{"id":171425,"date":"2026-09-05T15:39:16","date_gmt":"2026-09-05T15:39:16","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/?page_id=171425"},"modified":"2026-09-05T15:57:25","modified_gmt":"2026-09-05T15:57:25","slug":"tsen","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/tsen\/","title":{"rendered":"Tsen"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"171425\" class=\"elementor elementor-171425 elementor-1336\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-10fdade e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"10fdade\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-herohlft0 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"herohlft0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c3ceb64 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"c3ceb64\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-96ae5e1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"96ae5e1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Tsen, esperit de la tradici\u00f3 tibetana<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e45238a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e45238a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Tsen \u00e9s un <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un \u00e9sser sense cos al qual s'atribueix efecte en el m\u00f3n.\" tabindex=\"0\">esperit<\/span> de la tradici\u00f3 tibetana.<\/p><p>Esperits guerrers vermells de les muntanyes tibetanes, senyors de les roques i dels colls.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-klsbdg01 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"klsbdg01\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-klshtm01 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"klshtm01\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"iwg-pill-row\"><span class=\"iwg-klasse-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Esperit: \u00c9sser incorpori o semicorpori, difunts, \u00e9ssers de la natura, esperits de la llar o guardians de llindars. Actua en la vida quotidiana, sovint vinculat a llocs o fam\u00edlies.\">Esperit<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/?page_id=171413\" class=\"iwg-kultur-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Tradici\u00f3 tibetano-budista i B\u00f6n, Yidam, Dharmap\u0101la, m\u00f3n dels Naga.\">Tibet<\/a><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3f74855 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3f74855\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1c30362 elementor-toc--minimized-on-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-table-of-contents\" data-id=\"1c30362\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;exclude_headings_by_selector&quot;:[],&quot;no_headings_message&quot;:&quot;No s&#039;ha trobat cap encap\\u00e7alament en aquesta p\\u00e0gina.&quot;,&quot;headings_by_tags&quot;:[&quot;h2&quot;,&quot;h3&quot;],&quot;marker_view&quot;:&quot;bullets&quot;,&quot;icon&quot;:{&quot;value&quot;:&quot;fas fa-circle&quot;,&quot;library&quot;:&quot;fa-solid&quot;,&quot;rendered_tag&quot;:&quot;&lt;svg class=\\&quot;e-font-icon-svg e-fas-circle\\&quot; viewBox=\\&quot;0 0 512 512\\&quot; xmlns=\\&quot;http:\\\/\\\/www.w3.org\\\/2000\\\/svg\\&quot;&gt;&lt;path d=\\&quot;M256 8C119 8 8 119 8 256s111 248 248 248 248-111 248-248S393 8 256 8z\\&quot;&gt;&lt;\\\/path&gt;&lt;\\\/svg&gt;&quot;},&quot;minimize_box&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;minimized_on&quot;:&quot;tablet&quot;,&quot;hierarchical_view&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;min_height&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"table-of-contents.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__header\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-toc__header-title\">\n\t\t\t\t\u00cdndex\t\t\t<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--expand\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__1c30362\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Open table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-down\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M207.029 381.476L12.686 187.132c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941l22.667-22.667c9.357-9.357 24.522-9.375 33.901-.04L224 284.505l154.745-154.021c9.379-9.335 24.544-9.317 33.901.04l22.667 22.667c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941L240.971 381.476c-9.373 9.372-24.569 9.372-33.942 0z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--collapse\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__1c30362\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Close table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-up\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M240.971 130.524l194.343 194.343c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941l-22.667 22.667c-9.357 9.357-24.522 9.375-33.901.04L224 227.495 69.255 381.516c-9.379 9.335-24.544 9.317-33.901-.04l-22.667-22.667c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941L207.03 130.525c9.372-9.373 24.568-9.373 33.941-.001z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-toc__1c30362\" class=\"elementor-toc__body\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__spinner-container\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg class=\"elementor-toc__spinner eicon-animation-spin e-font-icon-svg e-eicon-loading\" aria-hidden=\"true\" viewBox=\"0 0 1000 1000\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M500 975V858C696 858 858 696 858 500S696 142 500 142 142 304 142 500H25C25 237 238 25 500 25S975 237 975 500 763 975 500 975Z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-herorght0 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"herorght0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-heroimg00 iwg-hero-image elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"heroimg00\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"683\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/geister_tibet_tsen-683x1024.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-1717\" alt=\"Tsen\" srcset=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/geister_tibet_tsen-683x1024.webp 683w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/geister_tibet_tsen-200x300.webp 200w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/geister_tibet_tsen-768x1152.webp 768w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/geister_tibet_tsen.webp 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 683px) 100vw, 683px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-32917199 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"32917199\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-26e916cb e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"26e916cb\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-253a40d4 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"253a40d4\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1200c304 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1200c304\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Tsen (btsan)<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-11758e7f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"11758e7f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Els Tsen (tib. <em>btsan<\/em>) formen una classe pr\u00f2pia d&#8217;\u00e9ssers espirituals tibetans: esperits guerrers de les roques, els colls i els vessants escarpats de les muntanyes. Es descriuen sempre com a figures guerreres masculines vestides de vermell, que munten cavalls vermells, porten arc i espasa, i poden apar\u00e8ixer sobtadament d&#8217;esquerdes a la roca.<\/p><p>Els Tsen no s\u00f3n mal\u00e8vols per naturalesa, per\u00f2 s\u00ed perillosos i imprevisibles. Castiguen la falta de respecte de manera immediata; els seus territoris estan envoltats de normes de comportament estrictes.<\/p><p>Molts Tsen van ser lligats sota jurament durant la penetraci\u00f3 budista del Tibet i establerts com a esperits protectors (dharmapales) de certs monestirs. Un representant destacat \u00e9s Pehar, que al segle VIII va ser portat a Samye i convertit en oracle estatal.<\/p><div><h3>Antecedents B\u00f6n i la jerarquia dels esperits<\/h3><p>La religi\u00f3 B\u00f6n, la tradici\u00f3 religiosa prebudista del Tibet, dividia el m\u00f3n sobrenatural en una jerarquia complexa d&#8217;\u00e9ssers no humans. Els <em>Tsen<\/em> pertanyien a aquesta classificaci\u00f3 com a esperits especialitzats de muntanya i de guerra. Segons fonts B\u00f6n, els Tsen van sorgir en una fase cosmog\u00f2nica anterior, abans que les divinitats o les naturaleses budes ordenessin el m\u00f3n.<\/p><p>Per tant, s\u00f3n anteriors al budisme i estan m\u00e9s arrelats al s\u00f2l tibet\u00e0. El sacerdoci B\u00f6n (<em>drangpo<\/em>) es va especialitzar en l&#8217;apaivagament dels Tsen mitjan\u00e7ant <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ofrena a una divinitat per expressar gratitud, s\u00faplica o veneraci\u00f3.\" tabindex=\"0\">ofrenes<\/span> i pactes. Entre els segles VII i XI, durant el gir budista del Tibet, molts d&#8217;aquests esperits no van ser destru\u00efts, sin\u00f3 incorporats al budisme.<\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-159dcf9a e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"159dcf9a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-48cee66f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"48cee66f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Perfil breu: Tsen<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3f50d82c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"3f50d82c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Tipus:<\/strong> esperit guerrer, dimoni de muntanya<br>Origen: tradici\u00f3 B\u00f6n prebudista; sovint guerrers caiguts o pr\u00ednceps desterrats<br>Textos: cicles de Padmasambhava, epopeia de Gesar, llibres rituals locals<br>Efecte: malalties sobtades, accidents als colls, possessi\u00f3<br>Defensa: <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ofrena a una divinitat per expressar gratitud, s\u00faplica o veneraci\u00f3.\" tabindex=\"0\">ofrenes<\/span> sang, torma per als Tsen, evitar el moment inoport\u00fa<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-18613602 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"18613602\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-262b8a9f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"262b8a9f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Contextualitzaci\u00f3 hist\u00f2rica<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-46dcb7d e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"46dcb7d\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-61d3ab3 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"61d3ab3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-117c166 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"117c166\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Per\u00edode dels textos<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-73997a0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"73997a0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>La figura del Tsen prov\u00e9 de la religi\u00f3 B\u00f6n prebudista. Formen una de les tres classes origin\u00e0ries d&#8217;\u00e9ssers (lha, klu, btsan). Amb el gir budista dels segles VII-VIII, nombrosos Tsen s&#8217;integren en el nou sistema religi\u00f3s; alguns s&#8217;estableixen com a esperits protectors, altres continuen presents com a temuts senyors de la muntanya.<\/p><p>L&#8217;epopeia de Gesar, una de les epopeies orals m\u00e9s grans del m\u00f3n, coneix nombroses figures de Tsen com a enemics i aliats. Encara avui es mantenen santuaris dedicats als Tsen a molts colls de muntanya.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d47b156 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d47b156\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ff38c2b elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"ff38c2b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">\u00c0rea de difusi\u00f3<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4e49fcc elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4e49fcc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Els Tsen estan lligats a formacions rocoses concretes, colls, vessants escarpats de muntanya i roques a\u00efllades i cridaneres. Cada coll important de l&#8217;altipl\u00e0 t\u00e9 el seu Tsen, sovint amb nom propi i rituals espec\u00edfics.<\/p><p>Llocs t\u00edpics: al\u00e7ades de coll amb banderes d&#8217;oraci\u00f3 (<em>lung ta<\/em>), blocs de roca a\u00efllats, parets rocoses vermelles o cridaneres, fonts al peu d&#8217;aquestes formacions. Alguns Tsen tamb\u00e9 habiten ru\u00efnes antigues i castells, especialment quan estan vinculats a batalles hist\u00f2riques.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-db03c39 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"db03c39\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-229a87b e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"229a87b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1f471fc elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1f471fc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Estat de les fonts<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-36b1201 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"36b1201\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Fonts principals: cicles de Padmasambhava, especialment els relats de subjugaci\u00f3; l&#8217;epopeia de Gesar en les seves versions orals i escrites; llibres rituals locals conservats per a santuaris concrets. Obres de refer\u00e8ncia: Nebesky-Wojkowitz (1956); Samuel (1993); Blondeau (1998).<\/p><p><span data-nosnippet>Sobre Pehar espec\u00edficament: Gibson, Todd (1991) \u00abFrom btsan rgod to <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"En les religions \u00edndies, la doctrina i l'ordre correcte de l'acci\u00f3.\" tabindex=\"0\">dharma<\/span>-p\u0101la\u00bb; a m\u00e9s, la bibliografia sobre l&#8217;oracle estatal de Nechung.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3ae0637c e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"3ae0637c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-31d07739 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"31d07739\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Nom i variants<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b7642947 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"b7642947\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a086266 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a086266\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Tibet\u00e0 <em>btsan<\/em>, pronunciat Tsen o Ts\u00e4n.<\/p><ul><li><strong>Btsan rgyal<\/strong>, \u00abrei dels Tsen\u00bb.<\/li><li>Yul lha dang btsan, esperits protectors locals i Tsen junts.<\/li><li>Pehar, el Tsen m\u00e9s destacat, convertit en senyor protector de l&#8217;oracle de Nechung.<\/li><li>Dorje Legpa, origin\u00e0riament un \u00e9sser de tipus Tsen, lligat per Padmasambhava.<\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-709a44a8 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"709a44a8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2f585873 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2f585873\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Caracter\u00edstiques<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-70621c12 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"70621c12\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4296eb49 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4296eb49\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Aparen\u00e7a.<\/strong> Guerrer mascul\u00ed d&#8217;un vermell intens, amb armadura completa, mantell vermell, casc vermell, arc i espasa, muntat en un cavall vermell amb gualdrapes vermelles. En representacions de thangka, sovint amb atributs d&#8217;escorp\u00ed o d&#8217;au de presa.<\/p><p>Comportament. Apareixen al capvespre i de nit, sobtadament, des d&#8217;esquerdes de la roca. Persegueixen els irrespectuosos, cavalquen per colls solitaris i poden apar\u00e8ixer en grups. La trobada pot viure&#8217;s com una debilitat f\u00edsica sobtada, vertigen, febre o dificultat respirat\u00f2ria.<\/p><p>Funci\u00f3 protectora. Els Tsen lligats s\u00f3n guardians lleials dels seus monestirs i llocs. En aquesta funci\u00f3 pertanyen a la classe dels <em>srung ma<\/em>, divinitats protectores.<\/p><div><h3>Classificaci\u00f3 de Tsen, Nyen, Lu, D\u00fc dins del B\u00f6n<\/h3><p>En el sistema B\u00f6n existeix una classificaci\u00f3 estricta dels \u00e9ssers sobrenaturals segons l&#8217;esfera i l&#8217;element: els <em>Tsen<\/em> s\u00f3n \u00e9ssers de muntanya i del cel; els <em>Nyen<\/em> s\u00f3n esperits de muntanya i habitants del bosc; els <em>Lu<\/em> s\u00f3n habitants aqu\u00e0tics semblants als naga; els <em>D\u00fc<\/em> s\u00f3n esperits lligats a la terra. Dins d&#8217;aquesta classificaci\u00f3, els Tsen s\u00f3n els m\u00e9s alts i alhora els m\u00e9s ferotges.<\/p><p>A difer\u00e8ncia d&#8217;altres esperits de muntanya, els Tsen tenen una forta orientaci\u00f3 guerrera: protegeixen fronteres territorials i l&#8217;honor familiar. Estan menys interessats en la fertilitat que en el valor i la gl\u00f2ria. Aquesta difer\u00e8ncia explica per qu\u00e8 els Tsen eren invocats sobretot per guerrers i reis, mentre que els esperits Lu eren invocats pels pagesos per demanar benediccions d&#8217;aigua.<\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-44e71476 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"44e71476\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3c1fc3f0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3c1fc3f0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Fitxa: Tsen<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-84f33b8e e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"84f33b8e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-hqkdc67p elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"hqkdc67p\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Els aspectes m\u00e9s importants dels Tsen d&#8217;un cop d&#8217;ull.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c5 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c1 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-qh9oavvu iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"qh9oavvu\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-awzx8k2k elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"awzx8k2k\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Origen dels Tsen<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-x6rowhv0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"x6rowhv0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Tradici\u00f3 B\u00f6n prebudista; sovint guerrers caiguts o pr\u00ednceps deposats que van tornar com a esperits.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8e3o4kxs iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"8e3o4kxs\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-08rkdgov elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"08rkdgov\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Destinataris<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-uwjelx8s elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"uwjelx8s\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Viatgers en colls d&#8217;alta muntanya, ca\u00e7adors, pastors, mercaders amb caravanes; treballadors de la construcci\u00f3 en terreny no bene\u00eft.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-jm2n74ec iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"jm2n74ec\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8vufse4c elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"8vufse4c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Aparen\u00e7a dels Tsen<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-mwb9u015 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"mwb9u015\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Figura guerrera de color roig intens, amb armadura completa, muntada sobre un cavall roig, amb arc i espasa; de vegades amb l&#8217;atribut d&#8217;un escorp\u00ed.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c2 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c2\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-37ss2yr6 iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"37ss2yr6\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3v0wp3wx elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3v0wp3wx\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">\u00c0mbit d'acci\u00f3<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-w3247g2m elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"w3247g2m\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Mal d&#8217;altura sobtat, febre, dificultat respirat\u00f2ria, accidents als colls de muntanya, possessi\u00f3 amb ira; en positiu: protecci\u00f3 ferma com a guardi\u00e0.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0qpjal9w iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"0qpjal9w\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6ndoih0o elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6ndoih0o\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Protecci\u00f3<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6684tyh9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6684tyh9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Ofrenes de fum sang als colls de muntanya, tsen-torma, recitaci\u00f3 de textos rituals espec\u00edfics, col\u00b7locaci\u00f3 de banderoles de preg\u00e0ria vermelles; normes estrictes de comportament als llocs tsen.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3lfi7x32 iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3lfi7x32\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0kg99ga1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"0kg99ga1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Equivalents<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-n0fum6kp elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"n0fum6kp\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Esperits guerrers de muntanya mongols; \u00e9ssers de muntanya nord-ib\u00e8rics i germ\u00e0nics; els <em>yaksha<\/em> indis com a guardians de muntanya.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7533bc7a e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"7533bc7a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2447d18d elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2447d18d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Pr\u00e0ctica de protecci\u00f3<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d5d0260c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d5d0260c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-341be2ac elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"341be2ac\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Ofrenes de sang (sang-<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ofrena a una divinitat per expressar gratitud, petici\u00f3 o veneraci\u00f3.\" tabindex=\"0\">ofrena<\/span>) als colls de muntanya.<\/strong> Els viatgers s&#8217;aturen als colls d&#8217;alta muntanya, encenen petits focs de branques de ginebre i escampen farina; el crit <em>lha sol lo<\/em> (\u00abque sigui ofert a les divinitats\u00bb) i les banderes d&#8217;oraci\u00f3 (<em>lung ta<\/em>) acompanyen el pas.<\/p><p>Torma de Tsen. En les cerim\u00f2nies mon\u00e0stiques es preparen figures de torma especialment per a la classe dels Tsen, sovint configuracions vermelles de tsampa, amb colorants vermells.<\/p><p>Santuaris i munts de pedres. Al peu de les roques Tsen i als colls de muntanya hi ha petits munts de pedres (<em>la btsas<\/em>), sobre els quals els viatgers dipositen una altra pedra.<\/p><p><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un lloc o instituci\u00f3 on es rep un veredicte div\u00ed.\" tabindex=\"0\">Oracle<\/span>. Alguns Tsen estan institucionalitzats com a amos d&#8217;<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un lloc o instituci\u00f3 on es rep un veredicte div\u00ed.\" tabindex=\"0\">oracle<\/span>; Pehar parla a trav\u00e9s de l&#8217;<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un lloc o instituci\u00f3 on es rep un veredicte div\u00ed.\" tabindex=\"0\">oracle<\/span> de Nechung fins avui en el govern tibet\u00e0 a l&#8217;exili.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5a584676 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"5a584676\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6d0757bf elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6d0757bf\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Tsen, paral\u00b7lels en altres cultures<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-60563f68 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"60563f68\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5a93fdd6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5a93fdd6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Mong\u00f2lia.<\/strong> Despr\u00e9s de la penetraci\u00f3 budista a Mong\u00f2lia entre els segles XIII i XVI, figures semblants als tsen s&#8217;integren en el sistema d&#8217;esperits protectors mongol.<\/p><p>\u00cdndia\/budisme. Els <em>yaksha<\/em>, com a figures guardianes, comparteixen el perfil b\u00e0sic d&#8217;aquest esperit local de car\u00e0cter militar.<\/p><p>Europa. Esperits guerrers vermells de muntanyes i colls es troben en llegendes nord-ib\u00e8riques i alpines; no hi ha cap connexi\u00f3 hist\u00f2rica.<\/p><p>Tradicions xam\u00e0niques. Les concepcions sibirianes i centreasi\u00e0tiques dels senyors de muntanya comparteixen molts trets fonamentals.<\/p><div><h3>Pr\u00e0ctica religiosa local i el r\u00e8gim de pactes amb els tsen<\/h3><p>A nivell espiritual local, els tsen funcionen com a aliats c\u00f2smics de les comunitats locals. Una muntanya \u00e9s habitada i governada per un tsen espec\u00edfic. Els caminants s&#8217;han de presentar i demanar <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Concessi\u00f3 de benestar i protecci\u00f3, sovint en una forma ling\u00fc\u00edstica fixa.\" tabindex=\"0\">benedicci\u00f3<\/span>.<\/p><p>Els guerrers feien pactes amb els tsen locals per obtenir la vict\u00f2ria. El r\u00e8gim de pactes amb els tsen (<em>damtsig<\/em>) mostra una relaci\u00f3 reciproca: l&#8217;\u00e9sser hum\u00e0 promet veneraci\u00f3, el tsen concedeix protecci\u00f3 i \u00e8xit.<\/p><p>Aquests pactes es consideraven seriosos i vinculants; les infraccions dels acords amb els tsen es castigaven amb mala sort durant diverses generacions. El <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un element de contingut recurrent en l'art o la narraci\u00f3.\" tabindex=\"0\">motiu<\/span> del pacte amb esperits de muntanya \u00e9s present en moltes cultures prebudistes, per\u00f2 el Tibet l&#8217;ha conservat en una forma \u00fanica d&#8217;integraci\u00f3 en un gran sistema religi\u00f3s.<\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp43d8871 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp43d8871\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp71c4f68 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp71c4f68\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Classificaci\u00f3 dins el sistema tibet\u00e0 dels esperits locals<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpa9845f9 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cpa9845f9\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpc8de689 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cpc8de689\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Els <em>btsan<\/em> (pronunciat tsen) pertanyen a les classes d&#8217;esperits aut\u00f2ctons del Tibet que estructuren la visi\u00f3 del m\u00f3n tibetana ja abans i al costat del budisme.<\/p><p><span data-nosnippet>La literatura d&#8217;hist\u00f2ria de les religions, sobretot l&#8217;obra fonamental <em>Oracles and Demons of Tibet<\/em> de Ren\u00e9 de Nebesky-Wojkowitz (1956), els situa dins un sistema dens que inclou, entre altres, els <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/?page_id=171424\">klu<\/a> de les aig\u00fces i del m\u00f3n subterrani, els <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/?page_id=171426\">gnyan<\/a> de l&#8217;esfera mitjana i els <em>lha<\/em> del cel.<\/span><\/p><p>Dins d&#8217;aquest esquema, els <em>btsan<\/em> s\u00f3n els esperits de la regi\u00f3 mitjana i superior, sovint lligats a roques, colls de muntanya, vessants roges i arbres concrets destacats.<\/p><p>El seu color roig \u00e9s caracter\u00edstic. Els <em>btsan<\/em> es representen com a genets vermells sobre cavalls vermells, amb armadura i armats amb arc o llan\u00e7a.<\/p><p>Aquesta <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Estudi dels continguts de les imatges i el seu significat.\" tabindex=\"0\">iconografia<\/span> els associa amb el combat, la ca\u00e7a i la mort sobtada. Les malalties que apareixen sense av\u00eds previ, sobretot les febroses o les que comporten par\u00e0lisi, es interpretaven tradicionalment com un atac dels <em>btsan<\/em>. El terme <em>btsan<\/em> \u00e9s en tibet\u00e0 alhora un adjectiu que significa poder\u00f3s i violent, el qual designa directament la naturalesa d&#8217;aquesta classe.<\/p><p>\u00c9s notable la profunditat hist\u00f2rica de la paraula. <em>Btsan<\/em> forma part del t\u00edtol reial <em>btsan po<\/em>, amb el qual s&#8217;anomenaven els sobirans de l&#8217;imperi tibet\u00e0 (segles VII a IX).<\/p><p>La recerca hi veu un indici d&#8217;una connexi\u00f3 origin\u00e0riament estreta entre la reialesa, el culte de muntanya i la idea d&#8217;una poderosa classe d&#8217;esperits guerrers. Amb la implantaci\u00f3 del budisme, els <em>btsan<\/em>, com els altres esperits prebudistes, no van ser abolits, sin\u00f3 integrats en el sistema budista i, en part, convertits en divinitats protectores.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpae6c1a0 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cpae6c1a0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp69837bb elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp69837bb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Vinculaci\u00f3 amb el budisme i el paper com a protectors<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp9536992 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp9536992\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpc34bf98 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cpc34bf98\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>La tradici\u00f3 tibetana coneix el <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un element de contingut recurrent en l'art o en la narraci\u00f3.\" tabindex=\"0\">motiu<\/span> segons el qual mestres poderosos com Padmasambhava, al segle VIII, van sotmetre els esperits aut\u00f2ctons i els van vincular mitjan\u00e7ant jurament a la protecci\u00f3 del Dharma budista. Per als <em>btsan<\/em> aix\u00f2 va significar una doble exist\u00e8ncia.<\/p><p>D&#8217;una banda, van seguir sent esperits salvatges sense vincular, que romanien a l&#8217;aguait a les seves roques i colls de muntanya. D&#8217;altra banda, alguns <em>btsan<\/em> especialment poderosos podien ser elevats a <em>srung ma<\/em>, \u00e9s a dir, a divinitats protectores de monestirs i llinatges de transmissi\u00f3.<\/p><p>L&#8217;exemple m\u00e9s conegut \u00e9s el d\u00e9u protector <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/?page_id=171535\">Pehar<\/a>, o m\u00e9s aviat el seu entorn, ja que part del seu seguici s&#8217;atribueix sovint a la classe dels <em>btsan<\/em>. Tamb\u00e9 el fam\u00f3s protector mon\u00e0stic Tsiu Marpo, venerat al monestir central de Samye, es considera un <em>btsan<\/em>: un genet vermell i encuirassat que podia ser consultat com a divinitat oracular.<\/p><p>Aqu\u00ed es fa evident que la classe no tenia, en absolut, una connotaci\u00f3 purament negativa. Un <em>btsan<\/em> vinculat era un protector d&#8217;una efic\u00e0cia notable precisament perqu\u00e8 conservava la seva ferocitat i for\u00e7a combativa originals, ara posades al servei del monestir.<\/p><p>En la vida ritual quotidiana dels monestirs, aquest vincle es renovava regularment. Les ofrenes, sobretot subst\u00e0ncies de color vermell, i la recitaci\u00f3 de f\u00f3rmules d&#8217;uni\u00f3 mantenien vigent la relaci\u00f3. La recerca subratlla que aquesta relaci\u00f3 es considerava prec\u00e0ria.<\/p><p>Un <em>btsan<\/em> protector negligit o of\u00e8s podia girar-se contra la mateixa comunitat que en principi havia de vigilar. Aix\u00ed, la manera tibetana de tractar els <em>btsan<\/em> difereix fonamentalment d&#8217;una simple defensa contra dimonis. No es tractava de destruir-los, sin\u00f3 de gestionar de manera permanent un poder perill\u00f3s per\u00f2 \u00fatil.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-36dd7469 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"36dd7469\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-13760ab4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"13760ab4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Enlla\u00e7os relacionats<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-28c87796 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"28c87796\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5d6538df elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5d6538df\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Enlla\u00e7os interns recomanats:<\/p><ul><li>P\u00e0gina cultural <strong>Tibet<\/strong>.<\/li><li>Altres perfils individuals del Tibet: <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/?page_id=171424\">Lu<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/?page_id=171426\">Nyen<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/?page_id=171427\">Gyalpo<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/?page_id=171428\">Mamo<\/a>.<\/li><li>Paral\u00b7lels: <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/?page_id=171393\">Hinduisme<\/a> (Yaksha).<\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-grl4kl40 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"grl4kl40\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bzsbfrmh elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"bzsbfrmh\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Bibliografia (selecci\u00f3)<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2c13224a e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"2c13224a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0eymh9ub elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"0eymh9ub\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<footer class=\"iwg-literatur\"><p>Una selecci\u00f3 compacta de treballs centrals sobre els Tsen:<\/p><ul><li><span data-nosnippet>Gibson, Todd: <em>From btsan rgod to <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"En les religions \u00edndies, la doctrina i l'ordre recte de l'acci\u00f3.\" tabindex=\"0\">dharma<\/span>-p\u0101la.<\/em> A: Tibet Journal 16\/4 (1991), p. 57, 98.<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Blondeau, Anne-Marie (ed., 1998): <em>Tibetan Mountain Deities<\/em> (Viena, \u00d6AW). Volum col\u00b7lectiu sobre la recerca de les divinitats de muntanya.<\/span><\/li><\/ul><div data-nosnippet=\"true\" class=\"iwg-litliste\"><p><strong>Bibliografia est\u00e0ndard (Tibet):<\/strong><\/p><ul><li><span data-nosnippet><strong>Blondeau, Anne-Marie (ed.)<\/strong>: <em>Tibetan Mountain Deities. Verlag der \u00d6sterreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Viena 1998.<\/em><\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet><strong>de Nebesky-Wojkowitz, Ren\u00e9<\/strong>: <em>Oracles and Demons of Tibet. Mouton, The Hague 1956.<\/em><\/span><\/li><\/ul><\/div><\/footer>\n<p class=\"iwg-bib-more\"><span data-nosnippet>M\u00e9s obres de refer\u00e8ncia a la <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/?page_id=171483\">bibliografia<\/a>.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgca-tsen-sec e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgca-tsen-sec\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" id=\"iwg-ca-tsen\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgca-tsen-te iwg-ca-textwrap elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgca-tsen-te\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-nosnippet=\"true\"><p class=\"iwg-ca-bridge\">La pr\u00e0ctica de protecci\u00f3 descrita aqu\u00ed \u00e9s una classificaci\u00f3 de tradicions hist\u00f2riques des de la perspectiva de la ci\u00e8ncia de les religions. iWell Guard s&#8217;inspira en aquesta l\u00ednia cultural i hist\u00f2rica d&#8217;objectes de protecci\u00f3 portables i n&#8217;\u00e9s una forma contempor\u00e0nia. <a href=\"\/ueber-iwell-guard\/?utm_source=iwell-guard.com&#038;utm_medium=text-link&#038;utm_campaign=schadwesen-tradition\">M\u00e9s informaci\u00f3 sobre l&#8217;iWell Guard \u2192<\/a><\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":1717,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"elementor_header_footer","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_focuskw":"Tsen","_yoast_wpseo_title":"Tsen - Esperits guerrers vermells de les muntanyes tibetanes","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"Tsen, esperits guerrers vermells de les muntanyes tibetanes. Senyors de les roques i dels colls, avantpassats temuts i el seu paper en la creen\u00e7a B\u00f6n prebudista.","_yoast_wpseo_meta-robots-noindex":"","_yoast_wpseo_canonical":"","_angie_page":false,"gefaehrdungsstufe":"4","wesen_kultur":"tibet","wesen_klasse":"geister","footnotes":""},"categories":[],"class_list":["post-171425","page","type-page","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v27.7 (Yoast SEO v28.3) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Tsen - Esperits guerrers vermells de les muntanyes tibetanes<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Tsen, esperits guerrers vermells de les muntanyes tibetanes. 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