c\u00f2smic; en el budisme, l'ensenyament del Buda.\">Dharma<\/span>.<\/p><div><h3>Lligam amb Padmasambhava i reialesa territorial<\/h3><p>La major part de les tradicions <em>Gyalpo<\/em> est\u00e0 estretament lligada a l&#8217;acci\u00f3 del mestre <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Tantrista indi llegendari (segle VIII); va introduir el budisme al Tibet.\">Padmasambhava<\/span>, que en el segle VIII va contribuir a la buditzaci\u00f3 del Tibet. Segons la tradici\u00f3, Padmasambhava va invocar poderosos esperits locals, entre ells molts Gyalpo, i els va domar mitjan\u00e7ant pactes m\u00e0gics. Aquests Gyalpo van quedar obligats a protegir el <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"En les religions \u00edndies, l'ensenyament i el bon ordre de l'acci\u00f3.\" tabindex=\"0\">Dharma<\/span> i a no fer m\u00e9s mal a les persones.<\/p><p>El lligam dels Gyalpo per Padmasambhava no \u00e9s una destrucci\u00f3 del seu poder, sin\u00f3 una reorientaci\u00f3: continuen sent territorials, poderosos i perillosos, per\u00f2 la seva agressivitat es posa al servei del budisme. Aquesta transformaci\u00f3 mostra com all\u00f2 local no va ser eliminat, sin\u00f3 integrat.<\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-159dcf9a e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"159dcf9a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-48cee66f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"48cee66f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Resum r\u00e0pid: Gyalpo<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3f50d82c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"3f50d82c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Tipus:<\/strong> Dimonis-rei, esperits venjatius de difunts d&#8217;alt rang<br>Origen: Monjos caiguts, sobirans destronats, erudits ambiciosos<br>Textos: Cicles de Padmasambhava, textos terma de la Nyingma, manuals rituals dels esperits protectors lligats<br>Efecte: Possessi\u00f3, disc\u00f2rdia, dubte, apostasia, intrigues en monestirs<br>Defensa: Rituals t\u00e0ntrics de lligam, cerim\u00f2nies de torma, <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"L'acte de pregar o invocar una divinitat o poder.\" tabindex=\"0\">invocaci\u00f3<\/span> de divinitats protectores<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-klaerung1777534985 e-con-boxed e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"klaerung1777534985\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-klar1777534985 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"klar1777534985\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n<p><em><strong>Distinci\u00f3 amb els Mamo:<\/strong> A difer\u00e8ncia de les <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/?page_id=171428\">Mamo<\/a>, els foscos esperits materns femenins, els Gyalpo s\u00f3n <strong>dimonis-rei<\/strong> masculins, monjos caiguts i reis destronats de la tradici\u00f3 tibetana, empesos a fer el mal pel seu odi i gelosia.<\/em><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-18613602 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"18613602\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-262b8a9f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"262b8a9f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Context<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-46dcb7d e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"46dcb7d\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-61d3ab3 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"61d3ab3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-117c166 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"117c166\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Per\u00edode dels textos<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-73997a0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"73997a0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>La categoria dels Gyalpo sorgeix de la condensaci\u00f3 de la hist\u00f2ria mon\u00e0stica tibetana, en la qual es van repetir conflictes entre monjos poderosos i les seves direccions eclesi\u00e0stiques. Hist\u00f2ricament est\u00e0 lligada a figures que, despr\u00e9s d&#8217;una mort violenta o d&#8217;una decepci\u00f3, es diu que tornen com a esperits.<\/p><p>Un Gyalpo especialment fam\u00f3s \u00e9s <em>Dorje Shugden<\/em>, una figura que apareix al segle XVII i que fins avui \u00e9s font de controv\u00e8rsies teol\u00f2giques dins l&#8217;escola Gelug. Altres Gyalpo van ser lligats en el marc dels cicles de Padmasambhava i integrats en el <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"El conjunt dels d\u00e9us d'una religi\u00f3 o cultura.\" tabindex=\"0\">pante\u00f3<\/span>.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d47b156 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d47b156\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ff38c2b elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"ff38c2b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">\u00c0rea de difusi\u00f3<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4e49fcc elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4e49fcc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Els Gyalpo estan lligats a monestirs, antigues seus de lames d&#8217;alt rang, camps de batalla hist\u00f2rics i llocs de conflictes pol\u00edtics. Els monestirs de les regions d&#8217;Amdo i Kham coneixen tradicions locals particulars de Gyalpo; tamb\u00e9 a les regions centrals del Tibet hi ha santuaris de Gyalpo famosos.<\/p><p>Els cultes moderns de Gyalpo s&#8217;han diversificat encara m\u00e9s entre els tibetans a l&#8217;exili; les controv\u00e8rsies sobre Dorje Shugden han tingut ramificacions a escala mundial.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-db03c39 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"db03c39\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-229a87b e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"229a87b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1f471fc elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1f471fc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Estat de les fonts<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-36b1201 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"36b1201\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span data-nosnippet>Fonts principals: cicles de Padmasambhava amb els seus relats de submissi\u00f3; textos terma de l&#8217;escola Nyingma; manuals rituals de monestirs concrets. Sobre el tema de Dorje Shugden existeix una \u00e0mplia bibliografia moderna. Obres de refer\u00e8ncia: Nebesky-Wojkowitz (1956); Dreyfus, Georges (1998) \u00abThe Shuk-den Affair\u00bb; Cabez\u00f3n, Jos\u00e9 Ignacio (ed. 1997) Buddhism and Language.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3ae0637c e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"3ae0637c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-31d07739 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"31d07739\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Denominaci\u00f3 i grafies<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b7642947 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"b7642947\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a086266 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a086266\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>En tibet\u00e0, <em>rgyal po<\/em> significa literalment \u00abrei, sobir\u00e0\u00bb.<\/p><ul><li><strong>Rgyal chen<\/strong>, \u00abgran rei\u00bb; els Gyalpo de rang m\u00e9s alt.<\/li><li>Pehar rgyal po, Pehar; hist\u00f2ricament prominent, institucionalitzat en l&#8217;<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un lloc o instituci\u00f3 on s'obt\u00e9 un veredicte div\u00ed.\" tabindex=\"0\">oracle<\/span> de Nechung.<\/li><li>Dorje Shugden, Gyalpo controvertit de la tradici\u00f3 Gelug.<\/li><li>Tsiu Marpo, altre Gyalpo prominent, lligat al monestir de Samye.<\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-709a44a8 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"709a44a8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2f585873 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2f585873\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Trets caracter\u00edstics<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-70621c12 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"70621c12\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4296eb49 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4296eb49\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Aparen\u00e7a.<\/strong> La representaci\u00f3 iconogr\u00e0fica varia. Sovint apareixen com a figures masculines de cara blanca o groc p\u00e0l\u00b7lid, amb barret principesc, joies d&#8217;or i cavall de muntar. Alguns gyalpo (com Tsiu Marpo) s\u00f3n vermells; Dorje Shugden es representa com un guerrer groc terror\u00edfic muntat sobre un lle\u00f3 de neu.<\/p><p>Comportament. Els gyalpo actuen de manera subtil. Penetren en els somnis, sembren dubtes, generen malentesos entre companys, provoquen disc\u00f2rdia en les fam\u00edlies. En casos m\u00e9s greus, arrosseguen persones a la possessi\u00f3, generen bogeria i apostasia.<\/p><p>Vinculaci\u00f3. Mitjan\u00e7ant rituals t\u00e0ntrics de subjecci\u00f3, els gyalpo poden convertir-se en poderosos esperits protectors, per\u00f2 conserven la seva naturalesa perillosa, que cal mantenir controlada amb les cures adequades.<\/p><div><h3>Pehar com el gyalpo m\u00e9s destacat<\/h3><p>Entre tots els gyalpo, <em>Pehar<\/em> \u00e9s el m\u00e9s important. Segons la <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"La transmissi\u00f3 de coneixements i relats al llarg de generacions.\" tabindex=\"0\">tradici\u00f3<\/span>, Pehar va ser originalment un rei guerrer que, despr\u00e9s de la seva mort, es va convertir en un poder\u00f3s gyalpo. Va ser instal\u00b7lat en un <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un petit lloc sagrat de cust\u00f2dia o de devoci\u00f3.\" tabindex=\"0\">santuari<\/span> especial al monestir de Samye. Pehar sol representar-se com un d\u00e9u de la guerra amb armadura i arma.<\/p><p>La seva relaci\u00f3 amb l&#8217;estat tibet\u00e0 i l&#8217;autoritat mon\u00e0stica ha estat sempre ambivalent: d&#8217;una banda, se&#8217;l va instituir com a protector del <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"En les religions \u00edndies, la doctrina i l'ordre recte de l'acci\u00f3.\" tabindex=\"0\">Dharma<\/span> i de la naci\u00f3; de l&#8217;altra, se&#8217;l temia com un \u00e9sser que castigava la desobedi\u00e8ncia amb pestes i disturbis pol\u00edtics.<\/p><p>Les tradicions m\u00e9s recents interpreten Pehar com un punt de tensi\u00f3 pol\u00edtica: un rei guerrer local que es va convertir en \u00e9sser protector de l&#8217;estat, per\u00f2 que va conservar la seva naturalesa original.<\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-44e71476 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"44e71476\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3c1fc3f0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3c1fc3f0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Fitxa: Gyalpo<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-84f33b8e e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"84f33b8e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-hqkdc67p elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"hqkdc67p\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Els aspectes m\u00e9s importants dels gyalpo d&#8217;un cop d&#8217;ull.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c5 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c1 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-qh9oavvu iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"qh9oavvu\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-awzx8k2k elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"awzx8k2k\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Origen<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-x6rowhv0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"x6rowhv0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Monjos caiguts en desgr\u00e0cia, abats ambiciosos, pr\u00ednceps destronats que, despr\u00e9s d&#8217;una mort conflictiva, retornen com a esperits venjatius.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8e3o4kxs iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"8e3o4kxs\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-08rkdgov elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"08rkdgov\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Destinataris<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-uwjelx8s elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"uwjelx8s\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Monjos i lames, especialment en disputes de llinatge; fam\u00edlies de difunts d&#8217;alt rang; oponents pol\u00edtics de les figures gyalpo hist\u00f2riques.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-jm2n74ec iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"jm2n74ec\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8vufse4c elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"8vufse4c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Aparen\u00e7a<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-mwb9u015 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"mwb9u015\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Figura masculina principesca amb barret i joies d&#8217;or, muntada a cavall o sobre un lle\u00f3 de neu; segons la figura, blanca, groga o vermella.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c2 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c2\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-37ss2yr6 iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"37ss2yr6\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3v0wp3wx elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3v0wp3wx\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">\u00c0mbit d'acci\u00f3<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-w3247g2m elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"w3247g2m\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Possessi\u00f3, dubte, apostasia, intrigues, disc\u00f2rdia entre religiosos, dissoluci\u00f3 de comunitats mon\u00e0stiques.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0qpjal9w iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"0qpjal9w\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6ndoih0o elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6ndoih0o\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Formes de defensa<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6684tyh9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6684tyh9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Rituals t\u00e0ntrics de subjecci\u00f3 segons el model de Padmasambhava; cerim\u00f2nies de torma; <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"La invocaci\u00f3 suplicant o conjuradora d'una divinitat o poder.\" tabindex=\"0\">invocaci\u00f3<\/span> de les grans divinitats protectores (Mahakala, Palden Lhamo); estricta lleialtat al llinatge.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3lfi7x32 iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3lfi7x32\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0kg99ga1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"0kg99ga1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Elements comparables<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-n0fum6kp elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"n0fum6kp\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Els <em>gory\u014d<\/em> japonesos (esperits venjatius de personatges d&#8217;alt rang); els \u00abpr\u00ednceps male\u00efts\u00bb europeus; els <em>bh\u016bta<\/em> i <em>preta<\/em> indis de difunts d&#8217;alt rang.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7533bc7a e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"7533bc7a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2447d18d elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2447d18d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Protecci\u00f3 en la vida quotidiana<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d5d0260c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d5d0260c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-341be2ac elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"341be2ac\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Rituals t\u00e0ntrics de subjecci\u00f3.<\/strong> Grans rituals com les cerim\u00f2nies Drak-p\u00f6-Ngagpa vinculen determinats Gyalpo mitjan\u00e7ant jurament a santuaris concrets. El <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Una seq\u00fc\u00e8ncia regulada d'accions simb\u00f2liques amb significat religi\u00f3s o cultural.\" tabindex=\"0\">ritual<\/span> \u00e9s complex i ha de ser dirigit per un lama qualificat.<\/p><p>Cerim\u00f2nies de torma. Les ofrenes regulars de torma als monestirs mantenen els Gyalpo vinculats en bona disposici\u00f3; deixar-les de fer pot tenir conseq\u00fc\u00e8ncies negatives.<\/p><p><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"L'acte de dirigir-se a una divinitat o poder amb una s\u00faplica o invocaci\u00f3.\" tabindex=\"0\">Invocaci\u00f3<\/span> de grans divinitats protectores. Mahakala i Palden Lhamo, com a alts dharmapalas, s\u00f3n invocats quan se sospita d&#8217;influ\u00e8ncia d&#8217;un Gyalpo.<\/p><p>Fidelitat al llinatge. Segons la tradici\u00f3, la cura correcta del llinatge d&#8217;ensenyaments, el respecte pels mestres i evitar les maniobres pol\u00edtiques dins del monestir s\u00f3n la millor protecci\u00f3 contra els atacs dels Gyalpo.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5a584676 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"5a584676\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6d0757bf elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6d0757bf\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Gyalpo, paral\u00b7lelismes en altres cultures<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-60563f68 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"60563f68\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5a93fdd6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5a93fdd6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Jap\u00f3.<\/strong> Els <em>gory\u014d<\/em>, esperits venjatius de personatges d&#8217;alt rang (Sugawara no Michizane, Taira no Masakado), comparteixen el motiu b\u00e0sic de la figura, inclosa la posterior incorporaci\u00f3 com a divinitat protectora.<\/p><p>\u00cdndia. Els <em>bh\u016bta<\/em> i <em>preta<\/em> de difunts d&#8217;alt rang en la tradici\u00f3 \u00edndia coneixen traject\u00f2ries similars; el m\u00e8tode t\u00e0ntric de subjecci\u00f3 \u00e9s una her\u00e8ncia comuna.<\/p><p>Europa. Motius de pr\u00ednceps male\u00efts que retornen com a fantasmes es troben en la literatura llegend\u00e0ria anglesa, escocesa i de llengua alemanya.<\/p><p>Mong\u00f2lia. Mitjan\u00e7ant la penetraci\u00f3 budista, la tradici\u00f3 mongola adopta figures de tipus gyalpo i el seu tractament ritual.<\/p><div><h3>Funci\u00f3 protectora i la renegociaci\u00f3 de l&#8217;autoritat<\/h3><p>La funci\u00f3 protectora dels gyalpo mostra un concepte teol\u00f2gic subtil: un <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un \u00e9sser incorpori a qui s'atribueix un efecte en el m\u00f3n.\" tabindex=\"0\">esperit<\/span> amb tend\u00e8ncia a causar dany es converteix en protector mitjan\u00e7ant un pacte. Es tracta d&#8217;un arranjament pragm\u00e0tic, no d&#8217;una purificaci\u00f3 moral. El gyalpo protegeix per obligaci\u00f3; la compassi\u00f3 no hi juga cap paper.<\/p><p>En el Tibet modern, la veneraci\u00f3 dels gyalpo sovint es politza: se&#8217;ls interpreta com a protectors de la independ\u00e8ncia i la identitat tibetanes. Els practicants espirituals treballen amb meditacions sobre gyalpo per defensar centres de poder locals. Aix\u00f2 mostra com la religi\u00f3 preexistent d&#8217;esperits es reactiva de nou en contextos contemporanis.<\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp3a7ccf9 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp3a7ccf9\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpfc9e285 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cpfc9e285\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Els rgyal po com a classe d'esperits reials<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp628c37c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp628c37c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpcce5532 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cpcce5532\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Els <em>rgyal po<\/em> (pronunciat gyalpo) s\u00f3n, en la ci\u00e8ncia espiritual tibetana, la classe dels esperits reials.<\/p><p>El terme <em>rgyal po<\/em> significa simplement rei, i precisament aqu\u00ed rau la clau de la seva concepci\u00f3 d&#8217;origen: segons la concepci\u00f3 tradicional, sovint es tracta dels esperits inquiets de reis morts, lames d&#8217;alt rang o persones poderoses, la mort de les quals va estar marcada per l&#8217;orgull, juraments trencats o la viol\u00e8ncia.<\/p><p>Una personalitat forta que no va trobar rep\u00f2s podia aix\u00ed convertir-se en un <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un \u00e9sser incorpori al qual s'atribueix influ\u00e8ncia en el m\u00f3n.\" tabindex=\"0\">esperit<\/span> especialment poder\u00f3s i perill\u00f3s.<\/p><p>Ren\u00e9 de Nebesky-Wojkowitz tracta els <em>rgyal po<\/em> a <em>Oracles and Demons of Tibet<\/em> com una de les classes d&#8217;esperits m\u00e9s importants. Iconogr\u00e0ficament apareixen sovint de blanc, amb vestimenta reial o guerrera, a cavall.<\/p><p>Se&#8217;ls atribueixen sobretot malalties i pertorbacions relacionades amb la bogeria, la confusi\u00f3 i els trastorns mentals sobtats. Un atac de <em>rgyal po<\/em> es considerava especialment greu perqu\u00e8, m\u00e9s enll\u00e0 del cos, afectava tamb\u00e9 la ment.<\/p><p>Aquesta classe est\u00e0 estretament vinculada a les divinitats protectores m\u00e9s altes del Tibet.<\/p><p>El protector de l&#8217;estat <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/?page_id=171535\">Pehar<\/a> pertany a la classe dels <em>rgyal po<\/em> i es considera el cap d&#8217;un grup de cinc esperits reials, els <em>rgyal po sku lnga<\/em>. Aqu\u00ed es manifesta la mateixa doble naturalesa que en les altres classes d&#8217;esperits tibetans: un <em>rgyal po<\/em> no vinculat \u00e9s un perill, mentre que un <em>rgyal po<\/em> lligat per jurament pot convertir-se en un poder\u00f3s protector de monestirs i llinatges de transmissi\u00f3.<\/p><p>La frontera entre <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"\u00c9sser espiritual al qual s'atribueix una influ\u00e8ncia nociva o ambivalent.\" tabindex=\"0\">dimoni<\/span> i divinitat protectora dep\u00e8n de la relaci\u00f3 en qu\u00e8 es col\u00b7loca l&#8217;<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un \u00e9sser incorpori al qual s'atribueix influ\u00e8ncia en el m\u00f3n.\" tabindex=\"0\">esperit<\/span>, i no pas de la seva naturalesa intr\u00ednseca.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpe8cdb53 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cpe8cdb53\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp056653d elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp056653d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">El motiu del jurament trencat i la mort perillosa<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpdde2c39 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cpdde2c39\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpf77fe73 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cpf77fe73\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Caracter\u00edstic de les narracions d&#8217;origen dels <em>rgyal po<\/em> \u00e9s el <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un element de contingut recurrent en l'art o la narraci\u00f3.\" tabindex=\"0\">motiu<\/span> de la promesa trencada. Un patr\u00f3 narratiu freq\u00fcent: una persona d&#8217;alt rang, un lama o un monjo, mor en un estat de rancor, orgull ferit, <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Una promesa religiosa solemne feta a una divinitat.\" tabindex=\"0\">vot<\/span> trencat o amb desig de venjan\u00e7a.<\/p><p>En lloc d&#8217;un bon renaixement, sorgeix un <em>rgyal po<\/em>, que conserva el seu poder espiritual original, per\u00f2 ara orientat en una direcci\u00f3 destructiva. Precisament perqu\u00e8 la persona en q\u00fcesti\u00f3 va ser religiosament o pol\u00edticament poderosa en vida, l&#8217;<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un \u00e9sser incorpori al qual s'atribueix influ\u00e8ncia en el m\u00f3n.\" tabindex=\"0\">esperit<\/span> resultant \u00e9s especialment perill\u00f3s.<\/p><p>Aquest patr\u00f3 vincula la concepci\u00f3 dels <em>rgyal po<\/em> amb la mateixa hist\u00f2ria religiosa tibetana. Diverses divinitats protectores i litigants tibetanes tenen narracions d&#8217;origen en qu\u00e8 un conflicte religi\u00f3s, una ruptura entre mestre i alumne o un <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Una promesa religiosa solemne feta a una divinitat.\" tabindex=\"0\">vot<\/span> trencat es troben a l&#8217;inici.<\/p><p>La controvertida <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un \u00e9sser venerat com a div\u00ed dins d'una religi\u00f3.\" tabindex=\"0\">divinitat<\/span> que en la hist\u00f2ria budista tibetana m\u00e9s recent, coneguda amb el nom de Dorje Shugden, va ser objecte de debats aferrissats, pertany segons algunes atribucions a aquest entorn dels esperits reials que van sorgir d&#8217;una mort dram\u00e0tica. La investigaci\u00f3 discuteix aquestes atribucions de manera controvertida i en relaci\u00f3 amb les respectives disputes sect\u00e0ries corresponents.<\/p><p>El tracte ritual seguia la l\u00f2gica coneguda: un <em>rgyal po<\/em> havia de ser expulsat i sotm\u00e8s, o b\u00e9, si era prou fort i estava lligat a la doctrina, venerat com a protector i mantingut en aquest paper mitjan\u00e7ant ofrenes regulars i recitacions de juraments.<\/p><p>Aquest vincle es considerava permanentment precari. Un protector <em>rgyal po<\/em> descuidat podia girar-se contra la seva pr\u00f2pia comunitat. Amb aix\u00f2, aquesta classe \u00e9s un exemple particularment clar de la concepci\u00f3 tibetana segons la qual el poder no \u00e9s ni bo ni dolent, sin\u00f3 que ha de ser administrat.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-36dd7469 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"36dd7469\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-13760ab4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"13760ab4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Enlla\u00e7os relacionats<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-28c87796 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"28c87796\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5d6538df elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5d6538df\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Enlla\u00e7os interns recomanats:<\/p><ul><li>P\u00e0gina cultural <strong>Tibet<\/strong>.<\/li><li>Altres perfils individuals del Tibet: <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/?page_id=171424\">Lu<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/?page_id=171425\">Tsen<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/?page_id=171426\">Nyen<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/?page_id=171428\">Mamo<\/a>.<\/li><li>Paral\u00b7lelismes: <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/?page_id=171411\">Jap\u00f3<\/a> (Y\u016brei\/<a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/?page_id=171417\">Gory\u014d<\/a>), <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/?page_id=171394\">Budisme<\/a>.<\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-grl4kl40 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"grl4kl40\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bzsbfrmh elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"bzsbfrmh\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Bibliografia (selecci\u00f3)<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2c13224a e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"2c13224a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0eymh9ub elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"0eymh9ub\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<footer class=\"iwg-literatur\"><p>Una selecci\u00f3 compacta de treballs centrals sobre Gyalpo:<\/p><ul><li><span data-nosnippet>Dreyfus, Georges: <em>The Shuk-den Affair: Origins of a Controversy.<\/em> In: Journal of the International Association of Buddhist Studies 21\/2 (1998), S. 227, 270.<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Cabez\u00f3n, Jos\u00e9 Ignacio (Hrsg.): <em>Buddhism and Language.<\/em> SUNY Press, Albany 1994.<\/span><\/li><\/ul><div data-nosnippet=\"true\" class=\"iwg-litliste\"><p><strong>Bibliografia est\u00e0ndard (Tibet):<\/strong><\/p><ul><li><span data-nosnippet><strong>Blondeau, Anne-Marie (Hg.)<\/strong>: <em>Tibetan Mountain Deities. Verlag der \u00d6sterreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Wien 1998.<\/em><\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet><strong>de Nebesky-Wojkowitz, Ren\u00e9<\/strong>: <em>Oracles and Demons of Tibet. Mouton, The Hague 1956.<\/em><\/span><\/li><\/ul><\/div><\/footer>\n<p class=\"iwg-bib-more\"><span data-nosnippet>M\u00e9s obres est\u00e0ndard al <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/?page_id=171483\">\u00cdndex bibliogr\u00e0fic<\/a>.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgca-gyalpo-sec e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgca-gyalpo-sec\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" id=\"iwg-ca-gyalpo\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgca-gyalpo-te iwg-ca-textwrap elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgca-gyalpo-te\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-nosnippet=\"true\"><p class=\"iwg-ca-bridge\">La pr\u00e0ctica de protecci\u00f3 descrita aqu\u00ed \u00e9s una classificaci\u00f3 de tradicions hist\u00f2riques des de la perspectiva de la ci\u00e8ncia de les religions. iWell Guard s&#8217;inspira en aquesta l\u00ednia cultural i hist\u00f2rica d&#8217;objectes de protecci\u00f3 portables i n&#8217;\u00e9s una forma contempor\u00e0nia. <a href=\"\/ueber-iwell-guard\/?utm_source=iwell-guard.com&#038;utm_medium=text-link&#038;utm_campaign=schadwesen-tradition\">M\u00e9s informaci\u00f3 sobre l&#8217;iWell Guard \u2192<\/a><\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":1675,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"elementor_header_footer","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_focuskw":"Esperit Gyalpo","_yoast_wpseo_title":"Gyalpo - Esperit de l'escola rNying-ma","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"Dimonis-rei de la tradici\u00f3 tibetana: monjos caiguts, sobirans destronats, esperits venjatius. 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