{"id":171415,"date":"2026-09-05T15:39:11","date_gmt":"2026-09-05T15:39:11","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/?page_id=171415"},"modified":"2026-09-05T15:57:08","modified_gmt":"2026-09-05T15:57:08","slug":"tengu","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/tengu\/","title":{"rendered":"Tengu"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"171415\" class=\"elementor elementor-171415 elementor-1326\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-10fdade e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"10fdade\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-herohlft0 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"herohlft0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c3ceb64 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"c3ceb64\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-96ae5e1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"96ae5e1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Tengu, esperit de la tradici\u00f3 japonesa<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e45238a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e45238a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Tengu \u00e9s un <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un \u00e9sser incorpori al qual s'atribueix acci\u00f3 en el m\u00f3n.\" tabindex=\"0\">esperit<\/span> de la tradici\u00f3 japonesa.<\/p><p>Figura muntanyenca alada entre <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un \u00e9sser venerat com a div\u00ed dins d'una religi\u00f3.\" tabindex=\"0\">divinitat<\/span> i <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"\u00c9sser espiritual al qual s'atribueix una acci\u00f3 perjudicial o ambivalent.\" tabindex=\"0\">dimoni<\/span>, provador dels monjos yamabushi.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-klsbdg01 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"klsbdg01\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-klshtm01 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"klshtm01\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"iwg-pill-row\"><span class=\"iwg-klasse-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Esperit: \u00c9sser incorpori o semicorpori, difunts, \u00e9ssers de la natura, esperits dom\u00e8stics o guardians de llindars. Actua en la vida quotidiana, sovint lligat a llocs o fam\u00edlies.\">Esperit<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/?page_id=171411\" class=\"iwg-kultur-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Kami del Shinto japon\u00e8s i mons budistes de y\u014dkai.\">Jap\u00f3<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/?page_id=171453\" class=\"iwg-tradition-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Esperits dels boscos i la natura salvatge, guardians i temptadors en terres no conreades.\">Esperit del bosc<\/a><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3f74855 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3f74855\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1c30362 elementor-toc--minimized-on-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-table-of-contents\" data-id=\"1c30362\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;exclude_headings_by_selector&quot;:[],&quot;no_headings_message&quot;:&quot;No s&#039;ha trobat cap encap\\u00e7alament en aquesta p\\u00e0gina.&quot;,&quot;headings_by_tags&quot;:[&quot;h2&quot;,&quot;h3&quot;],&quot;marker_view&quot;:&quot;bullets&quot;,&quot;icon&quot;:{&quot;value&quot;:&quot;fas fa-circle&quot;,&quot;library&quot;:&quot;fa-solid&quot;,&quot;rendered_tag&quot;:&quot;&lt;svg class=\\&quot;e-font-icon-svg e-fas-circle\\&quot; viewBox=\\&quot;0 0 512 512\\&quot; xmlns=\\&quot;http:\\\/\\\/www.w3.org\\\/2000\\\/svg\\&quot;&gt;&lt;path d=\\&quot;M256 8C119 8 8 119 8 256s111 248 248 248 248-111 248-248S393 8 256 8z\\&quot;&gt;&lt;\\\/path&gt;&lt;\\\/svg&gt;&quot;},&quot;minimize_box&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;minimized_on&quot;:&quot;tablet&quot;,&quot;hierarchical_view&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;min_height&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"table-of-contents.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__header\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-toc__header-title\">\n\t\t\t\t\u00cdndex\t\t\t<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--expand\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__1c30362\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Open table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" 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9.317-33.901-.04l-22.667-22.667c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941L207.03 130.525c9.372-9.373 24.568-9.373 33.941-.001z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-toc__1c30362\" class=\"elementor-toc__body\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__spinner-container\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg class=\"elementor-toc__spinner eicon-animation-spin e-font-icon-svg e-eicon-loading\" aria-hidden=\"true\" viewBox=\"0 0 1000 1000\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M500 975V858C696 858 858 696 858 500S696 142 500 142 142 304 142 500H25C25 237 238 25 500 25S975 237 975 500 763 975 500 975Z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-herorght0 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"herorght0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-heroimg00 iwg-hero-image elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"heroimg00\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"683\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/geister_japan_tengu-683x1024.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-1666\" alt=\"Tengu\" srcset=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/geister_japan_tengu-683x1024.webp 683w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/geister_japan_tengu-200x300.webp 200w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/geister_japan_tengu-768x1152.webp 768w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/geister_japan_tengu.webp 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 683px) 100vw, 683px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-32917199 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"32917199\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-26e916cb e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"26e916cb\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-253a40d4 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"253a40d4\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1200c304 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1200c304\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Tengu<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-11758e7f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"11758e7f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Els tengu (\u5929\u72d7, \u00abgos celestial\u00bb) figuren entre les figures m\u00e9s ambivalents de la demonologia japonesa. Alhora \u00e9sser muntanyenc, divinitat de la muntanya i <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"\u00c9sser espiritual al qual s'atribueix una acci\u00f3 perjudicial o ambivalent.\" tabindex=\"0\">dimoni<\/span>, se situen en el punt de trobada entre el Shint\u014d, el budisme i la tradici\u00f3 asc\u00e8tica de la muntanya. Al llarg dels segles el seu perfil canvia, des de la representaci\u00f3 primerenca com a aus rapinyaires funestes fins als seductors de monjos de l&#8217;\u00e8poca Muromachi i l&#8217;esperit protector de l&#8217;art de l&#8217;espasa de l&#8217;\u00e8poca Edo.<\/p><p>S&#8217;han establert dos tipus principals: el <em>karasu-tengu<\/em>, amb cap de corb o d&#8217;au rapinyaire, i l&#8217;<em>\u014d-tengu<\/em> o <em>yamabushi-tengu<\/em>, amb cara vermella i nas llarg, vestit amb l&#8217;h\u00e0bit de l&#8217;ascetamuntanyenc.<\/p><div><h3>Konjaku Monogatari i les dues morfologies dels tengu<\/h3><p>La col\u00b7lecci\u00f3 <em>Konjaku Monogatari<\/em> (Contes d&#8217;ara i d&#8217;abans, segle XII) documenta els <em>tengu<\/em> en la seva forma can\u00f2nica m\u00e9s antiga i ja hi estableix la distinci\u00f3 entre <em>Daitengu<\/em> (grans tengu) i <em>Kotengu<\/em> (tengu menors). Els Daitengu apareixen en aquestes narracions com a \u00e9ssers alts i longeus amb intel\u00b7lig\u00e8ncia i forma humanes, sovint dotats de facultats sobrenaturals de crear ombres i d&#8217;imitar la forma humana.<\/p><p>Els Kotengu apareixen com a variants inferiors i m\u00e9s aviaires, destructius i menys racionals. Aquesta classificaci\u00f3 es correspon amb l&#8217;estatus social i religi\u00f3s: els Daitengu s\u00f3n sovint pelegrins o eremites que han assolit una ascesi sobrehumana, mentre que els Kotengu duen una vida salvatge, lligada a la muntanya.<\/p><p>Les col\u00b7leccions Konjaku documenten tamb\u00e9 narracions primerenques de raptes per tengu, en les quals sacerdots o nobles desapareixen misteriosament i retornen m\u00e9s tard amb coneixements sobrenaturals, un <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un element de contingut recurrent en l'art o la narrativa.\" tabindex=\"0\">motiu<\/span> que perdura fins a la literatura moderna japonesa de y\u014dkai.<\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-159dcf9a e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"159dcf9a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-48cee66f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"48cee66f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Resum r\u00e0pid: Tengu<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3f50d82c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"3f50d82c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Tipus:<\/strong> divinitat de la muntanya, <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"\u00c9sser espiritual al qual s'atribueix una acci\u00f3 perjudicial o ambivalent.\" tabindex=\"0\">dimoni<\/span>, figura provadora<br>Origen: Fusi\u00f3 de tradicions xineses d&#8217;\u00e9ssers estel\u00b7lars (<em>ti\u0101ng\u01d2u<\/em>) amb el culte muntanyenc japon\u00e8s<br>Textos: Nihon Ry\u014diki, Konjaku Monogatarish\u016b, Heike Monogatari, Tengu-S\u014dshi<br>\u00c8poca: Documentat des del segle VIII; <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Estudi dels continguts de les imatges i el seu significat.\" tabindex=\"0\">iconografia<\/span> t\u00edpica des del segle XIV<br>Seient: Muntanyes sagrades, entre d&#8217;altres Kurama (Ky\u014dto) i Takao<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-18613602 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"18613602\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-262b8a9f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"262b8a9f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Context<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-46dcb7d e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"46dcb7d\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-61d3ab3 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"61d3ab3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-117c166 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"117c166\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Per\u00edode dels textos<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-73997a0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"73997a0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>El terme tengu prov\u00e9 del xin\u00e8s <em>ti\u0101ng\u01d2u<\/em> (\u00abgos celestial\u00bb), una denominaci\u00f3 per a estrelles fugaces i fen\u00f2mens lluminosos ominosos. El terme arriba al japon\u00e8s al segle VIII a trav\u00e9s de textos budistes. En la <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"La transmissi\u00f3 de coneixements i relats al llarg de generacions.\" tabindex=\"0\">tradici\u00f3<\/span> japonesa primerenca, els tengu s\u00f3n inicialment \u00e9ssers funestos; un episodi del Nihon Shoki (720) parla d&#8217;un \u00abgos\u00bb volador al cel, que un monjo identifica com a tengu.<\/p><p>Entre els segles XII i XIV la imatge canvia: els tengu esdevenen \u00e9ssers muntanyencs amb cap d&#8217;au que volen fer caure els monjos asc\u00e8tics. A partir de l&#8217;\u00e8poca Muromachi sorgeix el yamabushi-tengu amb h\u00e0bit mon\u00e0stic i nas ganxut.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d47b156 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d47b156\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ff38c2b elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"ff38c2b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">\u00c0rea de difusi\u00f3<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4e49fcc elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4e49fcc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Les tradicions dels tengu es concentren en muntanyes sagrades. Especialment conegudes s\u00f3n la muntanya Kurama al nord de Ky\u014dto (resid\u00e8ncia del m\u00edtic S\u014dj\u014db\u014d, el \u00abtengu major\u00bb), la muntanya Takao a l&#8217;oest de T\u00f2quio i la muntanya \u014cmine a Nara, llocs centrals de l&#8217;ascesi muntanyenca shugend\u014d.<\/p><p>Repartides per tot l&#8217;arxip\u00e8lag existeixen divinitats tengu locals; molts santuaris muntanyencs petits guarden m\u00e0scares de tengu als seus tresors i organitzen festes anuals.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-db03c39 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"db03c39\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-229a87b e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"229a87b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1f471fc elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1f471fc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Estat de les fonts<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-36b1201 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"36b1201\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Textualment s\u00f3n centrals les col\u00b7leccions setsuwa (Konjaku Monogatarish\u016b, Uji Sh\u016bi Monogatari) aix\u00ed com el Tengu-S\u014dshi, un rotlle il\u00b7lustrat de finals del segle XIII. Al Heike Monogatari els tengu apareixen en diversos episodis.<\/p><p><span data-nosnippet>La <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Estudi dels continguts de les imatges i el seu significat.\" tabindex=\"0\">iconografia<\/span> cl\u00e0ssica es fixa a les obres il\u00b7lustrades de l&#8217;\u00e8poca Edo, per exemple en Toriyama Sekien. Obres est\u00e0ndard modernes: De Visser, M. W. (1908) \u00abThe Tengu\u00bb; Wakabayashi Haruko (2012) \u00abThe Seven Tengu Scrolls\u00bb.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3ae0637c e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"3ae0637c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-31d07739 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"31d07739\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Nom i variants<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b7642947 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"b7642947\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a086266 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a086266\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>El nom es compon de \u5929 (\u00abcel\u00bb) i \u72d7 (\u00abgos\u00bb), i remet per tant originalment a un \u00e9sser estel\u00b7lar celestial.<\/p><ul><li><strong>Karasu-tengu<\/strong>, tengu corb, amb cap d&#8217;au i ales; forma m\u00e9s antiga.<\/li><li>Yamabushi-tengu \/ \u014d-tengu, tengu ascetamuntanyenc, cara vermella, nas llarg; forma posterior.<\/li><li>Kotengu, seguici de tengu menors i inferiors.<\/li><li>S\u014dj\u014db\u014d, el llegendari rei de tots els tengu a la muntanya Kurama.<\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-709a44a8 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"709a44a8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2f585873 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2f585873\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Descripci\u00f3<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-70621c12 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"70621c12\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4296eb49 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4296eb49\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Aparen\u00e7a.<\/strong> El karasu-tengu t\u00e9 cap de corb o d&#8217;au de presa, mans amb urpes i ales; porta la indument\u00e0ria d&#8217;un yamabushi (petit mocador frontal en forma de cub, corn de closca, espasa). El yamabushi-tengu \u00e9s hum\u00e0, amb rostre vermell, celles espesses i el caracter\u00edstic nas llarg; tamb\u00e9 porta indument\u00e0ria yamabushi i un ventall de plomes.<\/p><p>Equipament. Ventall de plomes (<em>hauchiwa<\/em>) per desencadenar tempestes, espasa llarga, corn de closca (<em>horagai<\/em>), geta amb una \u00fanica dent alta.<\/p><p>Comportament. Els tengu viuen en monestirs de muntanya i boscos, foragiten intrusos, segresten monjos asc\u00e8tics, posen a prova el coratge dels guerrers. Una <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"La transmissi\u00f3 de coneixement i relats al llarg de generacions.\" tabindex=\"0\">tradici\u00f3<\/span> narra que Minamoto no Yoshitsune va aprendre l&#8217;esgrima de S\u014dj\u014db\u014d al mont Kurama.<\/p><div><h3>Diversitat morfol\u00f2gica: nas llarg davant de cap d&#8217;au<\/h3><p>La representaci\u00f3 visual dels tengu mostra una diverg\u00e8ncia morfol\u00f2gica caracter\u00edstica entre dos arquetips. El <em>karasu-tengu<\/em> (tengu-corb) presenta una forma de cap d&#8217;au amb plomes i urpes, sovint amb coloraci\u00f3 negra i musell agut. El <em>yamabushi-tengu<\/em> o Daitengu, en canvi, se sol representar amb un nas allargat vermell o daurat, cos humanoide, sovint amb vestimenta mon\u00e0stica yamabushi.<\/p><p>Aquesta diverg\u00e8ncia reflecteix difer\u00e8ncies teol\u00f2giques i regionals: els tengu-corb s&#8217;associen a forces naturals ca\u00f2tiques de la muntanya, mentre que els tengu de nas llarg s&#8217;oposen intel\u00b7lectualment i culturalment als humans, sovint caracteritzats com a ascetes eruditsers. La <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"L'estudi del contingut de les imatges i el seu significat.\" tabindex=\"0\">iconografia<\/span> de l&#8217;\u00e8poca Edo va normalitzar aquesta diversitat de formes en motius can\u00f2nics de xilografia, que fins avui dominen la <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"L'estudi del contingut de les imatges i el seu significat.\" tabindex=\"0\">iconografia<\/span> popular dels tengu.<\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-44e71476 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"44e71476\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3c1fc3f0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3c1fc3f0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Fitxa: Tengu<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-84f33b8e e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"84f33b8e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-hqkdc67p elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"hqkdc67p\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Els aspectes m\u00e9s importants dels tengu d&#8217;un cop d&#8217;ull.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c5 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c1 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-qh9oavvu iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"qh9oavvu\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-awzx8k2k elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"awzx8k2k\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Context cultural<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-x6rowhv0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"x6rowhv0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Concepte xin\u00e8s del \u00abgos celestial\u00bb, fusionat amb el culte japon\u00e8s a la muntanya i l&#8217;ascetisme shugend\u014d.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8e3o4kxs iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"8e3o4kxs\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-08rkdgov elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"08rkdgov\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Destinataris<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-uwjelx8s elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"uwjelx8s\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Monjos asc\u00e8tics (yamabushi), dignataris budistes orgullosos, guerrers en cam\u00ed cap a la maestria.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-jm2n74ec iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"jm2n74ec\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8vufse4c elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"8vufse4c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Aparen\u00e7a del tengu<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-mwb9u015 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"mwb9u015\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Figura humana amb cap de corb o rostre vermell i ales; indument\u00e0ria yamabushi, ventall de plomes, espasa llarga.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c2 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c2\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-37ss2yr6 iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"37ss2yr6\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3v0wp3wx elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3v0wp3wx\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Activitat<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-w3247g2m elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"w3247g2m\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Segrest d&#8217;infants, seducci\u00f3 de monjos cap a la vanitat, provocaci\u00f3 de tempestes de vent, desaparici\u00f3 sobtada de persones (<em>kamikakushi<\/em>).<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0qpjal9w iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"0qpjal9w\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6ndoih0o elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6ndoih0o\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Protecci\u00f3<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6684tyh9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6684tyh9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Recitaci\u00f3 de sutres, humilitat i evitaci\u00f3 de l&#8217;orgull, veneraci\u00f3 dels santuaris de muntanya, evitaci\u00f3 de determinats passos despr\u00e9s de la caiguda de la nit.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3lfi7x32 iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3lfi7x32\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0kg99ga1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"0kg99ga1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Elements comparables<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-n0fum6kp elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"n0fum6kp\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><em>Ti\u0101ng\u01d2u<\/em> xin\u00e8s, <em>kkachi-horangi<\/em> core\u00e0 (figura m\u00edtica d&#8217;au de presa); Garuda de la tradici\u00f3 indobudista.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7533bc7a e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"7533bc7a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2447d18d elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2447d18d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Defensa pr\u00e0ctica<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d5d0260c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d5d0260c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-341be2ac elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"341be2ac\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Evitaci\u00f3 de l&#8217;actitud orgullosa.<\/strong> A la literatura setsuwa, els tengu sedu\u00efen especialment els monjos m\u00e9s orgullosos; la contramesura cl\u00e0ssica \u00e9s la humilitat interior i l&#8217;ascetisme estricte.<\/p><p>Sutres i <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"F\u00f3rmula sil\u00b7l\u00e0bica o verbal repetida ritualment amb efecte transformador; central en les tradicions \u00edndies, adaptada a Occident com a pr\u00e0ctica de decret.\">mantra<\/span>. Es considerava que la recitaci\u00f3 del Sutra del Cor i dels mantres de Fud\u014d My\u014d\u014d i Sh\u014dten era efica\u00e7 per rebutjar la influ\u00e8ncia dels tengu.<\/p><p>Santuaris de muntanya. En moltes muntanyes sagrades es veneren els tengu com a divinitats protectores; els visitants ofereixen sake, viatgen amb respecte i eviten els camins despr\u00e9s de la foscor.<\/p><p>M\u00e0scares de tengu. M\u00e0scares de rostre vermell amb nas llarg pengen a moltes cases com a signe apotropaic; el <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un signe que representa una idea o significat.\" tabindex=\"0\">s\u00edmbol<\/span> protegeix mitjan\u00e7ant la pres\u00e8ncia mateixa del ser protector.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5a584676 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"5a584676\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6d0757bf elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6d0757bf\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Tengu, paral\u00b7lelismes en altres cultures<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-60563f68 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"60563f68\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5a93fdd6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5a93fdd6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Xina.<\/strong> El <em>ti\u0101ng\u01d2u<\/em> com a auguri d&#8217;estel fuga\u00e7 i gos celestial \u00e9s el model directe del nom; la <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"L'estudi del contingut de les imatges i el seu significat.\" tabindex=\"0\">iconografia<\/span> es desenvolupa de manera independent al Jap\u00f3.<\/p><p>\u00cdndia\/Budisme. Garuda com a <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un \u00e9sser venerat com a div\u00ed dins d'una religi\u00f3.\" tabindex=\"0\">divinitat<\/span> amb forma d&#8217;au constitueix un model per a la <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"L'estudi del contingut de les imatges i el seu significat.\" tabindex=\"0\">iconografia<\/span> del karasu-tengu.<\/p><p>Corea. No hi ha una correspond\u00e8ncia directa; existeixen aus de presa m\u00edtiques i divinitats de muntanya, per\u00f2 amb un plantejament diferent.<\/p><p>Europa. Existeixen paral\u00b7lelismes tipol\u00f2gics, no hist\u00f2rics, amb esperits alats de muntanya i vent (harpies, trolls de muntanya n\u00f2rdics).<\/p><div><h3>Shugendo i la connexi\u00f3 amb els yamabushi<\/h3><p>El shugendo (el cam\u00ed asc\u00e8tic de muntanya) va establir una connexi\u00f3 religiosa directa entre els tengu i els yamabushi (monjos de muntanya), que encara avui viu en la pr\u00e0ctica ritual. Els textos shugendo no classifiquen els tengu principalment com a mal\u00e8fics, sin\u00f3 com un poder sobrenatural perill\u00f3s que nom\u00e9s es pot controlar o sublimar mitjan\u00e7ant pr\u00e0ctiques asc\u00e8tiques espec\u00edfiques.<\/p><p>L&#8217;ordre yamabushi va desenvolupar t\u00e8cniques de protecci\u00f3 contra la influ\u00e8ncia dels tengu, combinant la purificaci\u00f3 xintoista amb la recitaci\u00f3 de <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"F\u00f3rmula sil\u00b7l\u00e0bica o verbal repetida ritualment amb efecte transformador; central en les tradicions \u00edndies.\">mantres<\/span> budistes. Relats hist\u00f2rics documenten casos en qu\u00e8 mestres yamabushi van emprar poders sobrenaturals en confrontacions p\u00fabliques contra manifestacions de tengu. Aquesta connexi\u00f3 va convertir els tengu en inst\u00e0ncies de prova religiosa: qui podia resistir la influ\u00e8ncia dels tengu demostrava maduresa espiritual i el dret a una <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Acte ritual pel qual un objecte, lloc o persona es lliura a l'\u00e0mbit religi\u00f3s.\" tabindex=\"0\">consagraci\u00f3<\/span> superior dins el sistema shugendo.<\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp1b0c3bc e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp1b0c3bc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpd32c755 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cpd32c755\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">De l'ocell de mal auguri al dimoni de muntanya<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp7a80dab e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp7a80dab\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpb1eb88c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cpb1eb88c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>El Tengu (\u5929\u72d7) t\u00e9 al Jap\u00f3 una hist\u00f2ria llarga i molt variable. El car\u00e0cter amb el qual s&#8217;escriu el seu nom significa literalment gos celestial i prov\u00e9 de la Xina, on designava una mena d&#8217;\u00e9sser funest o cometari.<\/p><p>Al Jap\u00f3, per\u00f2, el nom es va transferir a una figura ben diferent, i la concepci\u00f3 japonesa m\u00e9s antiga documentada del tengu \u00e9s la d&#8217;un \u00e9sser d&#8217;aspecte ocellenc, prove\u00eft de bec.<\/p><p>A la literatura medieval, especialment en els reculls narratius de car\u00e0cter budista com el <em>Konjaku monogatari<\/em>, del segle XII, el tengu \u00e9s sobretot una for\u00e7a pertorbadora i perillosa. Se&#8217;l considera una forma de renaixement de persones que havien estat massa orgulloses, massa iracundes o cegades per la religi\u00f3, en particular monjos arrogants.<\/p><p>El tengu desvia els ascetes del bon cam\u00ed, segresta persones, provoca incendis i simula falses aparicions religioses. En aquesta fase \u00e9s un adversari del veritable budisme.<\/p><p>La figura posterior i m\u00e9s familiar, amb el nas llarg, la cara vermella i un cos m\u00e9s hum\u00e0, es desenvolupa nom\u00e9s gradualment a partir del tengu d&#8217;aspecte ocellenc.<\/p><p>La recerca, com els treballs de Haruko Wakabayashi, ha mostrat que al llarg de l&#8217;edat mitjana el tengu va passar de ser un \u00e9sser purament negatiu a una figura ambivalent. Aquesta transformaci\u00f3 est\u00e0 estretament lligada a la hist\u00f2ria del culte japon\u00e8s a les muntanyes i al budisme asc\u00e8tic.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpde34944 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cpde34944\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2bbaa5b elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp2bbaa5b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Karasu-tengu i yamabushi-tengu<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp1793f6d e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp1793f6d\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp7ffdc80 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp7ffdc80\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>La tradici\u00f3 distingeix dos tipus principals de tengu, que reflecteixen diferents etapes evolutives. El <em>karasu-tengu<\/em>, el tengu-corb, \u00e9s la forma m\u00e9s antiga i m\u00e9s animal: un \u00e9sser amb cap d&#8217;ocell, bec, ales i urpes. El <em>konoha-tengu<\/em> o <em>yamabushi-tengu<\/em> \u00e9s la forma m\u00e9s recent i m\u00e9s humana, amb un nas llarg i vermell, cara vermella i la vestimenta pr\u00f2pia d&#8217;un ascetic de muntanya.<\/p><p>Precisament la vestimenta \u00e9s molt reveladora. El tengu de nas altiu porta t\u00edpicament l&#8217;h\u00e0bit dels <em>yamabushi<\/em>, els ascetes de muntanya del shugendo, un corrent que combina elements budistes, taoistes i aut\u00f2ctons i que cerca la seva pr\u00e0ctica a les muntanyes.<\/p><p>Sovint sost\u00e9 un ventall de plomes, l&#8217;<em>hauchiwa<\/em>, amb el qual pot provocar tempestes, i de vegades un petit <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un petit lloc sagrat de cust\u00f2dia o de devoci\u00f3.\" tabindex=\"0\">santuari<\/span> o un bast\u00f3. Aquesta <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Estudi dels continguts de les imatges i el seu significat.\" tabindex=\"0\">iconografia<\/span> lliga estretament el tengu amb les muntanyes sagrades del Jap\u00f3.<\/p><p>Certes muntanyes es consideren seus de tengu, sobretot el mont Kurama, prop de Kyoto, i el mont Takao. Amb el mont Kurama s&#8217;associa una tradici\u00f3 narrativa especialment coneguda: el tengu <em>Sojobo<\/em>, un rei entre els tengu, hauria instru\u00eft all\u00ed el jove guerrer Minamoto no Yoshitsune en l&#8217;art de l&#8217;espasa i en t\u00e0ctica de combat.<\/p><p>En aquesta hist\u00f2ria el tengu ja no apareix com a enemic de la religi\u00f3, sin\u00f3 com a mestre que transmet capacitats extraordin\u00e0ries a una persona escollida. El pas de seductor a mestre \u00e9s un dels trets m\u00e9s notables de la hist\u00f2ria del tengu.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpa440175 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cpa440175\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp1065b48 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp1065b48\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">El tengu entre el santuari, la m\u00e0scara i el teatre<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp783b666 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp783b666\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp7218654 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp7218654\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>El tengu est\u00e0 fermament arrelat en la cultura material japonesa. La seva cara vermella i de nas llarg \u00e9s una de les m\u00e0scares m\u00e9s conegudes del pa\u00eds i apareix en festes, santuaris i cases com a objecte de protecci\u00f3.<\/p><p>La m\u00e0scara es considera una protecci\u00f3, ha d&#8217;allunyar la desgr\u00e0cia, i el seu nas desmesurat s&#8217;ha interpretat en part com a s\u00edmbol de bona sort i fertilitat. Alguns santuaris, especialment els situats en muntanyes de tengu, conserven grans m\u00e0scares de tengu com a objectes de culte.<\/p><p>Al teatre, el tengu apareix tant en el <em>N\u014d<\/em> com en el <em>Kabuki<\/em>. A l&#8217;obra de N\u014d <em>Kurama tengu<\/em> es dramatitza la trobada del tengu amb el jove Yoshitsune. Aqu\u00ed es mostra amb especial claredat la seva naturalesa ambivalent: el tengu \u00e9s aterridor i sobrenatural, per\u00f2 tamb\u00e9 un mentor que ajuda.<\/p><p>En la creen\u00e7a popular es va mantenir viva la idea que el tengu pot segrestar infants; l&#8217;anomenat <em>tengu kakushi<\/em>, l&#8217;ocultaci\u00f3 pel tengu, era una explicaci\u00f3 habitual per a la desaparici\u00f3 sobtada d&#8217;infants.<\/p><p>Des del punt de vista de l&#8217;estudi de les religions, el tengu resulta interessant perqu\u00e8 en ell es pot llegir el canvi en la valoraci\u00f3 de l&#8217;ascetisme de muntanya. Mentre el shugendo va ser sospit\u00f3s per al budisme templari establert, els seus practicants i el tengu associat a ells van semblar sospitosos i perillosos.<\/p><p>Amb el creixent reconeixement de la religi\u00f3 de muntanya, tamb\u00e9 el tengu va guanyar prestigi, passant de <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"\u00c9sser espiritual al qual s'atribueix un efecte nociu o ambivalent.\" tabindex=\"0\">dimoni<\/span> arrogant a guardi\u00e0 de les muntanyes i custodi de coneixement secret. Avui el tengu \u00e9s una figura del folklore majorit\u00e0riament ben\u00e8vola, encara que imposant, sense que les capes fosques de la seva hist\u00f2ria hagin desaparegut del tot.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-36dd7469 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"36dd7469\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-13760ab4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"13760ab4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Enlla\u00e7os relacionats<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-28c87796 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"28c87796\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5d6538df elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5d6538df\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Enlla\u00e7os interns recomanats:<\/p><ul><li>P\u00e0gina cultural <strong>Jap\u00f3<\/strong>.<\/li><li>Altres perfils individuals del Jap\u00f3: <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/?page_id=171414\">Oni<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/?page_id=171416\">Kappa<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/?page_id=171417\">Y\u016brei<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/?page_id=171418\">Yuki-onna<\/a>.<\/li><li>Paral\u00b7lelismes: <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/?page_id=171394\">Budisme<\/a> (Mara i els guardians de l&#8217;infern), <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/?page_id=171395\">Xina<\/a>.<\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-grl4kl40 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"grl4kl40\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bzsbfrmh elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"bzsbfrmh\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Bibliografia de recerca<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2c13224a e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"2c13224a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0eymh9ub elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"0eymh9ub\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<footer class=\"iwg-literatur\" data-nosnippet=\"true\"><p>Una selecci\u00f3 compacta de treballs centrals sobre el tengu:<\/p><ul><li><span data-nosnippet>De Visser, Marinus Willem: <em>The Tengu.<\/em> In: Transactions of the Asiatic Society of Japan 36\/2 (1908), S. 25, 99.<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Wakabayashi, Haruko: <em>The Seven Tengu Scrolls: Evil and the Rhetoric of Legitimacy in Medieval Japanese Buddhism.<\/em> University of Hawai\u02bbi Press, Honolulu 2012.<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Foster, Michael Dylan: <em><a href=\"https:\/\/www.ucpress.edu\/books\/the-book-of-yokai-expanded-second-edition\/paper\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">The Book of Y\u014dkai: Mysterious Creatures of Japanese Folklore.<\/a><\/em> University of California Press, Berkeley 2015.<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Komatsu Kazuhiko: <em><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Y%C5%8Dkai\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">An Introduction to Y\u014dkai Culture.<\/a><\/em> Japan Publishing Industry Foundation for Culture, Tokyo 2017.<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Reider, Noriko T.: <em><a href=\"https:\/\/digitalcommons.usu.edu\/usupress_pubs\/59\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Japanese Demon Lore: Oni from Ancient Times to the Present.<\/a><\/em> Utah State University Press, Logan 2010.<\/span><\/li><\/ul><\/footer>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgca-tengu-sec e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgca-tengu-sec\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" id=\"iwg-ca-tengu\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgca-tengu-te iwg-ca-textwrap elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgca-tengu-te\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-nosnippet=\"true\"><p class=\"iwg-ca-bridge\">La pr\u00e0ctica de protecci\u00f3 descrita aqu\u00ed \u00e9s una classificaci\u00f3 de tradicions hist\u00f2riques des de la perspectiva de la ci\u00e8ncia de les religions. iWell Guard s&#8217;inspira en aquesta l\u00ednia cultural i hist\u00f2rica d&#8217;objectes de protecci\u00f3 portables i n&#8217;\u00e9s una forma contempor\u00e0nia. <a href=\"\/ueber-iwell-guard\/?utm_source=iwell-guard.com&#038;utm_medium=text-link&#038;utm_campaign=schadwesen-tradition\">M\u00e9s informaci\u00f3 sobre l&#8217;iWell Guard \u2192<\/a><\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-649007b e-con-boxed e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"649007b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f3bc65a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"f3bc65a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n<h2>Preguntes freq\u00fcents sobre els Tengu<\/h2>\n<div class=\"iwg-faq-q\"><h3>Qu\u00e8 \u00e9s un Tengu en la <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"El conjunt dels relats m\u00edtics transmesos d'una cultura sobre els seus d\u00e9us.\" tabindex=\"0\">mitologia<\/span> japonesa?<\/h3><p>Els Tengu s\u00f3n \u00e9ssers de muntanya de la tradici\u00f3 <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"La religi\u00f3 ind\u00edgena del Jap\u00f3, marcada per la veneraci\u00f3 dels kami.\" tabindex=\"0\">sintoista<\/span>-budista japonesa, generalment representats com a \u00e9ssers guerrers d&#8217;aspecte semblant a un ocell, amb nassos llargs i vermells o becs. Se&#8217;ls considera mestres de l&#8217;art de l&#8217;espasa i de l&#8217;ast\u00facia guerrera; moltes llegendes de samurais parlen de deixebles d&#8217;espasa que van ser instru\u00efts pels Tengu als boscos de muntanya. Els Tengu s\u00f3n ambivalents: de vegades protectors de santuaris de muntanya, de vegades trickster que castiguen els monjos arrogants.<\/p><\/div>\n<div class=\"iwg-faq-q\"><h3>Quina \u00e9s la difer\u00e8ncia entre el Karasu-Tengu i el Yamabushi-Tengu?<\/h3><p>El Karasu-Tengu (Tengu-corb) \u00e9s la forma m\u00e9s antiga, un \u00e9sser d&#8217;aspecte semblant a un ocell amb bec, plomes negres i ales de corb. El Yamabushi-Tengu (Tengu-sacerdot de muntanya) \u00e9s la forma m\u00e9s tardana, humanoide, amb un nas llarg i vermell, vestit com un asc\u00e8tic de muntanya (monjo yamabushi). Aquesta transformaci\u00f3 reflecteix la fusi\u00f3 de la creen\u00e7a en els Tengu amb l&#8217;ascetisme budista dels yamabushi.<\/p><\/div>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\">{\"@context\":\"https:\/\/schema.org\",\"@type\":\"FAQPage\",\"mainEntity\":[{\"@type\":\"Question\",\"name\":\"Qu\u00e8 \u00e9s un Tengu en la mitologia japonesa?\",\"acceptedAnswer\":{\"@type\":\"Answer\",\"text\":\"Els Tengu s\u00f3n \u00e9ssers de muntanya de la tradici\u00f3 sintoista-budista japonesa, generalment representats com a \u00e9ssers guerrers d'aspecte semblant a un ocell, amb nassos llargs i vermells o becs. Se'ls considera mestres de l'art de l'espasa i de l'ast\u00facia guerrera; moltes llegendes de samurais parlen de deixebles d'espasa que van ser instru\u00efts pels Tengu als boscos de muntanya. 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Aquesta transformaci\u00f3 reflecteix la fusi\u00f3 de la creen\u00e7a en els Tengu amb l'ascetisme budista dels yamabushi.\"}}]}<\/script>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":1666,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"elementor_header_footer","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_focuskw":"Tengu","_yoast_wpseo_title":"Tengu - Figura muntanyenca alada entre divinitat i dimoni","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"Tengu, figura muntanyenca alada entre divinitat i dimoni. 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