{"id":171417,"date":"2026-09-05T15:39:12","date_gmt":"2026-09-05T15:39:12","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/?page_id=171417"},"modified":"2026-09-05T15:57:12","modified_gmt":"2026-09-05T15:57:12","slug":"yurei","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/yurei\/","title":{"rendered":"Y\u016brei"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"171417\" class=\"elementor elementor-171417 elementor-1328\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-10fdade e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"10fdade\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-herohlft0 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"herohlft0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c3ceb64 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"c3ceb64\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-96ae5e1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"96ae5e1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Yuurei, esperit de la tradici\u00f3 japonesa<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e45238a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e45238a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Yuurei \u00e9s un <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un \u00e9sser incorpori al qual s'atribueix efecte en el m\u00f3n.\" tabindex=\"0\">esperit<\/span> de la tradici\u00f3 japonesa.<\/p><p>Els y\u016brei s\u00f3n esperits inquiets dels morts que retornen entre els vius per un assumpte pendent.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-klsbdg01 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"klsbdg01\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-klshtm01 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"klshtm01\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"iwg-pill-row\"><span class=\"iwg-klasse-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Esperit: \u00e9sser incorpori o semicorpori, difunt, \u00e9sser de la natura, esperit de la llar o guardi\u00e0 del llindar. Actua en la vida quotidiana, sovint lligat a llocs o fam\u00edlies.\">Esperit<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/?page_id=171411\" class=\"iwg-kultur-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Els m\u00f3ns dels kami xintoistes japonesos i dels y\u014dkai budistes.\">Jap\u00f3<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/?page_id=171451\" class=\"iwg-tradition-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Difunts els esperits dels quals segueixen actuant en aquest m\u00f3n, esperits de la llar, avantpassats, morts inquiets.\">Esperit dels morts<\/a><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3f74855 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3f74855\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1c30362 elementor-toc--minimized-on-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-table-of-contents\" data-id=\"1c30362\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;exclude_headings_by_selector&quot;:[],&quot;no_headings_message&quot;:&quot;No s&#039;ha trobat cap encap\\u00e7alament en aquesta p\\u00e0gina.&quot;,&quot;headings_by_tags&quot;:[&quot;h2&quot;,&quot;h3&quot;],&quot;marker_view&quot;:&quot;bullets&quot;,&quot;icon&quot;:{&quot;value&quot;:&quot;fas fa-circle&quot;,&quot;library&quot;:&quot;fa-solid&quot;,&quot;rendered_tag&quot;:&quot;&lt;svg class=\\&quot;e-font-icon-svg e-fas-circle\\&quot; viewBox=\\&quot;0 0 512 512\\&quot; xmlns=\\&quot;http:\\\/\\\/www.w3.org\\\/2000\\\/svg\\&quot;&gt;&lt;path d=\\&quot;M256 8C119 8 8 119 8 256s111 248 248 248 248-111 248-248S393 8 256 8z\\&quot;&gt;&lt;\\\/path&gt;&lt;\\\/svg&gt;&quot;},&quot;minimize_box&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;minimized_on&quot;:&quot;tablet&quot;,&quot;hierarchical_view&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;min_height&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"table-of-contents.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__header\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-toc__header-title\">\n\t\t\t\t\u00cdndex\t\t\t<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--expand\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__1c30362\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Open table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-down\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M207.029 381.476L12.686 187.132c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941l22.667-22.667c9.357-9.357 24.522-9.375 33.901-.04L224 284.505l154.745-154.021c9.379-9.335 24.544-9.317 33.901.04l22.667 22.667c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941L240.971 381.476c-9.373 9.372-24.569 9.372-33.942 0z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--collapse\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__1c30362\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Close table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-up\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M240.971 130.524l194.343 194.343c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941l-22.667 22.667c-9.357 9.357-24.522 9.375-33.901.04L224 227.495 69.255 381.516c-9.379 9.335-24.544 9.317-33.901-.04l-22.667-22.667c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941L207.03 130.525c9.372-9.373 24.568-9.373 33.941-.001z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-toc__1c30362\" class=\"elementor-toc__body\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__spinner-container\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg class=\"elementor-toc__spinner eicon-animation-spin e-font-icon-svg e-eicon-loading\" aria-hidden=\"true\" viewBox=\"0 0 1000 1000\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M500 975V858C696 858 858 696 858 500S696 142 500 142 142 304 142 500H25C25 237 238 25 500 25S975 237 975 500 763 975 500 975Z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-herorght0 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"herorght0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-heroimg00 iwg-hero-image elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"heroimg00\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"683\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/geister_japan_yuurei-1-683x1024.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-1688\" alt=\"Y\u016brei\" srcset=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/geister_japan_yuurei-1-683x1024.webp 683w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/geister_japan_yuurei-1-200x300.webp 200w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/geister_japan_yuurei-1-768x1152.webp 768w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/geister_japan_yuurei-1.webp 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 683px) 100vw, 683px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-32917199 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"32917199\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-26e916cb e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"26e916cb\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-253a40d4 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"253a40d4\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1200c304 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1200c304\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Y\u016brei<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-11758e7f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"11758e7f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Els y\u016brei (\u5e7d\u970a, \u00ab\u00e0nima t\u00e8rbola\u00bb) s\u00f3n els esperits cl\u00e0ssics dels morts al Jap\u00f3. Es diferencien dels y\u014dkai perqu\u00e8 provenen del regne dels morts i retornen al m\u00f3n dels humans, generalment per un assumpte pendent: un assassinat sense venjar, un infant abandonat, un amor no correspost, un patrimoni usurpat.<\/p><p><span data-nosnippet>La figura icogr\u00e0ficament fixada es remunta al per\u00edode Edo: quimono blanc de mort, cabells negres llargs que cauen sobre el rostre, abs\u00e8ncia de peus, mans penjant fl\u00e0ccides. La imatge prov\u00e9 en gran part de l&#8217;obra del pintor Maruyama \u014ckyo (1733, 1795).<\/span><\/p><div><h3>La subclasse onry\u014d i l&#8217;arquetip de l&#8217;esperit venjatiu<\/h3><p>Els <em>yuurei<\/em> es diferencien en diverses subclasses, de les quals els <em>onry\u014d<\/em> (esperits venjatius) representen el tipus dram\u00e0ticament m\u00e9s destacat. Els onry\u014d s\u00f3n yuurei amb afectes explosius, la falta de rep\u00f2s dels quals no prov\u00e9 d&#8217;una vaga malenconia, sin\u00f3 d&#8217;una injust\u00edcia patida. La literatura can\u00f2nica sobre els onry\u014d documenta casos d&#8217;assassinat, engany en q\u00fcestions matrimonials o persecuci\u00f3 pol\u00edtica com a catalitzadors d&#8217;aparicions sobrenaturals.<\/p><p>La difer\u00e8ncia amb el yuurei simple resideix en la intensitat de les manifestacions fenom\u00e8niques: els onry\u014d generen cat\u00e0strofes naturals, incendis o desintegraci\u00f3 familiar durant diverses generacions. Els sistemes de classificaci\u00f3 dels textos budistes distingeixen entre <em>shiry\u014d<\/em> (esperits dels morts) i <em>akuryo<\/em> (esperits malignes), i els onry\u014d s&#8217;aproximen m\u00e9s a aquesta darrera categoria. En les classificacions modernes, l&#8217;onry\u014d es defineix com un yuurei amb potencial de manifestaci\u00f3.<\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-159dcf9a e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"159dcf9a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-48cee66f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"48cee66f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Resum: Yuurei<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3f50d82c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"3f50d82c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span data-nosnippet><strong>Tipus:<\/strong> esperit dels morts, esperit venjatiu (onry\u014d)<br>Origen: concepcions xintoistes de la mort, cosmologia budista de la reincarnaci\u00f3<br>Textos: Konjaku Monogatarish\u016b, Ugetsu Monogatari (1776), Yotsuya Kaidan (1825)<br>\u00c8poca: popular des de l&#8217;edat mitjana; <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"La disciplina dels continguts de les imatges i el seu significat.\" tabindex=\"0\">iconografia<\/span> cl\u00e0ssica al per\u00edode Edo<br>Desencadenant: vincle no resolt, injust\u00edcia sense expiar, ritus funeraris incomplets<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-18613602 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"18613602\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-262b8a9f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"262b8a9f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Introducci\u00f3<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-46dcb7d e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"46dcb7d\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-61d3ab3 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"61d3ab3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-117c166 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"117c166\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Per\u00edode dels textos<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-73997a0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"73997a0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>La idea d&#8217;esperits errants dels morts arrela profundament al Jap\u00f3. Ja en les col\u00b7leccions setsuwa dels segles XII al XIV, els morts retornen per resoldre assumptes pendents. El terme espec\u00edfic y\u016brei es consolida al per\u00edode Edo.<\/p><p>La fixaci\u00f3 iconogr\u00e0fica es produeix gr\u00e0cies a Maruyama \u014ckyo a finals del segle XVIII, aix\u00ed com a les obres de teatre d&#8217;esperits i els gravats en fusta del per\u00edode Edo. El drama kabuki \u00abT\u014dkaid\u014d Yotsuya Kaidan\u00bb (Tsuruya Nanboku IV, 1825), amb la figura de l&#8217;esperit venjatiu Oiwa, marca fins avui la imatge de l&#8217;onry\u014d.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d47b156 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d47b156\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ff38c2b elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"ff38c2b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">\u00c0rea de difusi\u00f3<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4e49fcc elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4e49fcc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Les tradicions sobre els y\u016brei estan difoses per tot el Jap\u00f3. Els escenaris a la literatura i el teatre solen ser llocs concrets: Yotsuya (T\u00f2quio) amb la hist\u00f2ria d&#8217;Oiwa, Banch\u014d per a la narradora dels plats Okiku, el santuari Tenmang\u016b per a Sugawara no Michizane. Especialment durant l&#8217;agost, en l&#8217;\u00e8poca de l&#8217;Obon, la festa en qu\u00e8 les \u00e0nimes dels difunts retornen, els y\u016brei s\u00f3n omnipresents al teatre i en les hist\u00f2ries de fantasmes populars.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-db03c39 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"db03c39\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-229a87b e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"229a87b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1f471fc elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1f471fc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Estat de les fonts<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-36b1201 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"36b1201\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span data-nosnippet>Fonts principals: Ueda Akinari, Ugetsu Monogatari (1776); Tsuruya Nanboku IV, T\u014dkaid\u014d Yotsuya Kaidan (1825); <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Escriptor irland\u00e8s-americ\u00e0 (1850\u20131904); recopilador d'hist\u00f2ries de fantasmes japoneses a Kwaidan (1904).\">Lafcadio Hearn<\/span>, In Ghostly Japan i <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Recopilaci\u00f3 de Lafcadio Hearn d'hist\u00f2ries de fantasmes japoneses de 1904; va marcar la percepci\u00f3 occidental de Yuki-Onna i Yuurei.\">Kwaidan<\/span> (1899\/1904).<\/span><\/p><p><span data-nosnippet>Recerca moderna: Michael Dylan Foster (2015); Iwasaka, Michiko &#038; Toelken, Barre (1994) Ghosts and the Japanese; Komatsu Kazuhiko (2017). El motiu continua present fins avui, visible en pel\u00b7l\u00edcules com \u00abRingu\u00bb (1998) i \u00abJu-On\u00bb (2002).<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3ae0637c e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"3ae0637c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-31d07739 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"31d07739\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Nom i variants<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b7642947 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"b7642947\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a086266 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a086266\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Literalment \u00ab\u00e0nima fosca\/t\u00e8rbola\u00bb, de \u5e7d (t\u00e8rbol, fosc) i \u970a (\u00e0nima, <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un \u00e9sser incorpori al qual s'atribueix efecte en el m\u00f3n.\" tabindex=\"0\">esperit<\/span>).<\/p><ul><li><strong>Onry\u014d<\/strong> (\u6028\u970a), esperit venjatiu; subgrup dels y\u016brei amb perfil agressiu.<\/li><li>Ubume (\u7523\u5973), <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un \u00e9sser incorpori al qual s'atribueix efecte en el m\u00f3n.\" tabindex=\"0\">esperit<\/span> d&#8217;una dona morta de part.<\/li><li>Funay\u016brei (\u8239\u5e7d\u970a), esperits d&#8217;ofegats que ataquen vaixells.<\/li><li>Zashiki-warashi, esperits infantils de la llar, entre y\u014dkai i y\u016brei; m\u00e9s b\u00e9 de bon auguri.<\/li><li>Gory\u014d (\u5fa1\u970a), esperits venjatius especialment poderosos de persones d&#8217;alt rang; <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"El conjunt d'actes de veneraci\u00f3 religiosa envers una divinitat o figura sagrada.\" tabindex=\"0\">culte<\/span> propi.<\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-709a44a8 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"709a44a8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2f585873 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2f585873\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Descripci\u00f3<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-70621c12 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"70621c12\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4296eb49 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4296eb49\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Aparen\u00e7a.<\/strong> Kimono funerari blanc (shinish\u014dzoku, amb el tall creuat al rev\u00e9s sobre el cos), cabell negre llarg i despentinat, cara p\u00e0l\u00b7lida i generalment jove, mans que pengen fluixament, peus absents o difuminats. Sovint acompanyat de dues flames tremoloses hitodama.<\/p><p>Comportament. Els y\u016brei apareixen sobretot all\u00e0 on van morir o on es va cometre la injust\u00edcia. Rarament parlen, es lamenten, mostren, espanten. Els onry\u014d ataquen activament, provoquen accidents i porten els culpables a la bogeria o a la mort.<\/p><p>Temps. Visibles al capvespre, de nit i especialment cap a les dues de la matinada (ushimitsu-doki, \u00abla tercera hora del bou\u00bb).<\/p><div><h3>Canonitzaci\u00f3 al kabuki i el <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un element de contingut recurrent en l'art o la narrativa.\" tabindex=\"0\">motiu<\/span> del Botan Lantern<\/h3><p>L&#8217;escena kabuki va transformar les narracions de yuurei en una forma teatral ic\u00f2nica. Obres com <em>Kaidan Botan Doro<\/em> (Hist\u00f2ria de la pe\u00f2nia i els fanalets fantasma, basada en una hist\u00f2ria sangoku del segle XVII) van posar en escena per primera vegada de manera sistem\u00e0tica la yuurei com a protagonista dram\u00e0tica, la persecuci\u00f3 de la qual pel mal com\u00e8s resultava psicol\u00f2gicament comprensible i alhora est\u00e8ticament sublim.<\/p><p>Aquest g\u00e8nere de <em>kaidan-mono<\/em> va establir, al final de l&#8217;\u00e8poca Edo i el primer kabuki Meiji, un arquetip: la dona que sofreix, el <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un \u00e9sser incorpori al qual s'atribueix una acci\u00f3 en el m\u00f3n.\" tabindex=\"0\">esperit<\/span> de la qual apareix envoltat de seda i llum blava per fer sortir la veritat a la llum.<\/p><p>La coreografia de l&#8217;entrada en escena de la yuurei utilitzava seq\u00fc\u00e8ncies de passos retr\u00f2grades i moviments alentits per codificar corporalment la sobrenaturalitat. Aquestes innovacions del kabuki van influir en autors posteriors i van consolidar la yuurei com a figura central de l&#8217;est\u00e8tica de terror japonesa.<\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-44e71476 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"44e71476\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3c1fc3f0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3c1fc3f0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Fitxa: Yuurei<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-84f33b8e e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"84f33b8e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-hqkdc67p elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"hqkdc67p\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Els aspectes m\u00e9s importants dels Y\u016brei d&#8217;un cop d&#8217;ull.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c5 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c1 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-qh9oavvu iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"qh9oavvu\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-awzx8k2k elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"awzx8k2k\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Context cultural<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-x6rowhv0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"x6rowhv0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Difunts humans amb un assumpte pendent, als quals se&#8217;ls nega l&#8217;alliberament degut.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8e3o4kxs iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"8e3o4kxs\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-08rkdgov elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"08rkdgov\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Objectiu dels Yuurei<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-uwjelx8s elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"uwjelx8s\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Els autors de la injust\u00edcia, les seves fam\u00edlies, hereus; testimonis casuals del lloc; metges, funeraris, dones embarassades en fases inestables.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-jm2n74ec iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"jm2n74ec\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8vufse4c elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"8vufse4c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Forma<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-mwb9u015 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"mwb9u015\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Vestit de blanc, cabell llarg, p\u00e0l\u00b7lid, sense peus; acompanyat de flames hitodama.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c2 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c2\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-37ss2yr6 iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"37ss2yr6\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3v0wp3wx elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3v0wp3wx\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Funci\u00f3<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-w3247g2m elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"w3247g2m\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Terror, malaltia, bogeria, accidents, en el cas dels onry\u014d la mort dels perseguits; en el cas de la Ubume, el plor nocturn d&#8217;un nad\u00f3.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0qpjal9w iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"0qpjal9w\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6ndoih0o elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6ndoih0o\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Amulets protectors<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6684tyh9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6684tyh9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Ritus funeraris budistes complets, recitaci\u00f3 de sutres (Sutra del Cor, Nenbutsu), visita a un sacerdot, erecci\u00f3 d&#8217;un petit santuari (<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"El conjunt d'actes de veneraci\u00f3 religiosa dedicats a una divinitat o figura sagrada.\" tabindex=\"0\">culte<\/span> gory\u014d), resoluci\u00f3 de l&#8217;assumpte pendent.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3lfi7x32 iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3lfi7x32\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0kg99ga1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"0kg99ga1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">\u00c9ssers relacionats<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-n0fum6kp elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"n0fum6kp\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Els <strong>gwishin<\/strong> coreans, els <em>gu\u01d0<\/em> xinesos; morts vivents europeus i els cl\u00e0ssics <em>lemures<\/em>; <em>fantasmes que trenquen promeses<\/em> arreu del m\u00f3n.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7533bc7a e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"7533bc7a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2447d18d elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2447d18d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Pr\u00e0ctica de protecci\u00f3<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d5d0260c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d5d0260c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-341be2ac elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"341be2ac\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Ritus funeraris complets.<\/strong> Les cerim\u00f2nies funer\u00e0ries budistes amb recitaci\u00f3 de sutres, nom p\u00f2stum (kaimy\u014d) i ritus commemoratius anuals tenen per objectiu evitar que un difunt es converteixi en y\u016brei.<\/p><p>Obon. A l&#8217;estiu (generalment a mitjans d&#8217;agost) es dona la benvinguda a les \u00e0nimes dels difunts amb fanalets, es netegen les tombes, tradicionalment es ball el Bon-Odori, i al final s&#8217;acomiaden les \u00e0nimes cap a l&#8217;altre m\u00f3n amb fanalets flotants als rius.<\/p><p><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"El conjunt d'actes de veneraci\u00f3 religiosa dedicats a una divinitat o figura sagrada.\" tabindex=\"0\">Culte<\/span> gory\u014d. Els esperits venjatius especialment poderosos de personatges hist\u00f2rics (Sugawara no Michizane, Taira no Masakado) es veneren com a divinitats amb santuaris propis, per apaivagar-los i transformar-los en forces protectores.<\/p><p>Resoluci\u00f3 de l&#8217;assumpte. En moltes narracions, la y\u016brei desapareix un cop resolt el problema pendent: un b\u00e9 perdut \u00e9s retornat, un infant \u00e9s at\u00e8s, un assass\u00ed \u00e9s descobert.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5a584676 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"5a584676\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6d0757bf elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6d0757bf\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Yuurei, paral\u00b7lelismes en altres cultures<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-60563f68 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"60563f68\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5a93fdd6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5a93fdd6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Corea.<\/strong> El gwishin i especialment l&#8217;esperit de donzella morta Cheonyeo-gwishin mostren una forta similitud estructural: vestimenta funer\u00e0ria blanca, cabell negre llarg, retorn a causa d&#8217;una injust\u00edcia.<\/p><p>Xina. El <em>gu\u01d0<\/em> xin\u00e8s (vegeu Gui) constitueix el model l\u00e8xic hist\u00f2ric i comparteix el <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un element recurrent de contingut en l'art o la narrativa.\" tabindex=\"0\">motiu<\/span> del retorn dels morts no reconciliats.<\/p><p>Europa. La dama blanca i les v\u00edctimes d&#8217;assassinat recurrents dels cicles llegendaris europeus s\u00f3n tipol\u00f2gicament emparentades; no existeix una l\u00ednia hist\u00f2rica directa.<\/p><p>Budisme en general. En la cosmologia dels preta, els esperits famolencs formen una categoria estretament emparentada d&#8217;\u00e0nimes inquietes (vegeu Preta).<\/p><div><h3>Hyakumonogatari Kaidankai i sincretisme <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"La religi\u00f3 ind\u00edgena del Jap\u00f3, marcada per la veneraci\u00f3 dels kami.\" tabindex=\"0\">xintoista<\/span>-budista<\/h3><p>El <em>Hyakumonogatari Kaidankai<\/em> (l&#8217;aplec de les cent hist\u00f2ries sobrenaturals), un popular <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Una seq\u00fc\u00e8ncia ordenada d'accions simb\u00f2liques amb significat religi\u00f3s o cultural.\" tabindex=\"0\">ritual<\/span> de festa del per\u00edode Edo, va canalitzar les narracions de yuurei cap a un format social estructurat.<\/p><p>Els participants encenien cent espelmes i explicaven per torns an\u00e8cdotes sobrenaturals; amb cada hist\u00f2ria s&#8217;apagava una espelma i, segons el <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Creences i pr\u00e0ctiques religioses esteses en la vida quotidiana.\" tabindex=\"0\">saber popular<\/span>, el potencial sobrenatural augmentava. Els yuurei ocupaven una posici\u00f3 central en aquest espai de recitaci\u00f3, no com a conceptes abstractes, sin\u00f3 com a difunts locals, anomenats pel seu nom.<\/p><p>Aix\u00f2 demostra la pr\u00e0ctica religiosa quotidiana que hi ha darrere de l&#8217;arquetip literari. El <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Fusi\u00f3 d'elements de diverses religions o cultes en noves formes mixtes, com en el vod\u00fa haiti\u00e0 (Lwa i sants cat\u00f2lics).\">sincretisme<\/span> entre la veneraci\u00f3 xintoista dels avantpassats i els conceptes budistes de vinculaci\u00f3 k\u00e0rmica va estructurar la comprensi\u00f3 teol\u00f2gica dels yuurei: no eren ni <em><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"En el xinto japon\u00e8s, els esperits venerats i els poders divins.\" tabindex=\"0\">kami<\/span><\/em> purament xintoistes ni <em>preta<\/em> purament budistes, sin\u00f3 formacions h\u00edbrides situades a les zones frontereres.<\/p><p>Sacerdotesses xintoistes locals (miko) i monjos budistes duien a terme rituals d&#8217;alliberament que integraven ambdues tradicions.<\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp28c7ad6 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp28c7ad6\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpafd90af elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cpafd90af\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Els yuurei al kabuki i al n\u014d<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp04f8b3b e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp04f8b3b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp66d892f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp66d892f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>El teatre japon\u00e8s ha configurat la imatge del <em>yuurei<\/em> al llarg de segles. En el teatre <em>N\u014d<\/em>, el grup d&#8217;obres de fantasmes, el <em>mugen-n\u014d<\/em>, constitueix un tipus estructural propi: un monjo viatger es troba amb una persona en principi discreta, que amb el desenvolupament de l&#8217;obra es revela com l&#8217;<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un \u00e9sser incorpori al qual s'atribueix influ\u00e8ncia en el m\u00f3n.\" tabindex=\"0\">esperit<\/span> d&#8217;un difunt.<\/p><p>L&#8217;<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un \u00e9sser incorpori al qual s'atribueix influ\u00e8ncia en el m\u00f3n.\" tabindex=\"0\">esperit<\/span> explica el seu patiment no resolt, sovint un amor no correspost, una mort violenta o una culpa, i finalment troba la pau gr\u00e0cies a la <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"L'adre\u00e7ament ling\u00fc\u00edstic de l'\u00e9sser hum\u00e0 a una divinitat.\" tabindex=\"0\">preg\u00e0ria<\/span> del monjo. Aquesta dramat\u00fargia porta a escena la concepci\u00f3 religiosa de fons: l&#8217;<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un \u00e9sser incorpori al qual s'atribueix influ\u00e8ncia en el m\u00f3n.\" tabindex=\"0\">esperit<\/span> roman lligat al m\u00f3n mentre un apego el ret\u00e9, i nom\u00e9s pot ser alliberat mitjan\u00e7ant la mediaci\u00f3 ritual.<\/p><p><span data-nosnippet>El teatre <em>Kabuki<\/em> del per\u00edode Edo va desenvolupar a partir d&#8217;aix\u00f2 un g\u00e8nere m\u00e9s popular i m\u00e9s cru, l&#8217;obra <em>kaidan<\/em>. Tsuruya Nanboku IV es va fer fam\u00f3s amb <em>T\u014dkaid\u014d Yotsuya Kaidan<\/em> de 1825, la hist\u00f2ria d&#8217;Oiwa, enverinada pel seu marit, que retorna com un esperit venjatiu desfigurat. Aquestes obres feien servir t\u00e8cniques esc\u00e8niques sofisticades per a aparicions i transformacions sobtades.<\/span><\/p><p>Les convencions iconogr\u00e0fiques que avui caracteritzen qualsevol yuurei procedeixen essencialment del teatre i de l&#8217;art visual contemporani: la mortalla blanca, el cabell negre llarg i desordenat, les cames absents o penjants, les mans que pengen sense for\u00e7a davant del cos.<\/p><p>El pintor Maruyama \u014ckyo \u00e9s associat, segons la <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"La transmissi\u00f3 de coneixement i narracions al llarg de generacions.\" tabindex=\"0\">tradici\u00f3<\/span> historicoart\u00edstica, a la difusi\u00f3 de la imatge del fantasma sense cames a finals del segle XVIII. La recerca subratlla que aquesta imatge de fantasma, avui considerada t\u00edpicament japonesa, no \u00e9s una constant ancestral, sin\u00f3 una f\u00f3rmula visual relativament recent, estandarditzada pel teatre i el gravat.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp22ceda3 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp22ceda3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp3d01a42 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp3d01a42\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Onry\u014d: l'esperit venjatiu i el seu rerefons religi\u00f3s<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp8e79821 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp8e79821\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp0bd063e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp0bd063e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Entre les diverses formes d&#8217;aparici\u00f3 del Y\u016brei, l&#8217;<em>onry\u014d<\/em>, l&#8217;esperit venjatiu i col\u00e8ric, ocupa un lloc especial. Sorgeix d&#8217;una persona que ha mort v\u00edctima d&#8217;una gran injust\u00edcia, amb un rancor no resolt o de forma violenta.<\/p><p>El rancor que roman, en japon\u00e8s <em>urami<\/em>, lliga l&#8217;\u00e0nima i l&#8217;empeny a venjar-se dels responsables o, en els casos m\u00e9s temuts, a destruir sense discriminaci\u00f3.<\/p><p>La creen\u00e7a en aquests esperits est\u00e0 hist\u00f2ricament ben documentada i va tenir conseq\u00fc\u00e8ncies de pol\u00edtica real. El cas m\u00e9s conegut \u00e9s el de l&#8217;erudit i pol\u00edtic Sugawara no Michizane, que va morir exiliat l&#8217;any 903. Despr\u00e9s de la seva mort, una s\u00e8rie de desgr\u00e0cies, morts a la cort i llamps van ser interpretats com l&#8217;acci\u00f3 del seu esperit enfurismat.<\/p><p>La cort va intentar apaivagar-lo rehabilitant-lo, honorant-lo amb rangs i, finalment, venerant-lo com a <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un \u00e9sser venerat com a div\u00ed dins d'una religi\u00f3.\" tabindex=\"0\">divinitat<\/span> <em>Tenjin<\/em> en un <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un petit lloc sagrat de cust\u00f2dia o de devoci\u00f3.\" tabindex=\"0\">santuari<\/span>. Aquest proc\u00e9s, la transformaci\u00f3 d&#8217;un esperit perill\u00f3s en una <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un \u00e9sser venerat com a div\u00ed dins d'una religi\u00f3.\" tabindex=\"0\">divinitat<\/span> protectora mitjan\u00e7ant la veneraci\u00f3, \u00e9s un mecanisme central de la creen\u00e7a japonesa en el <em>gory\u014d<\/em>.<\/p><p>Des del punt de vista de l&#8217;estudi de les religions, aqu\u00ed es fa visible una l\u00f2gica que sustenta tota la concepci\u00f3 del Y\u016brei: l&#8217;<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un \u00e9sser sense cos al qual s'atribueix acci\u00f3 en el m\u00f3n.\" tabindex=\"0\">esperit<\/span> no \u00e9s mal\u00e8vol per naturalesa, sin\u00f3 l&#8217;expressi\u00f3 d&#8217;un estat no resolt.<\/p><p>La resposta adequada no \u00e9s el combat, sin\u00f3 l&#8217;apaivagament, ja sigui mitjan\u00e7ant rituals f\u00fanebres budistes, la veneraci\u00f3 en santuaris o la reparaci\u00f3 posterior de la injust\u00edcia. Aquesta concepci\u00f3 vincula estretament el Y\u016brei amb la doctrina budista de l&#8217;aferrament i amb la comprensi\u00f3 aut\u00f2ctona de la puresa i la impuresa ritual.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp8a115ba e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp8a115ba\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpa2dad95 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cpa2dad95\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">El Y\u016brei en el terror modern<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp046010a e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp046010a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp722d670 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp722d670\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>La concepci\u00f3 del Y\u016brei \u00e9s una de les poques figures tradicionals de fantasma que no nom\u00e9s va sobreviure al segle XX i XXI, sin\u00f3 que va assolir una difusi\u00f3 mundial. El punt de partida el va marcar la ind\u00fastria cinematogr\u00e0fica japonesa. Ja les pel\u00b7l\u00edcules de la postguerra recollien materials cl\u00e0ssics de <em>kaidan<\/em>, i el 1964 Kobayashi Masaki va portar a la pantalla, amb <em>Kwaidan<\/em>, una col\u00b7lecci\u00f3 d&#8217;aquestes hist\u00f2ries de fantasmes basades en els escrits de Lafcadio Hearn.<\/p><p>El gran salt internacional va arribar amb el cinema de terror de finals dels anys 1990. Pel\u00b7l\u00edcules com <em>Ringu<\/em> de Nakata Hideo, del 1998, i la s\u00e8rie <em>Ju-on<\/em> de Shimizu Takashi van consolidar un tipus de fantasma que recollia la <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Doctrina sobre els continguts de les imatges i el seu significat.\" tabindex=\"0\">iconografia<\/span> cl\u00e0ssica del Y\u016brei i la traslladava a un context quotidi\u00e0 modern.<\/p><p>L&#8217;esperit venjatiu femen\u00ed p\u00e0l\u00b7lid, amb els cabells negres llargs, que es mou de manera sobtada i antinatural, es va convertir en una imatge reconeguda arreu del m\u00f3n. Els remakes nord-americans de principis dels anys 2000 van difondre encara m\u00e9s aquest llenguatge visual.<\/p><p>Des del punt de vista de l&#8217;estudi de les religions, resulta notable com gran part de la l\u00f2gica tradicional s&#8217;ha conservat en aquestes adaptacions modernes. Tamb\u00e9 l&#8217;esperit del cinema sorgeix normalment d&#8217;una mort violenta i d&#8217;una injust\u00edcia no resolta, tamb\u00e9 est\u00e0 lligat a un lloc, un objecte o un mitj\u00e0, i tamb\u00e9 la seva acci\u00f3 segueix el patr\u00f3 d&#8217;una maledicci\u00f3 que s&#8217;est\u00e9n.<\/p><p>El que ha canviat \u00e9s el context: en lloc del monjo budista que allibera l&#8217;<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un \u00e9sser sense cos al qual s'atribueix acci\u00f3 en el m\u00f3n.\" tabindex=\"0\">esperit<\/span>, sovint apareix un <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un \u00e9sser sense cos al qual s'atribueix acci\u00f3 en el m\u00f3n.\" tabindex=\"0\">esperit<\/span> que ja no pot ser alliberat.<\/p><p>El terror modern ha eliminat sovint la vessant consoladora de la tradici\u00f3, la resolubilitat ritual del conflicte, i n&#8217;ha deixat nom\u00e9s l&#8217;amena\u00e7a. Precisament aquesta comparaci\u00f3 posa de manifest el que la concepci\u00f3 tradicional realment aportava.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-36dd7469 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"36dd7469\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-13760ab4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"13760ab4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Enlla\u00e7os relacionats<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-28c87796 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"28c87796\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5d6538df elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5d6538df\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Enlla\u00e7os interns recomanats:<\/p><ul><li>P\u00e0gina cultural <strong>Jap\u00f3<\/strong>.<\/li><li>Altres perfils individuals del Jap\u00f3: <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/?page_id=171414\">Oni<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/?page_id=171415\">Tengu<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/?page_id=171416\">Kappa<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/?page_id=171418\">Yuki-onna<\/a>.<\/li><li>Paral\u00b7lelismes: <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/?page_id=171420\">Gwishin<\/a> (Corea), <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/?page_id=171422\">Cheonyeo-gwishin<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/?page_id=171406\">Gui<\/a> (Xina), <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/?page_id=171402\">Preta<\/a> (budisme).<\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-grl4kl40 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"grl4kl40\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bzsbfrmh elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"bzsbfrmh\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Bibliografia (selecci\u00f3)<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2c13224a e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"2c13224a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0eymh9ub elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"0eymh9ub\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<footer class=\"iwg-literatur\" data-nosnippet=\"true\"><p>Una selecci\u00f3 compacta d&#8217;obres centrals sobre el Y\u016brei:<\/p><ul><li><span data-nosnippet>Iwasaka, Michiko \/ Toelken, Barre: <em>Ghosts and the Japanese: Cultural Experience in Japanese Death Legends.<\/em> Utah State University Press, Logan 1994.<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Hearn, Lafcadio: <em>Kwaidan: Stories and Studies of Strange Things.<\/em> Houghton Mifflin, Boston 1904.<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Addiss, Stephen (ed.): <em>Japanese Ghosts and Demons: Art of the Supernatural.<\/em> George Braziller, Nova York 1985.<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Foster, Michael Dylan: <em><a href=\"https:\/\/www.ucpress.edu\/books\/the-book-of-yokai-expanded-second-edition\/paper\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">The Book of Y\u014dkai.<\/a><\/em> University of California Press, Berkeley 2015.<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Ueda Akinari: <em>Tales of Moonlight and Rain (Ugetsu Monogatari).<\/em> Trad. Anthony H. Chambers. Columbia University Press, Nova York 2007.<\/span><\/li><\/ul><\/footer>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgca-yuurei-sec e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgca-yuurei-sec\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" id=\"iwg-ca-yuurei\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgca-yuurei-te iwg-ca-textwrap elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgca-yuurei-te\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-nosnippet=\"true\"><p class=\"iwg-ca-bridge\">La pr\u00e0ctica de protecci\u00f3 descrita aqu\u00ed \u00e9s una interpretaci\u00f3 cient\u00edfica de tradicions hist\u00f2riques. iWell Guard s&#8217;inscriu en aquesta l\u00ednia cultural d&#8217;objectes de protecci\u00f3 portables i en representa una forma contempor\u00e0nia. <a href=\"\/ueber-iwell-guard\/?utm_source=iwell-guard.com&#038;utm_medium=text-link&#038;utm_campaign=schadwesen-tradition\">M\u00e9s sobre iWell Guard \u2192<\/a><\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":1688,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"elementor_header_footer","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_focuskw":"Y\u016brei","_yoast_wpseo_title":"Yuurei - Els y\u016brei s\u00f3n esperits inquiets dels morts","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"Yuurei, esperits inquiets dels morts de la tradici\u00f3 japonesa, retornats per un assumpte pendent, amb vestits blancs i cabells penjants.","_yoast_wpseo_meta-robots-noindex":"","_yoast_wpseo_canonical":"","_angie_page":false,"gefaehrdungsstufe":"3","wesen_kultur":"japan","wesen_klasse":"geister","footnotes":""},"categories":[],"class_list":["post-171417","page","type-page","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v27.7 (Yoast SEO v28.3) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Yuurei - Els y\u016brei s\u00f3n esperits inquiets dels morts<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Yuurei, esperits inquiets dels morts de la tradici\u00f3 japonesa, retornats per un assumpte pendent, amb vestits blancs i cabells penjants.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/yurei\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"ca_ES\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" 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