{"id":171420,"date":"2026-09-05T15:39:13","date_gmt":"2026-09-05T15:39:13","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/?page_id=171420"},"modified":"2026-09-05T15:57:17","modified_gmt":"2026-09-05T15:57:17","slug":"gwishin","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/gwishin\/","title":{"rendered":"Gwishin"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"171420\" class=\"elementor elementor-171420 elementor-1331\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-10fdade e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"10fdade\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-herohlft0 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"herohlft0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c3ceb64 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"c3ceb64\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-96ae5e1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"96ae5e1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Gwishin, esperit de la tradici\u00f3 coreana<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e45238a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e45238a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Gwishin \u00e9s un <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un \u00e9sser incorpori al qual s'atribueix acci\u00f3 en el m\u00f3n.\" tabindex=\"0\">esperit<\/span> de la tradici\u00f3 coreana.<\/p><p>Esperits dels morts de la tradici\u00f3 coreana, retorn per un assumpte pendent.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-klsbdg01 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"klsbdg01\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-klshtm01 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"klshtm01\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"iwg-pill-row\"><span class=\"iwg-klasse-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Esperit: entitat incorp\u00f2ria o semicorp\u00f2ria, difunts, \u00e9ssers de la natura, esperits de la llar o guardians de llindars. Actua en la vida quotidiana, sovint lligat a llocs o fam\u00edlies.\">Esperit<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/?page_id=171412\" class=\"iwg-kultur-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"M\u00f3n dels d\u00e9us, xamans i esperits populars coreans.\">Corea<\/a><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3f74855 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3f74855\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1c30362 elementor-toc--minimized-on-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-table-of-contents\" data-id=\"1c30362\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;exclude_headings_by_selector&quot;:[],&quot;no_headings_message&quot;:&quot;No s&#039;ha trobat cap encap\\u00e7alament en aquesta p\\u00e0gina.&quot;,&quot;headings_by_tags&quot;:[&quot;h2&quot;,&quot;h3&quot;],&quot;marker_view&quot;:&quot;bullets&quot;,&quot;icon&quot;:{&quot;value&quot;:&quot;fas fa-circle&quot;,&quot;library&quot;:&quot;fa-solid&quot;,&quot;rendered_tag&quot;:&quot;&lt;svg class=\\&quot;e-font-icon-svg e-fas-circle\\&quot; viewBox=\\&quot;0 0 512 512\\&quot; xmlns=\\&quot;http:\\\/\\\/www.w3.org\\\/2000\\\/svg\\&quot;&gt;&lt;path d=\\&quot;M256 8C119 8 8 119 8 256s111 248 248 248 248-111 248-248S393 8 256 8z\\&quot;&gt;&lt;\\\/path&gt;&lt;\\\/svg&gt;&quot;},&quot;minimize_box&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;minimized_on&quot;:&quot;tablet&quot;,&quot;hierarchical_view&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;min_height&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"table-of-contents.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__header\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-toc__header-title\">\n\t\t\t\t\u00cdndex\t\t\t<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--expand\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__1c30362\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Open table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-down\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M207.029 381.476L12.686 187.132c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941l22.667-22.667c9.357-9.357 24.522-9.375 33.901-.04L224 284.505l154.745-154.021c9.379-9.335 24.544-9.317 33.901.04l22.667 22.667c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941L240.971 381.476c-9.373 9.372-24.569 9.372-33.942 0z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--collapse\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__1c30362\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Close table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-up\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M240.971 130.524l194.343 194.343c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941l-22.667 22.667c-9.357 9.357-24.522 9.375-33.901.04L224 227.495 69.255 381.516c-9.379 9.335-24.544 9.317-33.901-.04l-22.667-22.667c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941L207.03 130.525c9.372-9.373 24.568-9.373 33.941-.001z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-toc__1c30362\" class=\"elementor-toc__body\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__spinner-container\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg class=\"elementor-toc__spinner eicon-animation-spin e-font-icon-svg e-eicon-loading\" aria-hidden=\"true\" viewBox=\"0 0 1000 1000\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M500 975V858C696 858 858 696 858 500S696 142 500 142 142 304 142 500H25C25 237 238 25 500 25S975 237 975 500 763 975 500 975Z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-herorght0 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"herorght0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-heroimg00 iwg-hero-image elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"heroimg00\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"683\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/geister_korea_gwishin-683x1024.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-1705\" alt=\"Gwishin\" srcset=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/geister_korea_gwishin-683x1024.webp 683w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/geister_korea_gwishin-200x300.webp 200w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/geister_korea_gwishin-768x1152.webp 768w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/geister_korea_gwishin.webp 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 683px) 100vw, 683px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-32917199 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"32917199\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-26e916cb e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"26e916cb\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-253a40d4 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"253a40d4\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1200c304 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1200c304\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Gwishin<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-11758e7f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"11758e7f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Gwishin (\uadc0\uc2e0, \u9b3c\u795e) \u00e9s el terme gen\u00e8ric core\u00e0 per als esperits dels morts. Literalment significa \u00ab<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un \u00e9sser incorpori al qual s'atribueix acci\u00f3 en el m\u00f3n.\" tabindex=\"0\">esperit<\/span> i <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un \u00e9sser venerat com a div\u00ed dins d'una religi\u00f3.\" tabindex=\"0\">divinitat<\/span>\u00bb, per\u00f2 en l&#8217;\u00fas actual predominen els esperits dels morts.<\/p><p>Els gwishin s\u00f3n persones les \u00e0nimes de les quals, despr\u00e9s de la mort, no han trobat el cam\u00ed habitual cap a l&#8217;altre m\u00f3n, ja sigui per un assumpte pendent, una injust\u00edcia no expiada, una manca de sepultura o rituals ancestrals no realitzats (<em>jesa<\/em>).<\/p><p>L&#8217;aparici\u00f3 cl\u00e0ssica \u00e9s la d&#8217;una dona amb roba de dol blanca (<em>sobok<\/em>) i cabells negres llargs que li tapen la cara. El <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un element de contingut recurrent en l'art o la narrativa.\" tabindex=\"0\">motiu<\/span> est\u00e0 iconogr\u00e0ficament emparentat amb el y\u016brei japon\u00e8s, per\u00f2 t\u00e9 un rerefons propi marcat pel confucianisme.<\/p><div><h3><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"La transmissi\u00f3 de coneixement i relats a trav\u00e9s de generacions.\" tabindex=\"0\">Tradici\u00f3<\/span> de l&#8217;\u00e8poca Joseon<\/h3><p><span data-nosnippet>La documentaci\u00f3 escrita dels casos de gwishin es va acumular durant la dinastia Joseon (1392, 1897). Les col\u00b7leccions <em>yadam<\/em> (tradicions orals) i <em>paesol<\/em> (an\u00e8cdotes) es van registrar sistem\u00e0ticament a partir del segle XV. Aquests textos parlen de gwishin percebuts per testimonis.<\/span><\/p><p>Es diferencien dels relats fantasmag\u00f2rics europeus en el fet que no presenten el gwishin com una for\u00e7a maligna aut\u00f2noma, sin\u00f3 com una persona desesperada que exigeix atenci\u00f3. La confucianitzaci\u00f3 de la societat a partir del segle XVI va refor\u00e7ar aquest <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un element de contingut recurrent en l'art o la narrativa.\" tabindex=\"0\">motiu<\/span>: un mort sense rituals ancestrals adequats estaria moralment perdut i no podria descansar en pau.<\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-159dcf9a e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"159dcf9a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-48cee66f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"48cee66f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Resum r\u00e0pid: Gwishin<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3f50d82c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"3f50d82c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Tipus:<\/strong> esperit dels morts<br>Origen: difunts humans amb un assumpte pendent<br>Textos: Samguk Yusa, col\u00b7leccions yadam de l&#8217;\u00e8poca Joseon, textos rituals xam\u00e0nics<br>Desencadenants: injust\u00edcia no expiada, rituals ancestrals no realitzats, mort violenta<br>Protecci\u00f3: jesa, gut xam\u00e0nic, cerim\u00f2nies budistes dels morts<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-18613602 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"18613602\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-262b8a9f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"262b8a9f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Context<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-46dcb7d e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"46dcb7d\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-61d3ab3 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"61d3ab3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-117c166 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"117c166\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Per\u00edode dels textos<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-73997a0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"73997a0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>La idea dels esperits dels morts inquiets \u00e9s present a Corea des de les primeres fonts escrites. A Samguk Yusa (al voltant de 1281) es troben episodis de morts que retornen. Amb la consolidaci\u00f3 del confucianisme durant l&#8217;\u00e8poca Joseon (1392, 1910), el <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un element de contingut recurrent en l'art o la narrativa.\" tabindex=\"0\">motiu<\/span> del difunt inquiet a causa de rituals ancestrals no realitzats passa a primer terme.<\/p><p>Les col\u00b7leccions <em>yadam<\/em> i <em>paesol<\/em> de l&#8217;\u00e8poca Joseon contenen nombroses hist\u00f2ries de gwishin, que es van posar per escrit als segles XIX i XX.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d47b156 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d47b156\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ff38c2b elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"ff38c2b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">\u00c0rea de difusi\u00f3<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4e49fcc elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4e49fcc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Els relats sobre gwishin estan estesos per totes les regions de Corea. Les tradicions narratives s\u00f3n especialment denses en antics llocs de judici, escoles antigues i acad\u00e8mies confucianes (<em>seowon<\/em>), llocs militars i tombes d&#8217;epid\u00e8mies. La literatura contempor\u00e0nia i els K-drama sovint recorren a hospitals, escoles i estacions de metro com a escenaris.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-db03c39 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"db03c39\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-229a87b e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"229a87b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1f471fc elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1f471fc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Estat de les fonts<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-36b1201 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"36b1201\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Fonts importants: Iry\u014fn, Samguk Yusa (al voltant de 1281); col\u00b7leccions yadam de l&#8217;\u00e8poca Joseon; textos rituals xam\u00e0nics registrats als segles XIX i XX.<\/p><p><span data-nosnippet>Obres de refer\u00e8ncia modernes: Kim Tae-gon (1981), Kendall (1985, 2009 \u00abShamans, Nostalgias, and the IMF\u00bb), Walraven (1994). Per al cinema i la literatura: nombrosos treballs sobre el g\u00e8nere \u00abK-Horror\u00bb.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3ae0637c e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"3ae0637c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-31d07739 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"31d07739\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Denominaci\u00f3 i grafies<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b7642947 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"b7642947\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a086266 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a086266\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Literalment \u00ab<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un \u00e9sser incorpori al qual s'atribueix acci\u00f3 en el m\u00f3n.\" tabindex=\"0\">esperit<\/span>&#8211;<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un \u00e9sser venerat com a div\u00ed dins d'una religi\u00f3.\" tabindex=\"0\">divinitat<\/span>\u00bb a partir de \u9b3c (\u00ab<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un \u00e9sser incorpori al qual s'atribueix acci\u00f3 en el m\u00f3n.\" tabindex=\"0\">esperit<\/span>, \u00e0nima dels morts\u00bb) i \u795e (\u00ab<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un \u00e9sser venerat com a div\u00ed dins d'una religi\u00f3.\" tabindex=\"0\">divinitat<\/span>, <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un \u00e9sser incorpori al qual s'atribueix acci\u00f3 en el m\u00f3n.\" tabindex=\"0\">esperit<\/span>\u00bb).<\/p><ul><li><strong>Cheonyeo-gwishin<\/strong> (\ucc98\ub140\uadc0\uc2e0), esperit de donzella morta; dona que va morir sense casar-se.<\/li><li>Mongdal-gwishin (\ubabd\ub2ec\uadc0\uc2e0), contrapart masculina; home mort sense casar-se.<\/li><li>Son-gaksi, en relats populars emparentat amb Cheonyeo.<\/li><li>Mul-gwishin, esperits de l&#8217;aigua; generalment ofegats.<\/li><li>Dalgyal-gwishin, \u00ab<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un \u00e9sser incorpori al qual s'atribueix acci\u00f3 en el m\u00f3n.\" tabindex=\"0\">esperit<\/span> d&#8217;ou\u00bb; <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un \u00e9sser incorpori al qual s'atribueix acci\u00f3 en el m\u00f3n.\" tabindex=\"0\">esperit<\/span> sense rostre, una variant local.<\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-709a44a8 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"709a44a8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2f585873 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2f585873\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Caracter\u00edstiques<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-70621c12 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"70621c12\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4296eb49 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4296eb49\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Aparen\u00e7a.<\/strong> La representaci\u00f3 cl\u00e0ssica: dona jove amb kimono blanc de dol (<em>sobok<\/em>), cabell negre llarg que cobreix el rostre, pell p\u00e0l\u00b7lida, mans penjant l\u00e0ngides. Algunes variants no tenen boca ni ulls.<\/p><p>Comportament. Els gwishin apareixen en llocs relacionats amb la seva mort o amb un assumpte no resolt. Rarament parlen, es planyen, mostren el seu prop\u00f2sit als presents en somnis o gestos muts. Actuen a trav\u00e9s de trastorns de percepci\u00f3, malsons i quadres de malaltia.<\/p><p>Moment. Preferentment de nit, especialment entre mitjanit i les tres de la matinada; en dies de pluja i durant la setena nit lunar (<em>chilseok<\/em>).<\/p><div><h3>El han com a capa psicol\u00f2gica i cultural profunda<\/h3><p>La literatura moderna i el cinema han llegit sovint el <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un element de contingut recurrent en l'art o la narrativa.\" tabindex=\"0\">motiu<\/span> del gwishin des d&#8217;una perspectiva psicol\u00f2gica. L&#8217;aparici\u00f3 fantasmal pot entendre&#8217;s com una manifestaci\u00f3 del <em>Han<\/em>, el sentiment core\u00e0 de pena reprimida i acumulada. El gwishin no encarna nom\u00e9s el difunt individual, sin\u00f3 el patiment col\u00b7lectiu d&#8217;una fam\u00edlia o d&#8217;un per\u00edode hist\u00f2ric.<\/p><p>En aquest sentit, el <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un element de contingut recurrent en l'art o la narrativa.\" tabindex=\"0\">motiu<\/span> del gwishin \u00e9s un mirall de la injust\u00edcia social: quan alg\u00fa \u00e9s enterrat sense respectar els deures confucians, aix\u00f2 pot apar\u00e8ixer per a un p\u00fablic modern com una cr\u00edtica als problemes socials. Les pel\u00b7l\u00edcules de terror core\u00e0 (K-horror) han desenvolupat aquest aspecte i converteixen les hist\u00f2ries de gwishin en met\u00e0fores de traumes no resolts i de neglig\u00e8ncies institucionals.<\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-44e71476 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"44e71476\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3c1fc3f0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3c1fc3f0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Fitxa: Gwishin<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-84f33b8e e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"84f33b8e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-hqkdc67p elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"hqkdc67p\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Els aspectes m\u00e9s importants del gwishin d&#8217;un cop d&#8217;ull.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c5 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c1 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-qh9oavvu iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"qh9oavvu\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-awzx8k2k elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"awzx8k2k\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Origen del gwishin<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-x6rowhv0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"x6rowhv0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Difunts humans amb un assumpte pendent o ritus d&#8217;avantpassats no realitzats; m\u00e9s rarament com a conseq\u00fc\u00e8ncia d&#8217;una mort violenta.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8e3o4kxs iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"8e3o4kxs\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-08rkdgov elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"08rkdgov\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Destinataris<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-uwjelx8s elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"uwjelx8s\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Familiars supervivents, hereus, responsables de la mort; testimonis casuals del lloc; freq\u00fcent en escoles i hospitals.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-jm2n74ec iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"jm2n74ec\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8vufse4c elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"8vufse4c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Forma<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-mwb9u015 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"mwb9u015\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Figura vestida de blanc, de cabell llarg i pell p\u00e0l\u00b7lida; sovint amb el rostre amagat i els bra\u00e7os penjant l\u00e0ngids.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c2 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c2\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-37ss2yr6 iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"37ss2yr6\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3v0wp3wx elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3v0wp3wx\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Efectes del gwishin<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-w3247g2m elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"w3247g2m\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Malaltia, terror, malsons, bogeria, accidents; en casos greus, mort dels responsables.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0qpjal9w iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"0qpjal9w\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6ndoih0o elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6ndoih0o\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Formes de defensa<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6684tyh9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6684tyh9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Ritus jesa realitzats correctament; <em>gut<\/em> xam\u00e0nic dut a terme per una <em>mudang<\/em>; cerim\u00f2nies budistes pels difunts; resoluci\u00f3 de l&#8217;assumpte pendent.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3lfi7x32 iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3lfi7x32\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0kg99ga1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"0kg99ga1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Paral\u00b7lels del gwishin<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-n0fum6kp elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"n0fum6kp\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Els <strong>y\u016brei<\/strong> i <em>onry\u014d<\/em> japonesos; el <em>gu\u01d0<\/em> xin\u00e8s (vegeu Gui); les dones blanques europees; el <em>preta<\/em> indi.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7533bc7a e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"7533bc7a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2447d18d elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2447d18d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Pr\u00e0ctica de protecci\u00f3<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d5d0260c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d5d0260c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-341be2ac elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"341be2ac\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Jesa.<\/strong> Els ritus d&#8217;avantpassats d&#8217;arrel confuciana es duen a terme anualment el dia de la mort i en les grans festivitats de Seollal i Chuseok. Una disposici\u00f3 precisa de menjars, plats i actes rituals ha d&#8217;apaivagar l&#8217;\u00e0nima i recordar-li el seu lloc dins el cercle dels avantpassats.<\/p><p>Ssitgim-gut. El \u00abgut de purificaci\u00f3\u00bb xam\u00e0nic de la regi\u00f3 de Jeolla i de Jindo allibera els lligams del difunt; la mudang invoca l&#8217;<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un \u00e9sser incorpori al qual s'atribueix efecte sobre el m\u00f3n.\" tabindex=\"0\">esperit<\/span>, hi parla, el purifica i l&#8217;acompanya.<\/p><p>Rituals budistes per als difunts. <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Una seq\u00fc\u00e8ncia regulada d'actes simb\u00f2lics amb significat religi\u00f3s o cultural.\" tabindex=\"0\">Ritual<\/span> de 49 dies (<em>sasiban<\/em>) despr\u00e9s de la mort amb recitaci\u00f3 de sutres; cerim\u00f2nies m\u00e9s grans (<em>cheondo-jae<\/em>) per a \u00e0nimes especialment inquietes.<\/p><p>Bujok. Amulets de paper consagrats amb car\u00e0cters vermells, col\u00b7locats al marc de la porta o dins la casa per repel\u00b7lir els gwishin.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5a584676 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"5a584676\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6d0757bf elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6d0757bf\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Gwishin, paral\u00b7lels en altres cultures<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-60563f68 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"60563f68\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5a93fdd6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5a93fdd6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Jap\u00f3.<\/strong> Els y\u016brei i <em>onry\u014d<\/em> comparteixen la <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Estudi dels continguts ic\u00f2nics i el seu significat.\" tabindex=\"0\">iconografia<\/span> cl\u00e0ssica de la dona morta, blanca i de cabell llarg; la figura japonesa t\u00e9 una empremta m\u00e9s budista, la coreana m\u00e9s confuciana.<\/p><p>Xina. El <em>gu\u01d0<\/em> (vegeu Gui) forma el camp l\u00e8xic sinogr\u00e0fic com\u00fa; el contingut de la Festa dels Esperits xinesa comparteix motius.<\/p><p>Europa. Les dones blanques de la tradici\u00f3 germ\u00e0nica i eslava s\u00f3n parents funcionals; no hi ha cap vincle hist\u00f2ric.<\/p><p>Budisme. Els fantasmes fam\u00e8lics preta comparteixen el <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un element de contingut recurrent en l'art o la narrativa.\" tabindex=\"0\">motiu<\/span> dels morts inquiets i no resolts.<\/p><div><h3>Recepci\u00f3 moderna i adaptacions<\/h3><p>La figura del gwishin \u00e9s omnipresent en la cultura coreana contempor\u00e0nia. S\u00e8ries com <em>Tale of the Nine-Tailed<\/em>, <em>Alchemy of Souls<\/em> i pel\u00b7l\u00edcules com <em>A Tale of Two Sisters<\/em> utilitzen el <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un element de contingut recurrent en l'art o la narrativa.\" tabindex=\"0\">motiu<\/span>. Els creadors sovint modifiquen la forma cl\u00e0ssica: els gwishin es fan m\u00e9s poderosos, m\u00e9s intel\u00b7ligents i es venjen de manera m\u00e9s precisa que en les tradicions antigues.<\/p><p>Aix\u00f2 tamb\u00e9 es reflecteix en adaptacions liter\u00e0ries, com en la prosa de Han Kang o Kim Ae-ran. El gwishin tradicional \u00e9s una figura muda i sofrent; el gwishin modern \u00e9s un agent que narra la seva pr\u00f2pia hist\u00f2ria. Aquest despla\u00e7ament d&#8217;\u00e9sser passiu a actiu mostra una reinterpretaci\u00f3 del concepte de han com una emoci\u00f3 poderosa, no nom\u00e9s tr\u00e0gica.<\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp7d7e612 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp7d7e612\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp026e302 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp026e302\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Posici\u00f3 en la cosmovisi\u00f3 coreana del m\u00e9s enll\u00e0<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2c80f6a e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp2c80f6a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpbd89af0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cpbd89af0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span data-nosnippet>El terme <em>gwishin<\/em> (\uadc0\uc2e0) no designa en core\u00e0 un \u00fanic tipus d&#8217;\u00e9sser, sin\u00f3 tota una categoria: esperits de difunts que no han completat el tr\u00e0nsit ordenat cap a l&#8217;altre m\u00f3n. La imatge tradicional coreana de la mort est\u00e0 fortament marcada pel confucianisme, que des de l&#8217;\u00e8poca Joseon (1392 a 1897) va ser la ideologia estatal oficial.<\/span><\/p><p>Segons aquesta concepci\u00f3, un difunt es converteix, mitjan\u00e7ant ritus f\u00fanebres i ancestrals correctament executats, en <em>josang<\/em>, l&#8217;avantpassat ben\u00e8vol que protegeix els descendents. Si aquests ritus no es duen a terme, o si la mort va ser violenta, prematura o sense sepultura, l&#8217;<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un \u00e9sser incorpori al qual s'atribueix efecte en el m\u00f3n.\" tabindex=\"0\">esperit<\/span> roman com a <em>gwishin<\/em> en el m\u00f3n dels vius.<\/p><p>Aquesta l\u00f2gica vincula directament l&#8217;\u00e9sser espectral amb l&#8217;ordre social. Un <em>gwishin<\/em> \u00e9s menys un \u00e9sser demon\u00edac que un s\u00edmptoma d&#8217;una relaci\u00f3 pertorbada entre vius i morts.<\/p><p>Els especialment afectats s\u00f3n les persones que van morir sense descend\u00e8ncia, ja que sense hereus mascles faltava, en el sistema confuci\u00e0, el destinatari ritual. La tradici\u00f3 xam\u00e0nica del <em>musok<\/em> oferia aqu\u00ed un complement: les <em>mudang<\/em>, generalment xamanes femenines, podien, en rituals com el <em>ssitgim-gut<\/em>, purificar i apaivagar un <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un \u00e9sser incorpori al qual s'atribueix efecte en el m\u00f3n.\" tabindex=\"0\">esperit<\/span> inquiet.<\/p><p>La recerca en ci\u00e8ncies de la religi\u00f3, com els treballs de Laurel Kendall sobre el <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Sistema religi\u00f3s en el qual especialistes es comuniquen amb el m\u00f3n dels esperits.\" tabindex=\"0\">xamanisme<\/span> core\u00e0, subratlla que el concepte de <em>gwishin<\/em> fa de mitjancer entre els diferents sistemes. Combina el deure ancestral confuci\u00e0, les concepcions budistes sobre el cicle de renaixement i la pr\u00e0ctica xam\u00e0nica.<\/p><p>Un <em>gwishin<\/em> \u00e9s, doncs, culturalment sobredeterminat: cada una de les tres tradicions ofereix una explicaci\u00f3 pr\u00f2pia de per qu\u00e8 un mort no troba rep\u00f2s, i cada una proposa una via de soluci\u00f3 diferent. Aquesta multiplicitat de capes explica per qu\u00e8 l&#8217;\u00e9sser continua tan present en la literatura i les narracions populars coreanes.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp8b36413 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp8b36413\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp4a80006 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp4a80006\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">El gwishin en la cultura popular moderna<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpce3e698 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cpce3e698\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp3df2f7a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp3df2f7a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span data-nosnippet>Des dels anys 1990, el <em>gwishin<\/em> \u00e9s una figura central del g\u00e8nere de terror core\u00e0. La pel\u00b7l\u00edcula <em>Yeogo goedam<\/em> (Whispering Corridors, 1998) i les seves seq\u00fceles van traslladar l&#8217;<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un \u00e9sser incorpori al qual s'atribueix efecte en el m\u00f3n.\" tabindex=\"0\">esperit<\/span> inquiet a l&#8217;institut femen\u00ed i el van vincular amb temes com la pressi\u00f3 acad\u00e8mica, l&#8217;assetjament escolar i la viol\u00e8ncia institucional.<\/span><\/p><p>La imatge t\u00edpica, una jove amb vestit funerari blanc i cabell negre llarg que li tapa la cara, marca des de llavors el llenguatge visual del g\u00e8nere i coincideix parcialment amb el <em>y\u016brei<\/em> japon\u00e8s, sense ser-hi id\u00e8ntica.<\/p><p><span data-nosnippet>La televisi\u00f3 ha diversificat encara m\u00e9s la figura durant les d\u00e8cades del 2000 i el 2010. S\u00e8ries com <em>Master&#8217;s Sun<\/em> (2013) o <em>Hotel del Luna<\/em> (2019) presenten els <em>gwishin<\/em> no nom\u00e9s com a figures terror\u00edfiques, sin\u00f3 com a \u00e9ssers amb assumptes pendents que els vius poden o han d&#8217;ajudar a resoldre.<\/span><\/p><p>Aix\u00ed, el patr\u00f3 narratiu retorna a la l\u00f2gica tradicional: l&#8217;<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un \u00e9sser incorpori al qual s'atribueix efecte en el m\u00f3n.\" tabindex=\"0\">esperit<\/span> \u00e9s alliberat quan la injust\u00edcia que ha patit es reconeix i es repara. El motiu de terror i el <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un element de contingut recurrent en l'art o la narraci\u00f3.\" tabindex=\"0\">motiu<\/span> melodram\u00e0tic de la vida inacabada es troben aqu\u00ed molt a prop l&#8217;un de l&#8217;altre.<\/p><p>\u00c9s remarcable que la cultura popular sovint fa visible l&#8217;estructura profunda confuciana sense anomenar-la expl\u00edcitament. La narraci\u00f3 del <em>gwishin<\/em> tracta gaireb\u00e9 sempre d&#8217;un ordre trencat: un assassinat silenciat, un embar\u00e0s negat, una her\u00e8ncia usurpada. L&#8217;entreteniment modern utilitza, doncs, aquest antic \u00e9sser com a vehicle de cr\u00edtica social.<\/p><p>A difer\u00e8ncia de les pel\u00b7l\u00edcules de fantasmes occidentals, en les quals l&#8217;<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un \u00e9sser incorpori al qual s'atribueix efecte en el m\u00f3n.\" tabindex=\"0\">esperit<\/span> sovint es queda com a mera amena\u00e7a, el <em>gwishin<\/em> core\u00e0 exigeix gaireb\u00e9 sempre una resposta moral. Aix\u00f2 el vincula amb la finalitat tradicional del ritual xam\u00e0nic, que no busca la destrucci\u00f3 sin\u00f3 la reconciliaci\u00f3 de l&#8217;esperit.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp7595c4c e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp7595c4c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpf354b9d elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cpf354b9d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">El han com a nucli emocional<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp33b2cae e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp33b2cae\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpa63ff4e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cpa63ff4e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Estretament relacionat amb el <em>gwishin<\/em> hi ha el concepte dif\u00edcil de traduir de <em>han<\/em> (\ud55c). Designa un complex acumulat de rancor, dol, amargor i desig insatisfet que s&#8217;acumula al llarg d&#8217;una vida o de generacions.<\/p><p>En la imaginaci\u00f3 popular, \u00e9s precisament aquest <em>han<\/em> el que ret\u00e9 un mort en el m\u00f3n i el converteix en <em>gwishin<\/em>. El <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un \u00e9sser incorpori al qual s'atribueix efecte en el m\u00f3n.\" tabindex=\"0\">esperit<\/span> nom\u00e9s pot seguir el seu cam\u00ed quan es dissol el <em>han<\/em>, \u00e9s a dir, quan la injust\u00edcia subjacent \u00e9s reconeguda i, si \u00e9s possible, reparada.<\/p><p>La investigaci\u00f3 discuteix el <em>han<\/em> de manera controvertida. Alguns te\u00f2rics culturals coreans del segle XX l&#8217;han elevat a tret nacional essencial, sorgit de la hist\u00f2ria d&#8217;invasions, domini colonial i divisi\u00f3.<\/p><p>D&#8217;altres, com l&#8217;estudi\u00f3s de literatura Michael Shin, adverteixen contra l&#8217;essencialitzaci\u00f3 del <em>han<\/em> com una caracter\u00edstica coreana atemporal, i assenyalen que la mateixa revaloritzaci\u00f3 del concepte \u00e9s una construcci\u00f3 relativament recent, en part mediada per l&#8217;\u00e8poca colonial.<\/p><p>Per entendre el <em>gwishin<\/em>, aquest debat \u00e9s menys determinant que l&#8217;observaci\u00f3 de que la narrativa popular defineix consistentment el <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un \u00e9sser incorpori al qual s'atribueix efecte en el m\u00f3n.\" tabindex=\"0\">esperit<\/span> a trav\u00e9s del seu sentiment i de la injust\u00edcia patida, no pas per una naturalesa mal\u00e8vola.<\/p><p>D&#8217;aqu\u00ed resulta una asimetria caracter\u00edstica. El <em>gwishin<\/em> \u00e9s perill\u00f3s, per\u00f2 el seu dany mai \u00e9s gratu\u00eft. Cerca atenci\u00f3, just\u00edcia o la culminaci\u00f3 d&#8217;una vida interrompuda.<\/p><p>El <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Una seq\u00fc\u00e8ncia regulada d'accions simb\u00f2liques amb significat religi\u00f3s o cultural.\" tabindex=\"0\">ritual<\/span> xam\u00e0nic del <em>gut<\/em> actua precisament aqu\u00ed: la <em>mudang<\/em> dona veu a l&#8217;<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un \u00e9sser incorpori al qual s'atribueix efecte en el m\u00f3n.\" tabindex=\"0\">esperit<\/span>, li permet expressar el seu patiment i despr\u00e9s el guia <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Pertanyent a una seq\u00fc\u00e8ncia d'accions religioses establerta.\" tabindex=\"0\">ritualment<\/span> fora del m\u00f3n dels vius. Qui treballi amb les creences coreanes sobre esperits no hauria, doncs, de llegir el <em>gwishin<\/em> principalment com una amena\u00e7a, sin\u00f3 com una demanda personificada de reparaci\u00f3.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-36dd7469 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"36dd7469\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-13760ab4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"13760ab4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Enlla\u00e7os relacionats<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-28c87796 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"28c87796\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5d6538df elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5d6538df\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Enlla\u00e7os interns recomanats:<\/p><ul><li>P\u00e0gina cultural <strong>Corea<\/strong>.<\/li><li>Altres perfils individuals de Corea: <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/?page_id=171419\">Dokkaebi<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/?page_id=171421\">Gumiho<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/?page_id=171422\">Cheonyeo-gwishin<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/?page_id=171423\">Jeoseung Saja<\/a>.<\/li><li>Paral\u00b7lels: Y\u016brei (Jap\u00f3), <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/?page_id=171406\">Gui<\/a> (Xina), <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/?page_id=171402\">Preta<\/a> (Budisme).<\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-grl4kl40 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"grl4kl40\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bzsbfrmh elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"bzsbfrmh\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Fonts i bibliografia<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2c13224a e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"2c13224a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0eymh9ub elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"0eymh9ub\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<footer class=\"iwg-literatur\" data-nosnippet=\"true\"><p>Una selecci\u00f3 compacta de treballs centrals sobre Gwishin:<\/p><ul><li><span data-nosnippet>Kendall, Laurel: <em>Shamans, Housewives, and Other Restless Spirits: Women in Korean <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Una seq\u00fc\u00e8ncia regulada d'accions simb\u00f2liques amb significat religi\u00f3s o cultural.\" tabindex=\"0\">Ritual<\/span> Life.<\/em> University of Hawai\u02bbi Press, Honolulu 1985.<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Kendall, Laurel: <em>Shamans, Nostalgias, and the IMF: South Korean Popular Religion in Motion.<\/em> University of Hawai\u02bbi Press, Honolulu 2009.<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Iry\u014fn: <em>Samguk Yusa.<\/em> Trad. Ha Tae-Hung, Grafton K. Mintz. Yonsei University Press, Se\u00fcl 1972.<\/span><\/li><\/ul><\/footer>\n<p class=\"iwg-bib-more\"><span data-nosnippet>M\u00e9s obres de refer\u00e8ncia al <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/?page_id=171483\">llistat bibliogr\u00e0fic<\/a>.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgca-gwishin-sec e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgca-gwishin-sec\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" id=\"iwg-ca-gwishin\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgca-gwishin-te iwg-ca-textwrap elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgca-gwishin-te\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-nosnippet=\"true\"><p class=\"iwg-ca-bridge\">La pr\u00e0ctica de protecci\u00f3 descrita aqu\u00ed \u00e9s una classificaci\u00f3 de tradicions hist\u00f2riques des de la perspectiva de la ci\u00e8ncia de les religions. iWell Guard s&#8217;inspira en aquesta l\u00ednia cultural i hist\u00f2rica d&#8217;objectes de protecci\u00f3 portables i n&#8217;\u00e9s una forma contempor\u00e0nia. <a href=\"\/ueber-iwell-guard\/?utm_source=iwell-guard.com&#038;utm_medium=text-link&#038;utm_campaign=schadwesen-tradition\">M\u00e9s informaci\u00f3 sobre l&#8217;iWell Guard \u2192<\/a><\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":1705,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"elementor_header_footer","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_focuskw":"Gwishin","_yoast_wpseo_title":"Gwishin - retorn per un assumpte pendent","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"Gwishin, esperits dels morts de la tradici\u00f3 coreana. 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