{"id":171414,"date":"2026-09-05T15:39:10","date_gmt":"2026-09-05T15:39:10","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/?page_id=171414"},"modified":"2026-09-05T15:57:08","modified_gmt":"2026-09-05T15:57:08","slug":"oni","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/oni\/","title":{"rendered":"Oni"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"171414\" class=\"elementor elementor-171414 elementor-1325\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-10fdade e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"10fdade\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-herohlft0 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"herohlft0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c3ceb64 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"c3ceb64\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-96ae5e1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"96ae5e1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Oni, dimoni de la tradici\u00f3 japonesa<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e45238a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e45238a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Oni \u00e9s un <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"\u00c9sser espiritual al qual s'atribueix un efecte perjudicial o ambigu.\" tabindex=\"0\">dimoni<\/span> de la tradici\u00f3 japonesa.<\/p><p>Follets corpulents i banyuts de la tradici\u00f3 popular i infernal japonesa.<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"dif-oni\">El ritual de Setsubun d&#8217;Oni<\/h2>\n<p>Els Oni s\u00f3n els <strong>diables banyuts de gran al\u00e7ada<\/strong> de la religi\u00f3 popular japonesa d&#8217;arrel budista. Iconogr\u00e0ficament: pell vermella o blava, una o dues <strong>banyes de brau<\/strong>, ullals, faldilla de pell de tigre, ma\u00e7a de ferro (<em>kanab\u014d<\/em>). En la <strong>festa de Setsubun<\/strong> (3 de febrer, inici de la primavera segons l&#8217;antic calendari lunar), les fam\u00edlies llencen mongetes de soja torrades per les finestres tot cridant: <em>Oni wa soto, fuku wa uchi<\/em> (\u00abFora els Oni, entri la sort\u00bb).<\/p><p>El <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Una pr\u00e0ctica transmesa i repetida regularment en una comunitat.\" tabindex=\"0\">costum<\/span> purifica la casa per a l&#8217;any nou. Funci\u00f3 dels Oni en el <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"El conjunt dels d\u00e9us d'una religi\u00f3 o cultura.\" tabindex=\"0\">pante\u00f3<\/span> infernal budista: <strong>guardians de Naraka<\/strong> en el regne infernal de Yama, c\u00e0stig als condemnats amb garrot i serra de tall. Oni fixos com a guardians de les entrades dels <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Una construcci\u00f3 dedicada a la veneraci\u00f3 d'una o diverses divinitats.\" tabindex=\"0\">temples<\/span>: <em>Aka-oni<\/em> (vermell, cobejan\u00e7a), <em>Ao-oni<\/em> (blau, odi). Costums populars relacionats: danses de Setsubun, pantomima d&#8217;Oni, ritual Namahage a la pen\u00ednsula d&#8217;Oga (Akita) per Cap d&#8217;Any.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-klsbdg01 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"klsbdg01\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-klshtm01 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"klshtm01\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"iwg-pill-row\"><span class=\"iwg-klasse-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Dimoni \/ dimonessa: \u00c9sser sobrenatural amb efecte generalment nociu o ambivalent. Se situa entre d\u00e9us i humans, causa malaltia, temptaci\u00f3 o desgr\u00e0cia i s'allunya mitjan\u00e7ant invocacions, apotropaics i rituals.\">Dimoni<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/?page_id=171411\" class=\"iwg-kultur-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Kami del sintoisme japon\u00e8s i mons budistes de yokai.\">Jap\u00f3<\/a><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3f74855 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3f74855\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1c30362 elementor-toc--minimized-on-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-table-of-contents\" data-id=\"1c30362\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;exclude_headings_by_selector&quot;:[],&quot;no_headings_message&quot;:&quot;No s&#039;ha trobat cap encap\\u00e7alament en aquesta p\\u00e0gina.&quot;,&quot;headings_by_tags&quot;:[&quot;h2&quot;,&quot;h3&quot;],&quot;marker_view&quot;:&quot;bullets&quot;,&quot;icon&quot;:{&quot;value&quot;:&quot;fas fa-circle&quot;,&quot;library&quot;:&quot;fa-solid&quot;,&quot;rendered_tag&quot;:&quot;&lt;svg class=\\&quot;e-font-icon-svg e-fas-circle\\&quot; viewBox=\\&quot;0 0 512 512\\&quot; xmlns=\\&quot;http:\\\/\\\/www.w3.org\\\/2000\\\/svg\\&quot;&gt;&lt;path d=\\&quot;M256 8C119 8 8 119 8 256s111 248 248 248 248-111 248-248S393 8 256 8z\\&quot;&gt;&lt;\\\/path&gt;&lt;\\\/svg&gt;&quot;},&quot;minimize_box&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;minimized_on&quot;:&quot;tablet&quot;,&quot;hierarchical_view&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;min_height&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"table-of-contents.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__header\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-toc__header-title\">\n\t\t\t\t\u00cdndex\t\t\t<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--expand\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__1c30362\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Open table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-down\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M207.029 381.476L12.686 187.132c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941l22.667-22.667c9.357-9.357 24.522-9.375 33.901-.04L224 284.505l154.745-154.021c9.379-9.335 24.544-9.317 33.901.04l22.667 22.667c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941L240.971 381.476c-9.373 9.372-24.569 9.372-33.942 0z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--collapse\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__1c30362\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Close table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-up\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M240.971 130.524l194.343 194.343c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941l-22.667 22.667c-9.357 9.357-24.522 9.375-33.901.04L224 227.495 69.255 381.516c-9.379 9.335-24.544 9.317-33.901-.04l-22.667-22.667c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941L207.03 130.525c9.372-9.373 24.568-9.373 33.941-.001z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-toc__1c30362\" class=\"elementor-toc__body\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__spinner-container\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg class=\"elementor-toc__spinner eicon-animation-spin e-font-icon-svg e-eicon-loading\" aria-hidden=\"true\" viewBox=\"0 0 1000 1000\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M500 975V858C696 858 858 696 858 500S696 142 500 142 142 304 142 500H25C25 237 238 25 500 25S975 237 975 500 763 975 500 975Z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-herorght0 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"herorght0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-heroimg00 iwg-hero-image elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"heroimg00\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"683\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/daemonen_japan_oni-683x1024.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-1598\" alt=\"Oni\" srcset=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/daemonen_japan_oni-683x1024.webp 683w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/daemonen_japan_oni-200x300.webp 200w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/daemonen_japan_oni-768x1152.webp 768w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/daemonen_japan_oni.webp 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 683px) 100vw, 683px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-32917199 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"32917199\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-26e916cb e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"26e916cb\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-253a40d4 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"253a40d4\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1200c304 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1200c304\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Oni<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-11758e7f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"11758e7f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Els oni (\u9b3c) s\u00f3n una de les figures m\u00e9s conegudes de la demonologia japonesa. En la seva representaci\u00f3 t\u00edpica s\u00f3n de gran al\u00e7ada, musculosos, amb banyes, ullals i pell vermella o blava. Sovint porten un tapall de pell de tigre i una barra de ferro en forma de garrot (<em>kanab\u014d<\/em>).<\/p><p>El terme reuneix dues tradicions diferents: una creen\u00e7a popular m\u00e9s antiga, propera al sintoisme, en la qual els oni apareixen com a \u00e9ssers muntanyencs funestos i guardians dels morts, i una l\u00ednia budista en la qual els oni s\u00f3n els guardians dels inferns de Naraka sota el jutge dels morts Enma-\u014d.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-159dcf9a e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"159dcf9a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-48cee66f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"48cee66f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Perfil breu: Oni<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3f50d82c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"3f50d82c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Tipus:<\/strong> Follet, guardi\u00e0 infernal, esperit de la muntanya<br>Origen: <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Creences i pr\u00e0ctiques religioses esteses en la vida quotidiana.\" tabindex=\"0\">creen\u00e7a popular<\/span> i <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Concepci\u00f3 de l'estructura i l'ordre del m\u00f3n dins d'una cultura.\" tabindex=\"0\">cosmologia<\/span> budista<br>Textos: Konjaku Monogatarish\u016b, \u00abHonch\u014d Shinsenden\u00bb d&#8217;\u014ce no Masafusa, drames Noh (p. ex. \u00abRash\u014dmon\u00bb)<br>\u00c8poca: Documentat des del segle IX; <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Estudi dels continguts d'una imatge i el seu significat.\" tabindex=\"0\">iconografia<\/span> plena establerta en l&#8217;\u00e8poca Muromachi\/Edo<br>Protecci\u00f3: llan\u00e7ament de mongetes de Setsubun, fusta de presseguer, <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Una s\u00edl\u00b7laba o f\u00f3rmula sagrada que es recita repetidament en l'hinduisme i el budisme.\" tabindex=\"0\">mantra<\/span> de la columna vertebral<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-18613602 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"18613602\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-262b8a9f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"262b8a9f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Introducci\u00f3<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-46dcb7d e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"46dcb7d\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-61d3ab3 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"61d3ab3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-117c166 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"117c166\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Per\u00edode dels textos<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-73997a0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"73997a0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Els testimonis escrits m\u00e9s antics d&#8217;\u00e9ssers de tipus oni es troben a partir dels segles VIII i IX. El terme \u9b3c prov\u00e9 del xin\u00e8s, on origin\u00e0riament designava els morts i els seus esperits (<em>gu\u01d0<\/em>). Al Jap\u00f3, aquest significat es fon amb les concepcions aut\u00f2ctones d&#8217;\u00e9ssers de muntanya i de la natura salvatge.<\/p><p>Entre els segles X i XIV es desenvolupa, en la literatura setsuwa, el perfil narratiu cl\u00e0ssic: oni com a bandolers antrop\u00f2fags als colls de muntanya, atacs a viatgers, rapte d&#8217;infants. En l&#8217;\u00e8poca Muromachi (segles XIV-XVI) es fixen iconogr\u00e0ficament en rotlles il\u00b7lustrats (<em>emaki<\/em>).<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d47b156 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d47b156\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ff38c2b elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"ff38c2b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">\u00c0rea de difusi\u00f3<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4e49fcc elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4e49fcc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Les narracions sobre oni es troben repartides per tot l&#8217;arxip\u00e8l japon\u00e8s.<\/p><p>Existeixen variants regionals sobretot a les zones muntanyoses de Honsh\u016b, com el mont \u014ce prop de Ky\u014dto, escenari de la <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Una narraci\u00f3 transmesa, sovint amb un nucli hist\u00f2ric i trets meravellosos.\" tabindex=\"0\">llegenda<\/span> de Shuten-d\u014dji, i el mont Suzuka a la prefectura de Mie. A la regi\u00f3 nord-oriental de T\u014dhoku \u00e9s conegut el <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Una seq\u00fc\u00e8ncia regulada d'accions simb\u00f2liques amb significat religi\u00f3s o cultural.\" tabindex=\"0\">ritual<\/span> Namahage, en el qual homes amb m\u00e0scares d&#8217;oni visiten les cases en el canvi d&#8217;any.<\/p><p>Els llocs t\u00edpics de trobades amb oni en la literatura s\u00f3n colls de muntanya, ru\u00efnes, <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Una construcci\u00f3 dedicada al culte d'una o m\u00e9s divinitats.\" tabindex=\"0\">temples<\/span> abandonats i les zones frontereres entre l&#8217;assentament hum\u00e0 i la natura salvatge.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-db03c39 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"db03c39\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-229a87b e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"229a87b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1f471fc elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1f471fc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Estat de les fonts<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-36b1201 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"36b1201\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Fonts textuals importants s\u00f3n el Konjaku Monogatarish\u016b (segle XII), que cont\u00e9 nombroses hist\u00f2ries d&#8217;oni, aix\u00ed com els relats <em>otogiz\u014dshi<\/em> de l&#8217;\u00e8poca Muromachi (entre d&#8217;altres, \u00abShuten-d\u014dji\u00bb). Per a la l\u00ednia budista s\u00f3n rellevants els textos sobre Enma-\u014d i els deu jutges dels inferns.<\/p><p>Els oni es fan visibles en les m\u00e0scares Noh de les s\u00e8ries <em>hannya<\/em> i <em>ja<\/em>, aix\u00ed com en els llibres il\u00b7lustrats de y\u014dkai de l&#8217;\u00e8poca Edo. Toriyama Sekien catalog\u00e0 diverses variants d&#8217;oni en les seves obres (a partir de 1776).<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3ae0637c e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"3ae0637c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-31d07739 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"31d07739\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Nom<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b7642947 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"b7642947\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a086266 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a086266\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>El terme <strong>\u9b3c (oni)<\/strong> reuneix diversos significats: (1) monstre corpulent i banyut, (2) esperit dels morts, (3) guardi\u00e0 de l&#8217;infern, (4) figuradament \u00abalguna cosa extraordin\u00e0ria\u00bb o \u00abcruelment eficient\u00bb (com <em>shigoto no oni<\/em>, \u00abb\u00e8stia de treball\u00bb).<\/p><ul><li>Akaoni, oni vermell, <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un signe que representa una idea o un significat.\" tabindex=\"0\">s\u00edmbol<\/span> de la ira.<\/li><li>Aooni, oni blau, <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un signe que representa una idea o un significat.\" tabindex=\"0\">s\u00edmbol<\/span> del fred i el dol.<\/li><li>Kimon, el \u00abrac\u00f3 dels dimonis\u00bb, direcci\u00f3 nord-est d&#8217;on venen els oni.<\/li><li>Yaksha \/ yasha, figures paral\u00b7leles budistes.<\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-709a44a8 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"709a44a8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2f585873 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2f585873\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Descripci\u00f3<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-70621c12 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"70621c12\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4296eb49 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4296eb49\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Forma.<\/strong> Els oni solen descriure&#8217;s amb al\u00e7ada humana o gigantina, cos muscul\u00f3s, una o dues banyes, pell vermella, blava o de vegades verda, ullals punxeguts i tres dits a cada m\u00e0. Porten faldilles de pell de tigre a la cintura, en al\u00b7lusi\u00f3 a la direcci\u00f3 de la \u00abporta del tigre\u00bb del nord-est.<\/p><p>Equipament. L&#8217;atribut t\u00edpic \u00e9s la barra de ferro (<em>kanab\u014d<\/em>). L&#8217;expressi\u00f3 \u00aboni ni kanab\u014d\u00bb, \u00abdonar una barra de ferro a un oni\u00bb, designa la duplicaci\u00f3 d&#8217;una situaci\u00f3 ja d&#8217;entrada aclaparadora.<\/p><p>Comportament. Els oni roben persones, es mengen infants i segresten dones. En l&#8217;escena de l&#8217;infern budista colpegen, esquincen i couen els pecadors.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-44e71476 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"44e71476\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3c1fc3f0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3c1fc3f0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Fitxa: Oni<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-84f33b8e e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"84f33b8e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-hqkdc67p elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"hqkdc67p\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Els aspectes m\u00e9s importants dels oni d&#8217;una ullada. Les dades aprofundeixen i complementen els cap\u00edtols anteriors.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c5 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c1 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-qh9oavvu iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"qh9oavvu\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-awzx8k2k elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"awzx8k2k\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Origen dels oni<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-x6rowhv0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"x6rowhv0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Creences populars i cosmologia infernal budista; iconogr\u00e0ficament vinculats a la direcci\u00f3 nord-est (kimon), que en l&#8217;arquitectura cortesana de l&#8217;\u00e8poca Heian es considerava la \u00abporta dels dimonis\u00bb i era vigilada amb dispositius constructius. Els rastres escrits m\u00e9s antics remunten al segle VIII, mentre que el tipus iconogr\u00e0fic amb banyes i faldilla de pell de tigre no es consolida fins l&#8217;edat mitjana, sota la influ\u00e8ncia de l&#8217;escola Tendai.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8e3o4kxs iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"8e3o4kxs\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-08rkdgov elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"08rkdgov\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Destinataris<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-uwjelx8s elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"uwjelx8s\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Viatgers a les muntanyes, habitants de masies a\u00efllades, infants despr\u00e9s de la posta de sol; en la l\u00ednia budista, els morts durant el judici de l&#8217;ultratomba.<\/p><p>Els relats populars adverteixen especialment de les cru\u00eflles de camins, els extrems dels ponts i l&#8217;hora del bou (aproximadament les dues de la matinada), quan es diu que un oni troba m\u00e9s f\u00e0cilment acc\u00e9s al m\u00f3n dels humans. En els sermons dels temples, els oni tamb\u00e9 es presentaven als vius com una figura d&#8217;advert\u00e8ncia.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-jm2n74ec iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"jm2n74ec\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8vufse4c elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"8vufse4c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Aparen\u00e7a<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-mwb9u015 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"mwb9u015\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Corpulent, banyut, amb ullals i faldilla de pell de tigre; vermell o blau, de vegades tamb\u00e9 negre o verd.<\/p><p>Com a atribut, l&#8217;oni sol portar la ma\u00e7a de ferro (kanab\u014d), amb el cap punxegut, que en l&#8217;expressi\u00f3 \u00abuna ma\u00e7a a l&#8217;oni\u00bb (\u00aboni ni kanab\u014d\u00bb) simbolitza proverbialment un poder ja superior que encara es refor\u00e7a m\u00e9s. Els oni amb aparen\u00e7a femenina (kijo) apareixen en les obres de teatre n\u014d amb cabells llargs i una \u00fanica banya indicada al front.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c2 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c2\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-37ss2yr6 iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"37ss2yr6\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3v0wp3wx elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3v0wp3wx\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Activitat<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-w3247g2m elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"w3247g2m\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Rapte de persones, rapte d&#8217;infants, actes de viol\u00e8ncia; a l&#8217;infern (jigoku) els oni actuen com a torturadors sota les ordres del jutge Enma, que examina els morts amb el mirall de la veritat. Metaf\u00f2ricament, un \u00aboni\u00bb tamb\u00e9 apareix en atribucions del llenguatge quotidi\u00e0 referides a malaltia, epid\u00e8mia o desgr\u00e0cia sobtada; una persona dura i inflexible es considera proverbialment un \u00abpare oni\u00bb o un \u00abmestre oni\u00bb, sense que aix\u00f2 sigui exclusivament negatiu.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0qpjal9w iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"0qpjal9w\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6ndoih0o elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6ndoih0o\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Formes de defensa<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6684tyh9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6684tyh9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>El llan\u00e7ament de mongetes de Setsubun (\u00aboni wa soto, fuku wa uchi\u00bb) la vig\u00edlia de l&#8217;antic comen\u00e7ament de la primavera; les mongetes de soja torrades, llan\u00e7ades en fam\u00edlia contra un membre emmascarat de la casa, es consideren eficaces si el seu nombre correspon a l&#8217;edat de la persona. Altres remeis inclouen la fusta de presseguer, branques de gr\u00e8vol amb un cap de sardina clavat (hiiragi-iwashi), sutres budistes i la recitaci\u00f3 de f\u00f3rmules de <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"F\u00f3rmula sil\u00b7l\u00e0bica o verbal ritualment repetida amb efecte transformador; central en les tradicions \u00edndies, adaptada a Occident com a pr\u00e0ctica de decret.\">mantra<\/span>, especialment el Sutra del Cor.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3lfi7x32 iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3lfi7x32\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0kg99ga1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"0kg99ga1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Equivalents<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-n0fum6kp elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"n0fum6kp\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Els <em>gu\u01d0<\/em> xinesos, els <em>dokkaebi<\/em> coreans; els <em>yaksha<\/em> i <em>rakshasa<\/em> indis; els esperits guerrers <em>tsen<\/em> tibetans. Estructuralment relacionats hi s\u00f3n tamb\u00e9 els <em>ch\u00f6tg\u00f6r<\/em> mongols i, en l&#8217;antiguitat occidental, les <em>lamiae<\/em>; tots comparteixen el motiu de la figura fronterera hostil als humans, que cal mantenir a dist\u00e0ncia mitjan\u00e7ant ritus, soroll o eines de ferro forjat.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7533bc7a e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"7533bc7a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2447d18d elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2447d18d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Pr\u00e0ctica de protecci\u00f3<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d5d0260c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d5d0260c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-341be2ac elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"341be2ac\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Setsubun.<\/strong> En el canvi de l&#8217;hivern a la primavera es llancen mongetes de soja torrades dins la casa i davant la porta amb el crit \u00aboni wa soto, fuku wa uchi\u00bb. El <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Una seq\u00fc\u00e8ncia regulada d'accions simb\u00f2liques amb significat religi\u00f3s o cultural.\" tabindex=\"0\">ritual<\/span> est\u00e0 est\u00e8s per tot el Jap\u00f3 i perdura fins avui en santuaris i llars.<\/p><p>Hiiragi-iwashi. Una branca de gr\u00e8vol amb un cap de sardina fregit clavat es col\u00b7loca a l&#8217;entrada de la casa per mantenir els oni a dist\u00e0ncia; l&#8217;olor forta i les fulles punxegudes es consideren eficaces.<\/p><p>Fusta de presseguer. Segons el mite d&#8217;Izanagi (Kojiki), el d\u00e9u primigeni va foragitar els \u00e9ssers infernals que el perseguien amb presseguers; des d&#8217;aleshores la fusta de presseguer es considera <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Que allunya el mal; els s\u00edmbols apotropaics (Pazuzu, Hamsa, Nazar) protegeixen contra la m\u00e0gia perjudicial i el mal d'ull.\">apotropaica<\/span>.<\/p><p>Namahage. A la regi\u00f3 d&#8217;Oga (Akita), el <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Una seq\u00fc\u00e8ncia regulada d'accions simb\u00f2liques amb significat religi\u00f3s o cultural.\" tabindex=\"0\">ritual<\/span> del Namahage porta, per Cap d&#8217;Any, homes amb m\u00e0scares d&#8217;oni de casa en casa, que amonesten els habitants i infants indolents, una barreja ambivalent de por i <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Concessi\u00f3 de benestar i protecci\u00f3, sovint en una f\u00f3rmula ling\u00fc\u00edstica fixa.\" tabindex=\"0\">benedicci\u00f3<\/span>.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5a584676 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"5a584676\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6d0757bf elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6d0757bf\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Oni, paral\u00b7lels en altres cultures<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-60563f68 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"60563f68\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5a93fdd6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5a93fdd6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Xina.<\/strong> El car\u00e0cter \u9b3c i el significat b\u00e0sic d&#8217;\u00abesperit dels morts\u00bb provenen del xin\u00e8s; vegeu Gui a la p\u00e0gina sobre la Xina.<\/p><p>Corea. El Dokkaebi comparteix trets amb l&#8217;oni, banyes, ma\u00e7a, naturalesa entremaliada, i durant l&#8217;\u00e8poca colonial se&#8217;l va equiparar err\u00f2niament amb l&#8217;oni, tot i que \u00e9s una figura independent.<\/p><p>\u00cdndia\/budisme. Yaksha i Rakshasa s\u00f3n models primerencs de la <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Estudi dels continguts iconogr\u00e0fics i el seu significat.\" tabindex=\"0\">iconografia<\/span> dels oni; amb el budisme, la figura viatja a trav\u00e9s de la Xina i Corea fins al Jap\u00f3.<\/p><p>Europa. Els ogres i trolls comparteixen la mida i el vincle amb la natura salvatge; no hi ha una connexi\u00f3 hist\u00f2rica directa.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpc2cad04 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cpc2cad04\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpdb6fc89 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cpdb6fc89\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Setsubun: la festa de l'expulsi\u00f3 dels dimonis<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp84ae26d e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp84ae26d\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpb4bbc96 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cpb4bbc96\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>El tracte ritual amb els oni m\u00e9s conegut al Jap\u00f3 actual \u00e9s la festa <em>Setsubun<\/em>, que se celebra la vig\u00edlia de l&#8217;inici calendari de la primavera, a principis de febrer. El centre de la celebraci\u00f3 \u00e9s el llan\u00e7ament de fesols, <em>mamemaki<\/em>, en el qual es llencen soja torrada per la casa i la porta mentre es crida <em>Oni wa soto, fuku wa uchi<\/em> (fora els oni, que entri la sort).<\/p><p>En moltes llars, un membre de la fam\u00edlia, sovint el pare, assumeix el paper de l&#8217;oni i porta una m\u00e0scara mentre la resta llan\u00e7a els fesols.<\/p><p>En temples i santuaris se celebren cerim\u00f2nies p\u00fabliques en les quals, de vegades, personatges famosos llancen fesols a la multitud. En alguns llocs es mengen tants fesols com anys t\u00e9 la persona, m\u00e9s un per l&#8217;any que ve.<\/p><p>El <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Una acci\u00f3 transmesa i repetida regularment en una comunitat.\" tabindex=\"0\">costum<\/span> es remunta a rituals m\u00e9s antics d&#8217;allunyament del mal lligats al canvi d&#8217;any. Una cerim\u00f2nia precursora, <em>tsuina<\/em> o <em>oniyarai<\/em>, ja est\u00e0 documentada a la cort del per\u00edode Heian i procedeix, al seu torn, de models xinesos d&#8217;expulsi\u00f3 d&#8217;esperits.<\/p><p>La <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"La ci\u00e8ncia que estudia les religions de manera comparativa i sense vinculaci\u00f3 de fe.\" tabindex=\"0\">ci\u00e8ncia de les religions<\/span> veu en el Setsubun un ritual llindar t\u00edpic, que afronta el pas perill\u00f3s entre l&#8217;any vell i el nou mitjan\u00e7ant la purificaci\u00f3 simb\u00f2lica i l&#8217;expulsi\u00f3 del mal. El fesol com a projectil s&#8217;interpreta de diverses maneres, entre d&#8217;altres a trav\u00e9s d&#8217;un joc de paraules amb el terme per a l&#8217;ull del dimoni.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpc204a6a e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cpc204a6a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpe931756 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cpe931756\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Els oni en la concepci\u00f3 budista de l'infern<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp4eec21c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp4eec21c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp8471f11 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp8471f11\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Una part essencial de la concepci\u00f3 dels oni prov\u00e9 de la imatge budista dels inferns, que va arribar al Jap\u00f3 des de la Xina i Corea juntament amb la religi\u00f3. Als inferns, en japon\u00e8s <em>jigoku<\/em>, els oni s\u00f3n els torturadors i guardians que castiguen els condemnats seguint les indicacions del jutge dels morts, Enma.<\/p><p>Especialment coneguts s\u00f3n dos tipus d&#8217;oni infernals. Un, <em>gozu<\/em>, t\u00e9 cap de bou, i l&#8217;altre, <em>mezu<\/em>, cap de cavall.<\/p><p>Empenyen els pecadors amb maces de ferro, els bullen en calderes o els obliguen a pujar muntanyes de fulles tallants. Aquestes representacions es van difondre popularment al Jap\u00f3 a trav\u00e9s dels rotllos pict\u00f2rics medievals de l&#8217;infern, els <em>jigoku zoshi<\/em>, aix\u00ed com per mitj\u00e0 de sermons i pintures de temples.<\/p><p>Els trets iconogr\u00e0fics que avui es consideren t\u00edpics dels oni deriven en part d&#8217;aquests models budistes: la pell vermella o blava, les banyes, les ullals, la ma\u00e7a de ferro (<em>kanabo<\/em>), el drap de pell de tigre a la cintura.<\/p><p>La recerca assenyala que la concepci\u00f3 japonesa dels oni \u00e9s el resultat de la conflu\u00e8ncia de diverses fonts, a m\u00e9s del guardi\u00e0 infernal budista, tamb\u00e9 de creences aut\u00f2ctones sobre \u00e9ssers muntanyencs i portadors d&#8217;epid\u00e8mies, aix\u00ed com de termes xinesos per a <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un \u00e9sser incorpori al qual s'atribueix acci\u00f3 en el m\u00f3n.\" tabindex=\"0\">esperit<\/span> i esperit dels morts. El car\u00e0cter escrit per a oni designava originalment en xin\u00e8s un esperit dels morts, la qual cosa complica encara m\u00e9s el despla\u00e7ament de sentit en el context japon\u00e8s.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp8466c50 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp8466c50\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp18daabe elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp18daabe\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Momotaro i els oni en la narrativa i el teatre<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2e87e4c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp2e87e4c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpf681d3d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cpf681d3d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Els oni estan profundament arrelats en la tradici\u00f3 narrativa japonesa. La hist\u00f2ria m\u00e9s coneguda \u00e9s el conte de <em>Momotaro<\/em>, el noi del pr\u00e9ssec, que neix d&#8217;un pr\u00e9ssec i, acompanyat d&#8217;un gos, un mico i un fais\u00e0, es dirigeix cap a l&#8217;illa dels oni, <em>Onigashima<\/em>, on ven\u00e7 els dimonis que hi habiten i s&#8217;end\u00fa a casa els seus tresors.<\/p><p>El relat va assolir una gran difusi\u00f3 especialment durant el per\u00edode Edo i, al segle XX, tamb\u00e9 va ser instrumentalitzat pol\u00edticament.<\/p><p>En el teatre cl\u00e0ssic hi apareixen oni de manera regular. En el teatre <em>Noh<\/em> existeix una categoria pr\u00f2pia d&#8217;obres amb \u00e9ssers demon\u00edacs, i certes m\u00e0scares representen oni o persones transformades en dimonis.<\/p><p>\u00c9s famosa l&#8217;obra <em>Momijigari<\/em>, en la qual una dona bella resulta ser en realitat un dimoni de la muntanya. La transformaci\u00f3 d&#8217;una dona gelosa o ofesa en oni \u00e9s un <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un element de contingut recurrent en l'art o la narrativa.\" tabindex=\"0\">motiu<\/span> propi i freq\u00fcent, que tamb\u00e9 troba la seva expressi\u00f3 ic\u00f2nica en la m\u00e0scara <em>hannya<\/em>.<\/p><p>Una altra tradici\u00f3 narrativa coneguda gira al voltant de <em>Shuten-doji<\/em>, un cap d&#8217;oni que assetjava la capital des del mont Oe i que va ser mort pel heroi Minamoto no Yorimitsu juntament amb els seus companys.<\/p><p>Aquesta hist\u00f2ria s&#8217;ha transm\u00e8s en rotllos pict\u00f2rics i textos medievals. La recerca sovint hi veu tamb\u00e9 l&#8217;elaboraci\u00f3 de conflictes hist\u00f2rics, com la submissi\u00f3 de grups marginals o insurrectes, representats liter\u00e0riament com a dimonis.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-36dd7469 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"36dd7469\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-13760ab4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"13760ab4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Enlla\u00e7os relacionats<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-28c87796 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"28c87796\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5d6538df elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5d6538df\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Enlla\u00e7os interns recomanats:<\/p><ul><li>P\u00e0gina cultural <strong>Jap\u00f3<\/strong> (visi\u00f3 general de la demonologia japonesa).<\/li><li>Altres perfils individuals del Jap\u00f3: <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/?page_id=171415\">Tengu<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/?page_id=171416\">Kappa<\/a>, Y\u016brei, <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/?page_id=171418\">Yuki-onna<\/a>.<\/li><li>Paral\u00b7lels: <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/?page_id=171406\">Gui<\/a> (Xina), <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/?page_id=171419\">Dokkaebi<\/a> (Corea), <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/?page_id=171404\">guardians de Naraka<\/a> (budisme).<\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-grl4kl40 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"grl4kl40\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bzsbfrmh elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"bzsbfrmh\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Bibliografia de recerca<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2c13224a e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"2c13224a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0eymh9ub elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"0eymh9ub\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<footer class=\"iwg-literatur\" data-nosnippet=\"true\"><p>Una selecci\u00f3 compacta de treballs centrals sobre els oni i la demonologia japonesa:<\/p><ul><li><span data-nosnippet>Foster, Michael Dylan: <em>The Book of Y\u014dkai: Mysterious Creatures of Japanese Folklore.<\/em> University of California Press, Berkeley 2015.<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Komatsu Kazuhiko: <em>An Introduction to Y\u014dkai Culture: Monsters, Ghosts, and Outsiders in Japanese History.<\/em> Japan Publishing Industry Foundation for Culture, Tokyo 2017.<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Reider, Noriko T.: <em>Japanese Demon Lore: Oni from Ancient Times to the Present.<\/em> Utah State University Press, Logan 2010.<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Toriyama Sekien: <em>Japandemonium Illustrated: The Yokai Encyclopedias of Toriyama Sekien.<\/em> Trad. Hiroko Yoda &#038; Matt Alt. Dover, Mineola 2016.<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Folklorista japon\u00e8s (1875\u20131962); fundador de la folklor\u00edstica japonesa moderna.\">Yanagita Kunio<\/span>: <em>The Legends of Tono.<\/em> Trad. Ronald A. Morse. Lexington Books, Lanham 2008 (edici\u00f3 ampliada).<\/span><\/li><\/ul><\/footer>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgca-oni-sec e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgca-oni-sec\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" id=\"iwg-ca-oni\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgca-oni-te iwg-ca-textwrap elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgca-oni-te\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-nosnippet=\"true\"><p class=\"iwg-ca-bridge\">La pr\u00e0ctica de protecci\u00f3 descrita aqu\u00ed \u00e9s una classificaci\u00f3 de tradicions hist\u00f2riques des de la perspectiva de la ci\u00e8ncia de les religions. iWell Guard s&#8217;inspira en aquesta l\u00ednia cultural i hist\u00f2rica d&#8217;objectes de protecci\u00f3 portables i n&#8217;\u00e9s una forma contempor\u00e0nia. <a href=\"\/ueber-iwell-guard\/?utm_source=iwell-guard.com&#038;utm_medium=text-link&#038;utm_campaign=schadwesen-tradition\">M\u00e9s informaci\u00f3 sobre l&#8217;iWell Guard \u2192<\/a><\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":1598,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"elementor_header_footer","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_focuskw":"Oni Yokai diable banyut","_yoast_wpseo_title":"Oni \u2013 Dimoni de la tradici\u00f3 japonesa | iWell Guard","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"Oni, monstres de gran al\u00e7ada i banyuts de la tradici\u00f3 popular i infernal japonesa. Expulsi\u00f3 de Setsubun i paper com a guardi\u00e0 de Jigoku.","_yoast_wpseo_meta-robots-noindex":"","_yoast_wpseo_canonical":"","_angie_page":false,"gefaehrdungsstufe":"4","wesen_kultur":"japan","wesen_klasse":"daemonen","footnotes":""},"categories":[],"class_list":["post-171414","page","type-page","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v27.7 (Yoast SEO v28.3) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Oni \u2013 Dimoni de la tradici\u00f3 japonesa | iWell Guard<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Oni, monstres de gran al\u00e7ada i banyuts de la tradici\u00f3 popular i infernal japonesa. 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