{"id":171416,"date":"2026-09-05T15:39:12","date_gmt":"2026-09-05T15:39:12","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/?page_id=171416"},"modified":"2026-09-05T15:57:12","modified_gmt":"2026-09-05T15:57:12","slug":"kappa","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/kappa\/","title":{"rendered":"Kappa"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"171416\" class=\"elementor elementor-171416 elementor-1327\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-10fdade e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"10fdade\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-herohlft0 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"herohlft0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c3ceb64 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"c3ceb64\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-96ae5e1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"96ae5e1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Kappa, esperit de l'aigua de la mitologia fluvial japonesa<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e45238a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e45238a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Kappa \u00e9s un <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un \u00e9sser sense cos al qual s'atribueix acci\u00f3 en el m\u00f3n.\" tabindex=\"0\">esperit de l&#8217;aigua<\/span> de la mitologia fluvial japonesa.<\/p><p>Els kappa s\u00f3n \u00e9ssers aqu\u00e0tics de mida infantil amb closca de tortuga i una escudella d&#8217;aigua al cap.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-klsbdg01 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"klsbdg01\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-klshtm01 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"klshtm01\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"iwg-pill-row\"><span class=\"iwg-klasse-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Esperit: \u00c9sser incorpori o semicorpori, difunts, \u00e9ssers de la natura, esperits de la llar o guardians de llindars. Actua en la vida quotidiana, sovint lligat a llocs o fam\u00edlies.\">Esperit<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/?page_id=171411\" class=\"iwg-kultur-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Kami del shinto japon\u00e8s i mons yokai budistes.\">Jap\u00f3<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/?page_id=171452\" class=\"iwg-tradition-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Esperits de rius, llacs, mars, seductors, protectors o perillosos.\">Esperit de l'aigua<\/a><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3f74855 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3f74855\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1c30362 elementor-toc--minimized-on-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-table-of-contents\" data-id=\"1c30362\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;exclude_headings_by_selector&quot;:[],&quot;no_headings_message&quot;:&quot;No s&#039;ha trobat cap encap\\u00e7alament en aquesta p\\u00e0gina.&quot;,&quot;headings_by_tags&quot;:[&quot;h2&quot;,&quot;h3&quot;],&quot;marker_view&quot;:&quot;bullets&quot;,&quot;icon&quot;:{&quot;value&quot;:&quot;fas fa-circle&quot;,&quot;library&quot;:&quot;fa-solid&quot;,&quot;rendered_tag&quot;:&quot;&lt;svg class=\\&quot;e-font-icon-svg e-fas-circle\\&quot; viewBox=\\&quot;0 0 512 512\\&quot; xmlns=\\&quot;http:\\\/\\\/www.w3.org\\\/2000\\\/svg\\&quot;&gt;&lt;path d=\\&quot;M256 8C119 8 8 119 8 256s111 248 248 248 248-111 248-248S393 8 256 8z\\&quot;&gt;&lt;\\\/path&gt;&lt;\\\/svg&gt;&quot;},&quot;minimize_box&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;minimized_on&quot;:&quot;tablet&quot;,&quot;hierarchical_view&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;min_height&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"table-of-contents.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__header\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-toc__header-title\">\n\t\t\t\t\u00cdndex\t\t\t<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--expand\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__1c30362\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Open table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" 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9.317-33.901-.04l-22.667-22.667c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941L207.03 130.525c9.372-9.373 24.568-9.373 33.941-.001z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-toc__1c30362\" class=\"elementor-toc__body\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__spinner-container\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg class=\"elementor-toc__spinner eicon-animation-spin e-font-icon-svg e-eicon-loading\" aria-hidden=\"true\" viewBox=\"0 0 1000 1000\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M500 975V858C696 858 858 696 858 500S696 142 500 142 142 304 142 500H25C25 237 238 25 500 25S975 237 975 500 763 975 500 975Z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-herorght0 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"herorght0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-heroimg00 iwg-hero-image elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"heroimg00\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"683\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/geister_japan_kappa-683x1024.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-1600\" alt=\"Kappa\" srcset=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/geister_japan_kappa-683x1024.webp 683w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/geister_japan_kappa-200x300.webp 200w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/geister_japan_kappa-768x1152.webp 768w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/geister_japan_kappa.webp 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 683px) 100vw, 683px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-32917199 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"32917199\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-26e916cb e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"26e916cb\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-253a40d4 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"253a40d4\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1200c304 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1200c304\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Kappa<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-11758e7f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"11758e7f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Els kappa (\u6cb3\u7ae5, \u00abcriatura del riu\u00bb) s\u00f3n els \u00e9ssers aqu\u00e0tics m\u00e9s coneguts de la demonologia popular del Jap\u00f3. Se&#8217;ls considera de mida entre l&#8217;al\u00e7ada d&#8217;un nen i la d&#8217;un adult, tenen la pell escatosa i verdosa, membranes natat\u00f2ries, un closca de tortuga a l&#8217;esquena i, l&#8217;atribut m\u00e9s important, una depressi\u00f3 plana (<em>sara<\/em>) al cap, que ha de mantenir-se plena d&#8217;aigua. Si aquesta depressi\u00f3 s&#8217;asseca, el kappa perd el seu poder.<\/p><p>Els kappa viuen en rius, estanys, arrossars i altres petites masses d&#8217;aigua. Es representen com a \u00e9ssers pertorbadors que arrosseguen banyistes i viatgers cap al fons, espanten cavalls i roben cogombres.<\/p><div><h3>La tradici\u00f3 suijin i les divinitats dels rius<\/h3><p>Els <em>kappa<\/em> estan ancorats, tant etimol\u00f2gicament com teol\u00f2gicament, en la tradici\u00f3 <em>suijin<\/em> (tradici\u00f3 de les divinitats de l&#8217;aigua), una de les classes divines animistes m\u00e9s antigues del <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"La religi\u00f3 ind\u00edgena del Jap\u00f3, marcada per la veneraci\u00f3 dels kami.\" tabindex=\"0\">xintoisme<\/span>. Els suijin apareixen documentats en textos cl\u00e0ssics del <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"La religi\u00f3 ind\u00edgena del Jap\u00f3, marcada per la veneraci\u00f3 dels kami.\" tabindex=\"0\">xintoisme<\/span> com l&#8217;<em>Engi Shiki<\/em> (segle X) com a poders que regeixen rius, fonts i clots d&#8217;aigua.<\/p><p>En la pr\u00e0ctica popular local, els kappa funcionen sovint com a manifestacions subordinades dels suijin, especialment d&#8217;aquells tipus associats a remolins perillosos o clots d&#8217;aigua profunds.<\/p><p>El pas de suijin a kappa reflecteix una degradaci\u00f3 de l&#8217;estatus div\u00ed mitjan\u00e7ant la sacralitzaci\u00f3 local: el suijin d&#8217;un gran riu continua sent una <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un \u00e9sser venerat com a div\u00ed dins d'una religi\u00f3.\" tabindex=\"0\">divinitat<\/span>, mentre que el suijin d&#8217;un rierol petit o d&#8217;una aigua perillosa queda depotenciat a kappa en la pr\u00e0ctica del <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"La cultura popular transmesa amb els seus costums, relats i can\u00e7ons.\" tabindex=\"0\">folklore<\/span>. Tanmateix, l&#8217;estructura de veneraci\u00f3 es mant\u00e9: els pobles propers a aig\u00fces habitades per kappa erigien petits santuaris, llocs d&#8217;ofrenes o punts d&#8217;oferiment d&#8217;aliments.<\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-159dcf9a e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"159dcf9a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-48cee66f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"48cee66f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Resum r\u00e0pid: Kappa<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3f50d82c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"3f50d82c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Tipus:<\/strong> dimoni aqu\u00e0tic, \u00e9sser fluvial<br>Origen: divinitats fluvials regionals, antigues tradicions de culte a l&#8217;aigua<br>Textos: Konjaku Monogatarish\u016b, literatura y\u014dkai de l&#8217;\u00e8poca Edo, T\u014dno Monogatari de Yanagita Kunio<br>\u00c8poca: documentat des de l&#8217;edat mitjana, <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Que pertany a un corpus fix d'escriptures sagrades d'una religi\u00f3; els textos no can\u00f2nics es consideren ap\u00f2crifs.\">can\u00f2nic<\/span> des de l&#8217;\u00e8poca Edo<br>Protecci\u00f3: rever\u00e8ncia (buida l&#8217;escudella d&#8217;aigua), ofrenes de cogombres, derrota en sum\u014d<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-18613602 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"18613602\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-262b8a9f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"262b8a9f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Contextualitzaci\u00f3 hist\u00f2rica<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-46dcb7d e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"46dcb7d\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-61d3ab3 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"61d3ab3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-117c166 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"117c166\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Per\u00edode dels textos<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-73997a0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"73997a0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>\u00c9ssers aqu\u00e0tics similars als kappa es documenten en fonts japoneses des de l&#8217;edat mitjana. Els primers episodis clarament identificables com a kappa apareixen en col\u00b7leccions setsuwa dels segles XII al XIV. La catalogaci\u00f3 exhaustiva i la fixaci\u00f3 de la <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"L'estudi dels continguts de les imatges i el seu significat.\" tabindex=\"0\">iconografia<\/span> es produeix a l&#8217;\u00e8poca Edo mitjan\u00e7ant llibres il\u00b7lustrats de y\u014dkai i estudis locals.<\/p><p>El T\u014dno Monogatari de Yanagita Kunio (1910) descriu nombrosos episodis de kappa de la regi\u00f3 d&#8217;Iwate i marca el punt de partida de la recerca moderna sobre els kappa.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d47b156 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d47b156\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ff38c2b elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"ff38c2b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">\u00c0rea de difusi\u00f3<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4e49fcc elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4e49fcc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Els kappa s\u00f3n coneguts pr\u00e0cticament a tot el Jap\u00f3, amb variants regionals de nom. Les regions clau de <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"La transmissi\u00f3 de coneixement i relats al llarg de generacions.\" tabindex=\"0\">transmissi\u00f3<\/span> intensa s\u00f3n la conca de T\u014dno (Iwate), Ky\u016bsh\u016b (especialment Kumamoto, amb la famosa est\u00e0tua de kappa al pont d&#8217;Ushibuka) i la regi\u00f3 de Kant\u014d.<\/p><p>Llocs t\u00edpics: canals de reg de camps d&#8217;arr\u00f2s, guals, preses, llacs de muntanya remots. En algunes regions s&#8217;erigeixen petits santuaris just a la riba del riu per al kappa local.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-db03c39 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"db03c39\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-229a87b e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"229a87b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1f471fc elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1f471fc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Estat de les fonts<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-36b1201 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"36b1201\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span data-nosnippet>Fonts importants: <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Folklorista japon\u00e8s (1875\u20131962); fundador de la folklor\u00edstica moderna japonesa.\">Yanagita Kunio<\/span>, T\u014dno Monogatari (1910); les enciclop\u00e8dies y\u014dkai de Toriyama Sekien (1776 i ss.); nombroses col\u00b7leccions locals.<\/span><\/p><p><span data-nosnippet>Recerca moderna: Komatsu Kazuhiko, Ishikawa Jun\u02bcichir\u014d (Kappa no sekai, 1985), Michael Dylan Foster. La figura tamb\u00e9 va ser \u00e0mpliament tractada liter\u00e0riament a trav\u00e9s del relat \u00abKappa\u00bb (1927) d&#8217;Akutagawa Ry\u016bnosuke.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3ae0637c e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"3ae0637c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-31d07739 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"31d07739\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Nom i variants<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b7642947 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"b7642947\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a086266 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a086266\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>El nom es compon de \u6cb3 (\u00abriu\u00bb) i \u7ae5 (\u00abinfant\u00bb).<\/p><ul><li><strong>Gawappa \/ Gatar\u014d<\/strong>, variants a Ky\u016bsh\u016b.<\/li><li>Kawatar\u014d, lectura alternativa, sobretot a l&#8217;oest del Jap\u00f3.<\/li><li>Suiko (\u6c34\u864e, \u00abtigre d&#8217;aigua\u00bb), paral\u00b7lel xin\u00e8s.<\/li><li>Enk\u014d, denominaci\u00f3 de l&#8217;oest del Jap\u00f3 (literalment \u00abmico\u00bb).<\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-709a44a8 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"709a44a8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2f585873 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2f585873\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Caracter\u00edstiques<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-70621c12 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"70621c12\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4296eb49 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4296eb49\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Aparen\u00e7a.<\/strong> Mida infantil (aproximadament 1 a 1,20 m), pell verdosa i escatosa, closca de tortuga a l&#8217;esquena, membranes natat\u00f2ries a mans i peus, boca en forma de bec. Al cim del cap t\u00e9 una depressi\u00f3 plana amb aigua; sense aquesta aigua, el kappa perd for\u00e7a i mobilitat.<\/p><p>Comportament. Malici\u00f3s i astut, per\u00f2 alhora educat i ambici\u00f3s en la lluita. Els kappa desafien els humans al sum\u014d. Arrosseguen cap a l&#8217;aigua cavalls i persones distretes. Se&#8217;ls atribueix la pr\u00e0ctica d&#8217;extreure la m\u00edtica \u00abbola del fetge\u00bb (<em>shirikodama<\/em>) a trav\u00e9s de l&#8217;anus de les persones ofegades.<\/p><p>Prefer\u00e8ncies. Els cogombres s\u00f3n el seu menjar preferit, d&#8217;aqu\u00ed prov\u00e9 el nom del rotlle de sushi <em>kappamaki<\/em>.<\/p><div><h3>Kappa-no-sara: el plat cultual sobre el cap<\/h3><p>El tret distintiu dels kappa \u00e9s la <em>sara<\/em> (plat) que porten al cap, un element amb profundes implicacions cultuals.<\/p><p>Segons la concepci\u00f3 folkl\u00f2rica, aquest plat \u00e9s la seu del seu poder sobrenatural: si el plat es trenca o s&#8217;asseca, el kappa perd la seva pot\u00e8ncia. Aquesta <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Concepcions religioses al marge de la teologia oficial, sovint amb elements sincretistes.\">teologia popular<\/span> era tan dominant que durant el per\u00edode Edo hi havia costums populars per neutralitzar els kappa fent-los assecar la sara.<\/p><p><span data-nosnippet>Les col\u00b7leccions etnogr\u00e0fiques del folklorista Yanagita Kunio (1875-1962) van documentar variacions regionals: algunes comunitats creien que la sara es podia omplir de sake per apaivagar els kappa; altres afirmaven que la sara estava plena de l&#8217;aigua vital de l&#8217;aigua mateixa.<\/span><\/p><p>Aquestes interpretacions elaborades mostren com una simple particularitat anat\u00f2mica es va diferenciar en un sistema cultual complex que estructurava el comportament, la protecci\u00f3 i les pr\u00e0ctiques de respecte.<\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-44e71476 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"44e71476\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3c1fc3f0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3c1fc3f0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Fitxa: Kappa<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-84f33b8e e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"84f33b8e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-hqkdc67p elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"hqkdc67p\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Els aspectes m\u00e9s importants del kappa d&#8217;un cop d&#8217;ull.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c5 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c1 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-qh9oavvu iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"qh9oavvu\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-awzx8k2k elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"awzx8k2k\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Origen<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-x6rowhv0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"x6rowhv0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Antigues divinitats fluvials i tradicions regionals de culte a l&#8217;aigua; amb influ\u00e8ncies parcials de les concepcions xineses del suiko.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8e3o4kxs iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"8e3o4kxs\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-08rkdgov elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"08rkdgov\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Relacionat amb<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-uwjelx8s elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"uwjelx8s\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Nens que es banyen, pagesos de conreus d&#8217;arr\u00f2s a les rases de reg, cavalls a la riba, viatgers nocturns a les guals.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-jm2n74ec iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"jm2n74ec\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8vufse4c elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"8vufse4c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Forma<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-mwb9u015 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"mwb9u015\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Criatura aqu\u00e0tica de mida infantil, pell verda, amb closca, membranes natat\u00f2ries i un plat al cap ple d&#8217;aigua.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c2 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c2\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-37ss2yr6 iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"37ss2yr6\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3v0wp3wx elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3v0wp3wx\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Funci\u00f3<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-w3247g2m elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"w3247g2m\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Ofegament, extracci\u00f3 de la shirikodama, robatori (especialment de cogombres), esglaiar cavalls i bestiar.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0qpjal9w iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"0qpjal9w\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6ndoih0o elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6ndoih0o\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Defensa contra els kappa<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6684tyh9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6684tyh9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Inclinaci\u00f3 educada (fa que el kappa retorni la inclinaci\u00f3 i perdi aix\u00ed l&#8217;aigua del cap); <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"L'objecte concret o l'aliment que s'ofereix a una divinitat.\" tabindex=\"0\">ofrena<\/span> de cogombres amb el nom del donant gravat; vict\u00f2ria en el sum\u014d.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3lfi7x32 iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3lfi7x32\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0kg99ga1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"0kg99ga1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Elements comparables<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-n0fum6kp elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"n0fum6kp\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>El <em>suiko<\/em> xin\u00e8s (\u00abtigre d&#8217;aigua\u00bb); el <em>mul-gwishin<\/em> core\u00e0; els <em>n\u0101ga<\/em> indis i els <em>lu<\/em> tibetans.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7533bc7a e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"7533bc7a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2447d18d elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2447d18d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Defensa pr\u00e0ctica<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d5d0260c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d5d0260c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-341be2ac elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"341be2ac\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Inclinaci\u00f3 educada.<\/strong> La contramesura cl\u00e0ssica: si es troba un kappa a la riba, se&#8217;l saluda educadament. El kappa retorna la inclinaci\u00f3, moment en qu\u00e8 l&#8217;aigua vessa del seu plat cranial. Afeblit, ha de tornar al riu i perd l&#8217;atac.<\/p><p><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ofrena a una divinitat per expressar gratitud, petici\u00f3 o veneraci\u00f3.\" tabindex=\"0\">Ofrena<\/span> de cogombres. En algunes regions, els pares graven el nom del fill en un cogombre i el llancen al riu abans del bany, com a <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"L'objecte concret o l'aliment que s'ofereix a una divinitat.\" tabindex=\"0\">ofrena<\/span> i protecci\u00f3.<\/p><p>Pactes amb kappa. Relats populars parlen de kappa que, despr\u00e9s de perdre una trobada amb un hum\u00e0 (per exemple, despr\u00e9s que li tallin un bra\u00e7 que despr\u00e9s reclama recuperar), fan un pacte de no atacar mai m\u00e9s cases ni bestiar.<\/p><p>Sum\u014d. Els kappa estan orgullosos de les seves habilitats de lluita. Una derrota en un combat de sum\u014d els vincula a promeses davant el vencedor.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5a584676 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"5a584676\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6d0757bf elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6d0757bf\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Kappa, paral\u00b7lelismes en altres cultures<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-60563f68 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"60563f68\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5a93fdd6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5a93fdd6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Xina.<\/strong> El <em>suiko<\/em> (\u00abtigre d&#8217;aigua\u00bb) \u00e9s un model iconogr\u00e0fic directe, transm\u00e8s al Jap\u00f3 a trav\u00e9s de primeres enciclop\u00e8dies.<\/p><p>Corea. Els mul-gwishin (esperits de l&#8217;aigua) arrosseguen cap a les profunditats a les persones que es banyen, igual que els kappa, per\u00f2 tenen un origen diferent, sovint es tracta de persones mortes ofegades en aig\u00fces.<\/p><p>\u00cdndia\/budisme. Els <em>n\u0101ga<\/em>, com a \u00e9ssers serpentiformes de l&#8217;aigua, s\u00f3n tipol\u00f2gicament emparentats, per\u00f2 tenen un car\u00e0cter m\u00e9s div\u00ed i ambivalent.<\/p><p>Tibet. Els lu, com a esperits de l&#8217;aigua i de la terra, comparteixen el vincle amb les aig\u00fces i el doble perfil de protecci\u00f3 i perill.<\/p><div><h3>Creen\u00e7a popular de l&#8217;\u00e8poca Edo i la classificaci\u00f3 de Yanagita Kunio<\/h3><p>El per\u00edode Edo (1603-1868) va establir el kappa com a figura central de la <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Creences i costums religiosos estesos en la vida quotidiana.\" tabindex=\"0\">creen\u00e7a popular<\/span> tant urbana com rural. Els comerciants de ciutats portu\u00e0ries fluvials com Edo i Osaka van desenvolupar mesures de precauci\u00f3 contra els atacs dels kappa, com evitar banyar-se sols al capvespre o oferir cogombres.<\/p><p>Yanagita Kunio, el fundador de la folklor\u00edstica moderna japonesa, va classificar sistem\u00e0ticament en les seves obres les variants regionals de kappa segons la distribuci\u00f3 geogr\u00e0fica i les difer\u00e8ncies d&#8217;atributs locals.<\/p><p>La recerca de Yanagita va mostrar que els relats sobre kappa eren m\u00e9s freq\u00fcents a les regions fluvials de l&#8217;interior que a les zones costaneres, i que els rius m\u00e9s grans tendien a presentar narratives de kappa de major estatus. El seu treball va elevar el kappa de la mera superstici\u00f3 a una categoria cient\u00edfica de la mem\u00f2ria cultural i va influir considerablement en estudis etnogr\u00e0fics posteriors.<\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpd25cbdc e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cpd25cbdc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp08d11db elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp08d11db\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">El plat al cap i la font del poder<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp0e2c4f6 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp0e2c4f6\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpace17c3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cpace17c3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>La caracter\u00edstica m\u00e9s cridanera del kappa en la <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"La transmissi\u00f3 de coneixements i relats al llarg de generacions.\" tabindex=\"0\">tradici\u00f3<\/span> japonesa \u00e9s una depressi\u00f3 en forma d&#8217;escudella al capdamunt del cap, anomenada sovint <em>sara<\/em>, plat.<\/p><p>Segons la creen\u00e7a popular, aquesta cavitat sempre \u00e9s plena d&#8217;aigua, i en aquesta aigua rau el poder sobrenatural del kappa. Mentre el plat es mantingui humit, el kappa \u00e9s fort i perill\u00f3s, tamb\u00e9 en terra ferma.<\/p><p>D&#8217;aix\u00f2 es deriva la regla de defensa m\u00e9s coneguda. Qui es troba amb un kappa ha de fer-li una rever\u00e8ncia profunda. El kappa, cort\u00e8s, correspon la rever\u00e8ncia, i en fer-ho l&#8217;aigua li vessa del plat i perd la seva for\u00e7a, fins que pugui tornar-lo a omplir.<\/p><p>En algunes variants ja n&#8217;hi ha prou de fer que el kappa faci un moviment brusc del cap. Aquests relats uneixen el perill\u00f3s esperit de l&#8217;aigua amb una feblesa gaireb\u00e9 c\u00f2mica i amb la valoraci\u00f3 de la cortesia.<\/p><p><span data-nosnippet>Folkloristes com Kunio Yanagita, el fundador de la <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ci\u00e8ncia que estudia la cultura quotidiana, els costums i les creences transmeses.\" tabindex=\"0\">folklor\u00edstica<\/span> japonesa, van recollir i interpretar intensament el kappa. En la seva obra <em>Tono monogatari<\/em> de 1910, el kappa apareix com a part integrant del m\u00f3n narratiu rural de la regi\u00f3 de Tono.<\/span><\/p><p>Yanagita veia en aquests esperits de l&#8217;aigua, entre altres coses, restes de divinitats aqu\u00e0tiques m\u00e9s antigues i degradades. El plat, segons una interpretaci\u00f3 estesa, podria haver estat origin\u00e0riament un indici de la vinculaci\u00f3 del kappa amb l&#8217;aigua com a element del seu poder, i no un simple detall anat\u00f2mic casual.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp84c8c3b e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp84c8c3b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpb548fd7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cpb548fd7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Del d\u00e9u de l'aigua al monstre fluvial<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpcc1116e e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cpcc1116e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp07f4fb6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp07f4fb6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>El kappa \u00e9s, en la recerca, un exemple cl\u00e0ssic de la tesi del d\u00e9u degradat. Diversos folkloristes japonesos, entre ells Yanagita i, despr\u00e9s d&#8217;ell, nombrosos investigadors regionals, han argumentat que darrere el kappa hi ha antigues divinitats aqu\u00e0tiques que, amb el canvi de les circumst\u00e0ncies religioses, van perdre la seva dignitat cultual i es van degradar fins a convertir-se en monstres temuts, per\u00f2 tamb\u00e9 ridiculitzats.<\/p><p>En algunes regions, el kappa s&#8217;associa expl\u00edcitament amb el <em>suijin<\/em>, el d\u00e9u de l&#8217;aigua, o s&#8217;interpreta com una manifestaci\u00f3 inferior seva.<\/p><p>Aquesta doble naturalesa es manifesta en el comportament ambivalent del kappa. D&#8217;una banda, se&#8217;l considera perill\u00f3s. Se li atribueixen persones ofegades, sobretot infants i cavalls ofegats.<\/p><p>D&#8217;altra banda, el kappa pot esdevenir un aliat \u00fatil si alg\u00fa s&#8217;hi porta b\u00e9 o el ven\u00e7. Nombroses llegendes regionals expliquen com un kappa, despr\u00e9s de perdre una prova de forces, ensenya als humans art de curar, sobretot a col\u00b7locar ossos, o els proveeix regularment de peix.<\/p><p>La diversitat regional \u00e9s gran. A Kyushu i a l&#8217;oest del Jap\u00f3 s&#8217;utilitzen denominacions com <em>gataro<\/em> o <em>garappa<\/em>, mentre que al nord es fan servir altres noms. En alguns llocs es creu que el kappa es despla\u00e7a segons les estacions entre el riu i la muntanya, essent aix\u00ed un \u00e9sser aqu\u00e0tic a l&#8217;estiu i un \u00e9sser de muntanya a l&#8217;hivern.<\/p><p>Aquesta idea de migraci\u00f3 el vincula amb les concepcions japoneses sobre l&#8217;ascens i el descens estacional de les divinitats, i recolza la interpretaci\u00f3 que el kappa no \u00e9s una simple figura terror\u00edfica, sin\u00f3 un residu de concepcions religioses m\u00e9s complexes.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp8dc85b9 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp8dc85b9\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpeeeba9a elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cpeeeba9a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Cogombres, sumo i el shirikodama<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp4519d4f e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp4519d4f\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp5b0ecbc elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp5b0ecbc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Diversos motius fixos caracteritzen el kappa en la tradici\u00f3 narrativa. Un d&#8217;ells \u00e9s la seva predilecci\u00f3 pels cogombres.<\/p><p>En moltes regions es considerava prudent llan\u00e7ar un cogombre a l&#8217;aigua abans de banyar-se al riu per apaivagar el kappa, o escriure el nom de les persones que es banyaven sobre un cogombre. D&#8217;aquesta associaci\u00f3 prov\u00e9 tamb\u00e9 el nom del rotllo de sushi <em>kappamaki<\/em>, el rotllo de cogombre.<\/p><p>Un segon <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un element de contingut recurrent en l'art o la narrativa.\" tabindex=\"0\">motiu<\/span> \u00e9s l&#8217;afici\u00f3 del kappa a la lluita. El kappa desafia els vianants a un combat de sumo, i \u00e9s precisament aqu\u00ed on funciona la defensa a trav\u00e9s de la rever\u00e8ncia, ja que el kappa perd l&#8217;aigua del cap en fer una inclinaci\u00f3 o durant la lluita. La lluita amb el kappa fins i tot ha arribat a formar part de costums locals i jocs infantils en algunes regions.<\/p><p>El <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un element de contingut recurrent en l'art o la narrativa.\" tabindex=\"0\">motiu<\/span> m\u00e9s fosc fa refer\u00e8ncia al <em>shirikodama<\/em>, una subst\u00e0ncia esf\u00e8rica que la creen\u00e7a popular situa a l&#8217;anus hum\u00e0 i que el kappa arrenca a les seves v\u00edctimes. Segons algunes narracions, qui perd el shirikodama mor o perd la seva for\u00e7a vital.<\/p><p>Des de la perspectiva de la ci\u00e8ncia de les religions, aquest <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un element de contingut recurrent en l'art o la narrativa.\" tabindex=\"0\">motiu<\/span> se sol interpretar com una explicaci\u00f3 popular de les morts per ofegament, especialment per l&#8217;observaci\u00f3 anat\u00f2mica en els cossos dels ofegats. Aix\u00ed, el kappa tamb\u00e9 servia com a figura d&#8217;advert\u00e8ncia per mantenir els infants allunyats d&#8217;aig\u00fces perilloses. Aquesta funci\u00f3 pedag\u00f2gica explica en part la seva pres\u00e8ncia constant en la cultura quotidiana japonesa, fins a l&#8217;extrem de convertir-se en mascotes i apar\u00e8ixer en r\u00e8tols de localitats vora els rius.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-36dd7469 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"36dd7469\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-13760ab4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"13760ab4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Enlla\u00e7os relacionats<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-28c87796 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"28c87796\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5d6538df elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5d6538df\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Enlla\u00e7os interns recomanats:<\/p><ul><li>P\u00e0gina cultural <strong>Jap\u00f3<\/strong>.<\/li><li>Altres perfils individuals del Jap\u00f3: <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/?page_id=171414\">Oni<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/?page_id=171415\">Tengu<\/a>, Y\u016brei, <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/?page_id=171418\">Yuki-onna<\/a>.<\/li><li>Paral\u00b7lelismes: <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/?page_id=171395\">China<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/?page_id=171412\">Corea<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/?page_id=171413\">Tibet<\/a> (Lu).<\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-grl4kl40 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"grl4kl40\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bzsbfrmh elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"bzsbfrmh\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Bibliografia (selecci\u00f3)<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2c13224a e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"2c13224a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0eymh9ub elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"0eymh9ub\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<footer class=\"iwg-literatur\" data-nosnippet=\"true\"><p>Una selecci\u00f3 compacta d&#8217;obres clau sobre el kappa:<\/p><ul><li><span data-nosnippet>Yanagita Kunio: <em><a href=\"https:\/\/www.amazon.com\/Legends-Tono-Kunio-Yanagita\/dp\/0739127675\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">The Legends of T\u014dno.<\/a><\/em> Trad. Ronald A. Morse. Lexington Books, Lanham 2008 (edici\u00f3 ampliada).<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Ishikawa Jun\u02bcichir\u014d: <em>Kappa no sekai.<\/em> Jiji Ts\u016bshinsha, T\u00f2quio 1985.<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Foster, Michael Dylan: <em>Pandemonium and Parade: Japanese Monsters and the Culture of Y\u014dkai.<\/em> University of California Press, Berkeley 2009.<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Komatsu Kazuhiko: <em><a href=\"https:\/\/books.google.de\/books\/about\/Introduction_to_Yokai_Culture.html?id=_cLvtwEACAAJ\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">An Introduction to Y\u014dkai Culture.<\/a><\/em> Japan Publishing Industry Foundation for Culture, T\u00f2quio 2017.<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Toriyama Sekien: <em>Japandemonium Illustrated.<\/em> Trad. Hiroko Yoda &#038; Matt Alt. Dover, Mineola 2016.<\/span><\/li><\/ul><\/footer>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgca-kappa-sec e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgca-kappa-sec\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" id=\"iwg-ca-kappa\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgca-kappa-te iwg-ca-textwrap elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgca-kappa-te\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-nosnippet=\"true\"><p class=\"iwg-ca-bridge\">La pr\u00e0ctica de protecci\u00f3 descrita aqu\u00ed \u00e9s una classificaci\u00f3 de tradicions hist\u00f2riques des de la perspectiva de la ci\u00e8ncia de les religions. iWell Guard s&#8217;inspira en aquesta l\u00ednia cultural i hist\u00f2rica d&#8217;objectes de protecci\u00f3 portables i n&#8217;\u00e9s una forma contempor\u00e0nia. <a href=\"\/ueber-iwell-guard\/?utm_source=iwell-guard.com&#038;utm_medium=text-link&#038;utm_campaign=schadwesen-tradition\">M\u00e9s informaci\u00f3 sobre l&#8217;iWell Guard \u2192<\/a><\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a4eed17 e-con-boxed e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"a4eed17\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6cd2ebc elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6cd2ebc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n<h2>Preguntes freq\u00fcents sobre el Kappa<\/h2>\n<div class=\"iwg-faq-q\"><h3>Qu\u00e8 \u00e9s un Kappa en la <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"El conjunt de relats m\u00edtics transmesos per una cultura.\" tabindex=\"0\">mitologia<\/span> japonesa?<\/h3><p>El Kappa \u00e9s un \u00e9sser aqu\u00e0tic de la creen\u00e7a popular japonesa, un <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un \u00e9sser incorpori al qual s'atribueix una acci\u00f3 en el m\u00f3n.\" tabindex=\"0\">esperit<\/span> humanoide amb closca de tortuga, membranes interdigitals i una cavitat en forma de bol al cap, on s&#8217;acumula aigua.<\/p><p>Mentre l&#8217;aigua es mant\u00e9 al cap, el Kappa \u00e9s fort; si es vessa, perd el seu poder. Els Kappa viuen en rius i estanys, es consideren \u00e9ssers entremaliats (trickster) i poden arrossegar els nens a l&#8217;aigua i ofegar-los.<\/p><\/div>\n<div class=\"iwg-faq-q\"><h3>Com es protegeix hom d&#8217;un Kappa?<\/h3><p>El gest de protecci\u00f3 cl\u00e0ssic \u00e9s la rever\u00e8ncia profunda: si una persona s&#8217;acosta al Kappa amb cortesia i s&#8217;inclina, el Kappa, com a <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un \u00e9sser incorpori al qual s'atribueix una acci\u00f3 en el m\u00f3n.\" tabindex=\"0\">esperit<\/span> obligat per l&#8217;etiqueta, ha de retornar la rever\u00e8ncia, i aix\u00ed l&#8217;aigua li cau del cap i queda sense forces.<\/p><p>Un altre m\u00e8tode \u00e9s l&#8217;<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ofrena a una divinitat per expressar gratitud, petici\u00f3 o veneraci\u00f3.\" tabindex=\"0\">ofrena<\/span> d&#8217;un cogombre, el menjar preferit del Kappa (per aix\u00f2 un tipus de rotlle de sushi es diu Kappa-Maki).<\/p><\/div>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\">{\"@context\":\"https:\/\/schema.org\",\"@type\":\"FAQPage\",\"mainEntity\":[{\"@type\":\"Question\",\"name\":\"Qu\u00e8 \u00e9s un Kappa en la mitologia japonesa?\",\"acceptedAnswer\":{\"@type\":\"Answer\",\"text\":\"El Kappa \u00e9s un \u00e9sser aqu\u00e0tic de la creen\u00e7a popular japonesa, un esperit humanoide amb closca de tortuga, membranes interdigitals i una cavitat en forma de bol al cap, on s'acumula aigua.Mentre l'aigua es mant\u00e9 al cap, el Kappa \u00e9s fort; si es vessa, perd el seu poder. Els Kappa viuen en rius i estanys, es consideren \u00e9ssers entremaliats (trickster) i poden arrossegar els nens a l'aigua i ofegar-los.\"}},{\"@type\":\"Question\",\"name\":\"Com es protegeix hom d'un Kappa?\",\"acceptedAnswer\":{\"@type\":\"Answer\",\"text\":\"El gest de protecci\u00f3 cl\u00e0ssic \u00e9s la rever\u00e8ncia profunda: si una persona s'acosta al Kappa amb cortesia i s'inclina, el Kappa, com a esperit obligat per l'etiqueta, ha de retornar la rever\u00e8ncia, i aix\u00ed l'aigua li cau del cap i queda sense forces.Un altre m\u00e8tode \u00e9s l'ofrena d'un cogombre, el menjar preferit del Kappa (per aix\u00f2 un tipus de rotlle de sushi es diu Kappa-Maki).\"}}]}<\/script>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":1600,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"elementor_header_footer","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_focuskw":"Kappa","_yoast_wpseo_title":"Kappa \u2013 Esperit de l'aigua de la mitologia fluvial japonesa | iWell Guard","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"Kappa, \u00e9sser aqu\u00e0tic de mida infantil de la mitologia fluvial japonesa. Closca de tortuga i escudella d'aigua al cap: origen, motius i protecci\u00f3.","_yoast_wpseo_meta-robots-noindex":"","_yoast_wpseo_canonical":"","_angie_page":false,"gefaehrdungsstufe":"3","wesen_kultur":"japan","wesen_klasse":"geister","footnotes":""},"categories":[],"class_list":["post-171416","page","type-page","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v27.7 (Yoast SEO v28.3) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Kappa \u2013 Esperit de l&#039;aigua de la mitologia fluvial japonesa | iWell Guard<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Kappa, \u00e9sser aqu\u00e0tic de mida infantil de la mitologia fluvial japonesa. 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