{"id":171403,"date":"2026-09-05T15:39:05","date_gmt":"2026-09-05T15:39:05","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/?page_id=171403"},"modified":"2026-09-05T15:56:50","modified_gmt":"2026-09-05T15:56:50","slug":"yamaduta","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/yamaduta\/","title":{"rendered":"Yamad\u016bta"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"171403\" class=\"elementor elementor-171403 elementor-1209\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-10fdade e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"10fdade\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-herohlft0 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"herohlft0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c3ceb64 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"c3ceb64\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-96ae5e1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"96ae5e1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Yamaduta, esperit de la tradici\u00f3 budista<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e45238a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e45238a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Els missatgers de la mort de Yama, executors dels judicis k\u00e0rmics.<\/strong><\/p>\n<h2 id=\"dif-yamaduta\">Els yamadutes en el sistema del Naraka<\/h2>\n<p>Els yamadutes s\u00f3n els <strong>missatgers de la mort de Yama<\/strong>, el senyor dels morts de la tradici\u00f3 v\u00e8dica, hind\u00fa i budista.<\/p><p>En el Garuda Purana i en el sistema de Naraka del Mahabharata, recullen l&#8217;\u00e0nima immediatament despr\u00e9s del <strong>moment de la mort<\/strong>. Les seves obligacions inclouen: identificar l&#8217;\u00e0nima, desfer els lligams vitals, acompanyar-la a trav\u00e9s del <strong>riu Vaitarani<\/strong>, i lliurar-la al tribunal de Yama a <strong>Yamapuri<\/strong>. All\u00e0, l&#8217;escriv\u00e0 <strong>Citragupta<\/strong> pesa els m\u00e8rits i les faltes, i Yama dicta el judici.<\/p><p>Els c\u00e0stigs condueixen a un dels <strong>28 Naraka<\/strong> (inferns): Raurava (l&#8217;infern dels crits), Maharaurava, Tamisra, Andhatamisra, Kalasutra. La recepci\u00f3 budista (Mahayana, Vajrayana) conserva l&#8217;esquema, per\u00f2 hi afegeix la possibilitat d&#8217;alliberament mitjan\u00e7ant la recitaci\u00f3 de <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Una s\u00edl\u00b7laba o f\u00f3rmula sagrada que es repeteix en l'hinduisme i el budisme.\" tabindex=\"0\">mantres<\/span> i pr\u00e0ctiques de l&#8217;estat intermedi (Bardo, Llibre tibet\u00e0 dels morts). Iconogr\u00e0ficament, els yamadutes es representen de pell fosca, amb corda i garrot, i muntats sobre b\u00fafals d&#8217;aigua.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-klsbdg01 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"klsbdg01\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-klshtm01 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"klshtm01\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"iwg-pill-row\"><span class=\"iwg-klasse-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Esperit: \u00c9sser incorpori o semicorpori, difunts, esperits de la natura, esperits dom\u00e8stics o guardians de llindars. Actua en la vida quotidiana, sovint lligat a llocs o fam\u00edlies.\">Esperit<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/?page_id=171394\" class=\"iwg-kultur-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Tradici\u00f3 budista amb bodhisattves, divinitats protectores, esperits famolencs i guardians dels inferns.\">Budisme<\/a><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3f74855 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3f74855\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1c30362 elementor-toc--minimized-on-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-table-of-contents\" data-id=\"1c30362\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;exclude_headings_by_selector&quot;:[],&quot;no_headings_message&quot;:&quot;No s&#039;ha trobat cap encap\\u00e7alament en aquesta 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elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"heroimg00\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"683\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/geister_buddhismus_yamaduta-683x1024.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-1697\" alt=\"Yamad\u016bta\" srcset=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/geister_buddhismus_yamaduta-683x1024.webp 683w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/geister_buddhismus_yamaduta-200x300.webp 200w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/geister_buddhismus_yamaduta-768x1152.webp 768w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/geister_buddhismus_yamaduta.webp 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 683px) 100vw, 683px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-32917199 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"32917199\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-26e916cb e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"26e916cb\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-253a40d4 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"253a40d4\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1200c304 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1200c304\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Yamad\u016bta<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-11758e7f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"11758e7f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Yamaduta \u00e9s un <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un \u00e9sser incorpori al qual s'atribueix efecte en el m\u00f3n.\" tabindex=\"0\">esperit<\/span> de la tradici\u00f3 budista.<\/p><p>Els yamad\u016btes s\u00f3n els missatgers de la mort al servei de Yama, el senyor dels morts de la tradici\u00f3 indi-budista. En el moment de la mort apareixen per recollir l&#8217;\u00e0nima i portar-la davant el tribunal de Yama.<\/p><p>All\u00e0 es pesa el <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"En l'hinduisme, el budisme i el jainisme, la llei de la conseq\u00fc\u00e8ncia de l'acci\u00f3: cada acte repercuteix en exist\u00e8ncies posteriors.\">karma<\/span>; Yama dicta el judici; els yamad\u016btes l&#8217;executen, ja sigui en els mons celestials o en els Narakas (inferns). La figura connecta les tradicions \u00edndia i budista del culte als morts; a l&#8217;\u00c0sia Oriental es fusiona amb concepcions locals del regne dels morts.<\/p><p>El Devad\u016bta Sutta (el \u00absutta dels missatgers dels d\u00e9us\u00bb) del <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"El conjunt reconegut com a vinculant dels textos sagrats d'una religi\u00f3.\" tabindex=\"0\">c\u00e0non<\/span> pali relata una escena de Buda: un difunt \u00e9s portat davant Yama; Yama li pregunta si no havia vist els \u00abmissatgers dels d\u00e9us\u00bb \u2014la vellesa, la malaltia, la mort, les troballes de cad\u00e0vers\u2014 que l&#8217;haurien pogut moure a canviar de vida.<\/p><p>Els yamad\u016btes, doncs, no s\u00f3n nom\u00e9s executors, sin\u00f3 tamb\u00e9 indicadors sobre la vida. Aquest doble paper fa que la figura sigui teol\u00f2gicament rica.<\/p><div><p><strong>El Garuda Purana i la topografia de Yamaloka<\/strong><\/p><p>La representaci\u00f3 m\u00e9s detallada dels <em>yamaduta<\/em> es troba en el <em>Garuda Purana<\/em> (segles VIII-X), on els missatgers de Yama es classifiquen segons el seu rang i funci\u00f3. M\u00e9s enll\u00e0 del paper de simples guardians o missatgers, actuen com a jutges i escrivans del judici k\u00e0rmic.<\/p><p>Cada difunt \u00e9s condu\u00eft pels seus yamadutes personals des del m\u00f3n dels moribunds fins al Maharloka, on Yama hi t\u00e9 la seva cort. La mateixa topografia de Yamaloka, tal com es descriu en diversos puranas, mostra una estructura burocr\u00e0tica: la porta, el cam\u00ed, la sala de la just\u00edcia, les diverses regions infernals. Els yamadutes en s\u00f3n els administradors d&#8217;aquesta topografia, no els seus vigilants.<\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-159dcf9a e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"159dcf9a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-48cee66f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"48cee66f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Resum r\u00e0pid: Yamaduta<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3f50d82c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"3f50d82c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Tipus:<\/strong> missatgers de la mort, executors infernals<br>Origen: al servei de Yama, el senyor dels morts<br>Textos: Devad\u016bta Sutta, Jatakas, Abhidharmakosha, Llibre tibet\u00e0 dels morts<br>Per\u00edode: des de l&#8217;\u00e8poca v\u00e8dic-budista fins a l&#8217;actualitat<br>Forma est-asi\u00e0tica: en el sistema xin\u00e8s del m\u00f3n subterrani, com a missatgers de Yanluo<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-18613602 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"18613602\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-262b8a9f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"262b8a9f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Introducci\u00f3<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-46dcb7d e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"46dcb7d\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-61d3ab3 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"61d3ab3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-117c166 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"117c166\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Per\u00edode dels textos<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-73997a0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"73997a0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Rerefons v\u00e8dic (Yama en el Rigveda), formulaci\u00f3 budista en el <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"El conjunt reconegut com a vinculant dels textos sagrats d'una religi\u00f3.\" tabindex=\"0\">c\u00e0non<\/span> pali i en sutres del <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"\u00abGran vehicle\u00bb; una de les tres tradicions principals del budisme, amb l'ideal del bodhisattva i una reflexi\u00f3 filos\u00f2fica elaborada.\">Mahayana<\/span>. L&#8217;Abhidharmakosha (Vasubandhu, segles IV-V dC) sistematitza la <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"La concepci\u00f3 de l'estructura i l'ordre del m\u00f3n dins una cultura.\" tabindex=\"0\">cosmologia<\/span>. El Llibre tibet\u00e0 dels morts (<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"En el budisme tibet\u00e0, l'estat de transici\u00f3 entre dues exist\u00e8ncies; el Bardo Th\u00f6dol descriu la fase posterior a la mort.\">Bardo<\/span> Th\u00f6dol, segle VIII o posterior), amb una escena detallada dels yamad\u016btes. Refer\u00e8ncies xineses i japoneses en la literatura budista sobre el m\u00f3n subterrani.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d47b156 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d47b156\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ff38c2b elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"ff38c2b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">\u00c0rea de difusi\u00f3<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4e49fcc elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4e49fcc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Subcontinent indi, pa\u00efsos theravada, \u00c0sia Oriental (a la Xina com a missatgers de Yanluo, com a Niu Tou \u00abcap de bou\u00bb i Ma Mian \u00abcara de cavall\u00bb), Tibet amb l&#8217;ampliaci\u00f3 del <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"\u00abVehicle de diamant\u00bb; forma t\u00e0ntrica del budisme Mahayana, principalment al Tibet, amb la pr\u00e0ctica del yidam i la t\u00e8cnica del mantra al centre.\">Vajrayana<\/span>, Jap\u00f3 amb la formulaci\u00f3 d&#8217;Emma.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-db03c39 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"db03c39\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-229a87b e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"229a87b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1f471fc elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1f471fc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Estat de les fonts<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-36b1201 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"36b1201\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Devad\u016bta Sutta (Anguttara Nikaya i Majjhima Nikaya), Visuddhimagga (Buddhaghosa), Abhidharmakosha (Vasubandhu), <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Llibre tibet\u00e0 dels morts; guia ritual per als estats de transici\u00f3 despr\u00e9s de la mort.\">Bardo Th\u00f6dol<\/span>, narracions xineses sobre el m\u00f3n subterrani (literatura del <em>Di Yu<\/em>), Jigoku-z\u014dshi japonesos.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3ae0637c e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"3ae0637c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-31d07739 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"31d07739\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Denominaci\u00f3 i grafies<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b7642947 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"b7642947\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a086266 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a086266\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>S\u00e0nscrit:<\/strong> <em>yamad\u016bta<\/em>, \u201emissatger de Yama\u00bb; <em>yamap\u0101la<\/em>, \u201eguardi\u00e0 de Yama\u00bb; <em>yamapuru\u1e63a<\/em>, \u201ehome de Yama\u00bb.<br>Xin\u00e8s: \u725b\u982d\u99ac\u9762 (<em>Niu Tou Ma Mian<\/em>, \u201ecap de bou i cara de cavall\u00bb, forma popular en parella).<br>Japon\u00e8s: <em>Jigoku no Kishi<\/em>, Yama com a Emma.<br>Tibet\u00e0: <em>Shinje&#8217;i pho nya<\/em>.<\/p><p>L&#8217;especificaci\u00f3 a l&#8217;\u00c0sia oriental \u00e9s interessant: la parella cap de bou i cara de cavall \u00e9s un desenvolupament xin\u00e8s propi. Tots dos s\u00f3n representats com a poderosos funcionaris de l&#8217;infram\u00f3n de Yanluo Wang i tenen un lloc destacat en temples de religiositat popular.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-709a44a8 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"709a44a8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2f585873 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2f585873\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Caracter\u00edstiques<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-70621c12 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"70621c12\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4296eb49 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4296eb49\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Aparen\u00e7a<\/strong><\/p><p>En la tradici\u00f3 \u00edndia sovint amb aur\u00e8ola de flames, armes, cadenes. Poden tenir forma animal o parcialment animal. En la <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Disciplina que estudia el contingut de les imatges i el seu significat.\" tabindex=\"0\">iconografia<\/span> xinesa s&#8217;especifiquen com a cap de bou i cara de cavall, armats amb maces o forques. En els thangkas tibetans, iracunds, ballant, amb s\u00edmbols de calaveres.<\/p><p><strong>Comportament<\/strong><\/p><p>Apareixen en el moment de la mort, lliguen l&#8217;\u00e0nima i la porten davant Yama. Als narakas executen c\u00e0stigs c\u00e0rmics, sense crueltat personal, sin\u00f3 com una tasca funcional. En la lectura devad\u016bta s\u00f3n alhora simb\u00f2lics: la vida mateixa adverteix mitjan\u00e7ant la vellesa, la malaltia i la mort.<\/p><p><strong>\u00c0mbit d&#8217;acci\u00f3<\/strong><\/p><p>El m\u00f3n intermedi durant el proc\u00e9s de morir, el tribunal de Yama, els narakas (inferns). En la tradici\u00f3 de l&#8217;\u00c0sia oriental tamb\u00e9 s&#8217;organitzen en oficis concrets de l&#8217;infram\u00f3n, cadascun dels deu inferns t\u00e9 els seus propis funcionaris.<\/p><p><strong>Classificaci\u00f3 mitol\u00f2gica<\/strong><\/p><p>Yama, en la tradici\u00f3 v\u00e8dica, \u00e9s el primer mortal que va anar a l&#8217;infram\u00f3n, i aix\u00ed es va convertir en el seu senyor. Els seus missatgers s\u00f3n funcionaris d&#8217;un sistema c\u00f2smic, no dimonis aut\u00f2noms. L&#8217;adopci\u00f3 budista mant\u00e9 aquesta posici\u00f3 funcional.<\/p><div><p><strong>Trets corporals i funci\u00f3 d&#8217;esglai<\/strong><\/p><p>En els passatges del Mahabharata i en purans posteriors, els yamaduta es descriuen amb trets corporals espec\u00edfics: pell negra, ulls vermells, cabells de serp o flames en lloc de cabells, armes de ferro. Aquests trets s\u00f3n funcionals, gens arbitraris: han de xocar els mortals i moure&#8217;ls a la reflexi\u00f3 sobre la pr\u00f2pia vida.<\/p><p>L&#8217;aspecte \u00e9s <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Que allunya el mal; els s\u00edmbols apotropaics (Pazuzu, Hamsa, Nazar) protegeixen contra la m\u00e0gia perjudicial i el mal d'ull.\">apotropaic<\/span> i meditatiu alhora. La visi\u00f3 d&#8217;un yamaduta marca el pas de la vida a la responsabilitat. En comentaris t\u00e0ntrics, la funci\u00f3 d&#8217;esglai es fa encara m\u00e9s expl\u00edcita: el yamaduta \u00e9s una encarnaci\u00f3 conscient de les conseq\u00fc\u00e8ncies del karma, no una entitat biol\u00f2gica.<\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-44e71476 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"44e71476\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3c1fc3f0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3c1fc3f0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Fitxa: Yamaduta<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-84f33b8e e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"84f33b8e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-hqkdc67p elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"hqkdc67p\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Els aspectes m\u00e9s importants dels Yamad\u016bta d&#8217;un cop d&#8217;ull.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c5 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c1 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-qh9oavvu iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"qh9oavvu\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-awzx8k2k elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"awzx8k2k\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Origen<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-x6rowhv0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"x6rowhv0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Al servei de Yama, el senyor de la mort. Fonament v\u00e8dic-budista. A l&#8217;\u00c0sia oriental, formulat sota Yanluo\/Emma, amb una jerarquia de funcionaris pr\u00f2pia.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8e3o4kxs iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"8e3o4kxs\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-08rkdgov elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"08rkdgov\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Destinataris<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-uwjelx8s elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"uwjelx8s\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Persones moribundes en el moment de la mort, difunts en l&#8217;estat intermedi, \u00e9sser infernals encarregats de l&#8217;execuci\u00f3. Indirectament, tots els vivents com a advertiment.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-jm2n74ec iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"jm2n74ec\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8vufse4c elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"8vufse4c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Aparen\u00e7a<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-mwb9u015 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"mwb9u015\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>A l&#8217;\u00cdndia amb aur\u00e8ola de flames i armes. A la Xina especificats com a cap de bou i cara de cavall. Al Tibet, iracunds, ballant, amb adorns de calaveres.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c2 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c2\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-37ss2yr6 iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"37ss2yr6\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3v0wp3wx elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3v0wp3wx\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">L'acci\u00f3 dels Yamaduta<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-w3247g2m elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"w3247g2m\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Recullen les \u00e0nimes moribundes, les porten al tribunal de Yama, executen sent\u00e8ncies c\u00e0rmiques. Funcional, no cruel personalment.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0qpjal9w iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"0qpjal9w\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6ndoih0o elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6ndoih0o\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Formes de defensa<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6684tyh9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6684tyh9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>No es tracta de defensa, sin\u00f3 de viure rectament: actuar \u00e8ticament, cercar refugi en les Tres Joies, <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"La invocaci\u00f3 suplicant o conjuradora d'una divinitat o poder.\" tabindex=\"0\">invocaci\u00f3<\/span> de Ksitigarbha (<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"En el budisme mahayana, un \u00e9sser il\u00b7luminat que posposa la seva pr\u00f2pia alliberament en benefici de l'ensenyament per a altres \u00e9ssers.\">bodhisattva<\/span> dels \u00e9ssers infernals). Tibet\u00e0: pr\u00e0ctica del phowa (transfer\u00e8ncia de la consci\u00e8ncia en el moment de la mort).<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3lfi7x32 iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3lfi7x32\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0kg99ga1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"0kg99ga1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Elements comparables<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-n0fum6kp elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"n0fum6kp\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/gallu\/\">Gallu<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/keres\/\">Keres<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/?page_id=171356\">Dirae<\/a>, acompanyants egipcis de l&#8217;Amduat, \u00e0ngels de la mort cristians.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7533bc7a e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"7533bc7a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2447d18d elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2447d18d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Rituals de mort i funeraris<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d5d0260c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d5d0260c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-341be2ac elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"341be2ac\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Preparaci\u00f3 per a la mort<\/strong><\/p><p>En la tradici\u00f3 theravada: recitaci\u00f3 de suttes paritta i metta davant els moribunds. <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"El gran vehicle; una de les tres grans tradicions del budisme, amb l'ideal del bodhisattva.\">Mahayana<\/span>: recitaci\u00f3 de mantres d&#8217;Amitabha per ren\u00e9ixer en la seva Terra Pura en lloc del regne de Yama. <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"El vehicle de diamant; forma t\u00e0ntrica del budisme mahayana, principalment al Tibet, amb la pr\u00e0ctica del yidam al centre.\">Vajrayana<\/span>: el phowa com a meditaci\u00f3 espec\u00edfica de la mort per sortir del cicle.<\/p><p><strong>Rituals posteriors a la mort<\/strong><\/p><p>El Llibre tibet\u00e0 dels morts dona instruccions al difunt per als 49 dies del <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"En el budisme tibet\u00e0, l'estat de transici\u00f3 entre dues exist\u00e8ncies; el Bardo Th\u00f6dol descriu la fase despr\u00e9s de la mort.\">bardo<\/span>, entre les quals hi ha trobades expl\u00edcites amb els yamad\u016bta. La tradici\u00f3 xinesa t\u00e9 el ritual funerari de \u201eset setmanes\u00bb (49 dies amb cerim\u00f2nies setmanals). L&#8217;Obon japon\u00e8s i rituals similars alleugen l&#8217;estat dels difunts.<\/p><p><strong>Dimensi\u00f3 \u00e8tica<\/strong><\/p><p>L&#8217;ensenyament devad\u016bta diu que la vida mateixa envia els missatgers: la vellesa, la malaltia, la visi\u00f3 de cad\u00e0vers. Qui hi para atenci\u00f3 t\u00e9 poc a t\u00e9mer davant el tribunal de Yama. Qui ho ignora, es troba amb els renaixements corresponents.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5a584676 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"5a584676\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6d0757bf elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6d0757bf\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Paral\u00b7lelismes i recepci\u00f3<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-60563f68 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"60563f68\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5a93fdd6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5a93fdd6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"\u00c8poca de la cultura grega i romana, aproximadament entre el 800 a. C. i el 600 d. C.\" tabindex=\"0\">Antiguitat<\/span> i paral\u00b7lelismes mesopot\u00e0mics<\/strong><\/p><p>El <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/gallu\/\">Gallu<\/a> mesopot\u00e0mic com a \u00f2rgan executor de l&#8217;infram\u00f3n, les <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/keres\/\">Keres<\/a> gregues com a dimonis femenins de la mort, les figures acompanyants de l&#8217;Amduat egipci en el viatge del sol a trav\u00e9s de l&#8217;infram\u00f3n.<\/p><p><strong>Desenvolupament a l&#8217;\u00c0sia Oriental<\/strong><\/p><p>Els xinesos Niu Tou i Ma Mian, els funcionaris Emma japonesos, tenen en la creen\u00e7a popular una jerarquia burocr\u00e0tica concreta amb correspond\u00e8ncia i examens. El sistema Di Yu (\u00abpres\u00f3 de la terra\u00bb) \u00e9s una de les administracions de l&#8217;infram\u00f3n m\u00e9s elaborades del m\u00f3n.<\/p><p><strong>Recepci\u00f3 moderna<\/strong><\/p><p>Pel\u00b7l\u00edcules de Bollywood amb figures de Yamraj, anime japon\u00e8s amb motius shinigami, K-dramas coreans amb figures de la Parca, tots varien el <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un element de contingut recurrent en l'art o la narrativa.\" tabindex=\"0\">motiu<\/span> dels yamaduta en forma moderna.<\/p><div><p><strong>Els yamaduta i els Mala&#8217;ika al-Mawt isl\u00e0mics<\/strong><\/p><p>Existeix un paral\u00b7lelisme notable entre els yamaduta hind\u00fas i els \u00e0ngels de la mort de la tradici\u00f3 isl\u00e0mica, els <em>Mala&#8217;ika al-Mawt<\/em>. Ambdues tradicions descriuen \u00e9ssers celestials que apareixen en el moment de la mort. Ambdues jutgen els actes del difunt segons els seus registres religiosos o k\u00e0rmics.<\/p><p>Ambd\u00f3s s\u00f3n terribles en la seva aparen\u00e7a externa, per\u00f2 justos en la seva funci\u00f3. Els <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"\u00c0rab per 'els \u00e0ngels'; en l'Alcor\u00e0, la classe cosmol\u00f2gica dels \u00e0ngels, dels quals Gabriel, Miquel i Israfil s\u00f3n els m\u00e9s importants.\">Mala&#8217;ika<\/span> isl\u00e0mics, per\u00f2, s\u00f3n agents morals de D\u00e9u, mentre que els yamaduta representen forces administratives m\u00e9s b\u00e9 neutrals. Aquesta distinci\u00f3 mostra una difer\u00e8ncia en la <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Problema teol\u00f2gic de la compatibilitat entre l'omnipot\u00e8ncia i la bondat de D\u00e9u i l'exist\u00e8ncia del mal en el m\u00f3n.\">teodicea<\/span>: en l&#8217;hinduisme, el karma s&#8217;aplica per si mateix, mentre que en l&#8217;islam \u00e9s la gr\u00e0cia de D\u00e9u qui decideix sobre la just\u00edcia.<\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp49f0232 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp49f0232\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp527f753 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp527f753\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Els yamaduta com a missatgers del d\u00e9u de la mort<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpdf35273 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cpdf35273\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp9a987ca elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp9a987ca\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>El nom <em>Yamaduta<\/em> significa literalment \u00abmissatger de Yama\u00bb. Yama \u00e9s el senyor dels morts, una figura origin\u00e0ria de la religi\u00f3 v\u00e8dica que es va difondre per tot el sud i l&#8217;est d&#8217;\u00c0sia a trav\u00e9s del budisme i l&#8217;hinduisme.<\/p><p>Els yamaduta s\u00f3n els seus subordinats, enviats per recollir les \u00e0nimes dels difunts i portar-les davant el tribunal del senyor de la mort. No s\u00f3n, doncs, pot\u00e8ncies aut\u00f2nomes, sin\u00f3 funcionaris dins d&#8217;un ordre c\u00f2smic.<\/p><p>Als textos budistes, els yamaduta apareixen en diversos papers. Un passatge important \u00e9s el <em>Devaduta Sutta<\/em> del c\u00e0non pali, on, per\u00f2, el que ocupa el primer pla s\u00f3n els \u00abmissatgers divins\u00bb, \u00e9s a dir, la vellesa, la malaltia i la mort com a senyals d&#8217;advertiment que haurien d&#8217;alertar tota persona.<\/p><p>A m\u00e9s, hi ha les descripcions m\u00e9s concretes dels missatgers de l&#8217;infern, que agafen el difunt i el porten davant Yama. Yama llavors retreu al mort que hagi vist els senyals d&#8217;advertiment de l&#8217;envelliment, la malaltia i la mort al llarg de la vida, per\u00f2 que no els hagi tingut en compte.<\/p><p>Aquesta combinaci\u00f3 de descripci\u00f3 esfere\u00efdora i advertiment \u00e8tic \u00e9s caracter\u00edstica del tractament budista dels yamaduta. S\u00f3n figures terror\u00edfiques, per\u00f2 el seu terror t\u00e9 una finalitat did\u00e0ctica. La recerca sobre la <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Concepci\u00f3 de l'estructura i l'ordre del m\u00f3n dins d'una cultura.\" tabindex=\"0\">cosmologia<\/span> budista subratlla que les descripcions dels inferns budistes van ser pensades com una il\u00b7lustraci\u00f3 v\u00edvida de la llei del karma i no com un fi en si mateixes.<\/p><p>Els yamaduta no executen un c\u00e0stig arbitrari, sin\u00f3 que porten a terme el que els actes del difunt comporten per si mateixos. El veritable jutge \u00e9s, en definitiva, la llei de l&#8217;acte i la conseq\u00fc\u00e8ncia.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp878f4cd e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp878f4cd\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp998f005 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp998f005\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Els yamaduta en les representacions de l'infern i l'art dels temples<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpee0dfc1 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cpee0dfc1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp79205d8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp79205d8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>L&#8217;art budista d&#8217;\u00c0sia ha representat els yamaduta en nombroses ocasions, sobretot en les grans representacions de l&#8217;infern que es troben en temples, pintures murals i pergamins il\u00b7lustrats. Aquests programes iconogr\u00e0fics mostren el judici dels morts de Yama i els c\u00e0stigs dels diferents inferns amb una visualitat sovint colpidora.<\/p><p>Els yamaduta hi apareixen com els guardians executors i els torturadors, sovint amb trets animals, com caps de bou o de cavall, una <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Estudi dels continguts visuals i el seu significat.\" tabindex=\"0\">iconografia<\/span> especialment desenvolupada en la tradici\u00f3 de l&#8217;\u00c0sia Oriental.<\/p><p>Aquestes representacions de l&#8217;infern tenien una funci\u00f3 did\u00e0ctica clara. Es col\u00b7locaven en llocs on els fidels laics les podien veure, i il\u00b7lustraven les conseq\u00fc\u00e8ncies dels actes nocius d&#8217;una manera comprensible fins i tot sense coneixement dels textos.<\/p><p>A Tail\u00e0ndia, en la tradici\u00f3 tibetana, a la Xina, Corea i Jap\u00f3, es troben expressions pr\u00f2pies d&#8217;aquesta tradici\u00f3 iconogr\u00e0fica, que omplen l&#8217;esquema com\u00fa amb particularitats regionals.<\/p><p>En la variant de l&#8217;\u00c0sia Oriental, l&#8217;her\u00e8ncia \u00edndia es combina amb la concepci\u00f3 dels deu reis de l&#8217;infram\u00f3n, de manera que Yama hi apareix com un dels deu jutges, comparable al <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/?page_id=171529\">Yeomra<\/a> core\u00e0.<\/p><p>Per a l&#8217;estudi de la ci\u00e8ncia de la religi\u00f3, aquesta tradici\u00f3 iconogr\u00e0fica \u00e9s una font important, ja que mostra com la doctrina del karma i del judici dels morts es va transmetre al m\u00f3n dels fidels laics. Els yamaduta apareixen en aquestes imatges com a figures visuals i terror\u00edfiques, no com a conceptes teol\u00f2gics abstractes.<\/p><p>La recerca en hist\u00f2ria de l&#8217;art fa servir a m\u00e9s les imatges de l&#8217;infern conservades per resseguir la difusi\u00f3 de certes concepcions a trav\u00e9s del temps i de l&#8217;espai, ja que en elles es poden llegir les vies de transmissi\u00f3 de la <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Concepci\u00f3 de l'estructura i l'ordre del m\u00f3n dins d'una cultura.\" tabindex=\"0\">cosmologia<\/span> budista entre les diferents regions.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp7d98a5b e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp7d98a5b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp6fd93d4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp6fd93d4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Els yamaduta i yamadut en l'hinduisme<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp18a1d93 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp18a1d93\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2fb31db elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp2fb31db\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>La idea dels missatgers de Yama, m\u00e9s enll\u00e0 del budisme, tamb\u00e9 est\u00e0 fermament arrelada a l&#8217;hinduisme, on aquests missatgers reben sovint el nom de <em>Yamadut<\/em>. Un relat especialment conegut, transm\u00e8s en diversos Puranas, tracta d&#8217;Ajamila.<\/p><p>Ajamila \u00e9s un home que ha portat una vida dissoluta i que, a l&#8217;hora de la mort, ha de ser condu\u00eft pels missatgers de Yama. En el moment de morir, per\u00f2, crida el nom del seu fill, que casualment \u00e9s un dels noms del d\u00e9u Vishnu. Aleshores apareixen els missatgers de Vishnu, els <em>Vishnudut<\/em>, que s&#8217;enfronten als missatgers de Yama i alliberen Ajamila.<\/p><p>Aquest relat \u00e9s teol\u00f2gicament revelador. Dins la tradici\u00f3 de la devoci\u00f3 a Vishnu, s&#8217;utilitza com a prova del poder redemptor del nom div\u00ed: fins i tot un crit involuntari del nom tindria un efecte salvador.<\/p><p>En aquest relat, els missatgers de Yama encarnen la l\u00f2gica estricta de l&#8217;acci\u00f3 i la retribuci\u00f3, mentre que els missatgers de Vishnu encarnen la gr\u00e0cia capa\u00e7 de trencar aquesta l\u00f2gica. La disputa entre els dos grups de missatgers es desenvolupa en els textos com una aut\u00e8ntica disputa sobre la just\u00edcia i la gr\u00e0cia.<\/p><p>Des de la perspectiva de l&#8217;estudi de les religions, aquest episodi mostra que els Yamaduta han estat valorats de manera diferent dins els diversos corrents religiosos de l&#8217;\u00cdndia segons el punt de vista teol\u00f2gic. En un marc estrictament orientat al karma, s\u00f3n els executors inevitables.<\/p><p>En els corrents orientats a la devoci\u00f3 i la gr\u00e0cia, esdevenen una inst\u00e0ncia que pot ser superada per la intervenci\u00f3 de la <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un \u00e9sser venerat com a div\u00ed dins d'una religi\u00f3.\" tabindex=\"0\">divinitat<\/span> redemptora. Els Yamaduta s\u00f3n, doncs, un bon indicador de com una mateixa concepci\u00f3 mitol\u00f2gica es situa i es valora de manera diferent en diferents sistemes religiosos.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-36dd7469 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"36dd7469\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-13760ab4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"13760ab4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Enlla\u00e7os relacionats<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-28c87796 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"28c87796\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5d6538df elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5d6538df\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Enlla\u00e7os interns recomanats:<\/p><ul><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/?page_id=171394\">Budisme<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/?page_id=171401\">Mara<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/?page_id=171402\">Preta<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/?page_id=171404\">Guardians de Naraka<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/?page_id=171405\">Dakini<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/gallu\/\">Gallu<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/keres\/\">Keres<\/a> (paral\u00b7lelismes)<\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/?page_id=171520\">Yama<\/a> com a senyor dels morts (hinduisme)<\/li><li>Bardo Th\u00f6dol i el llibre tibet\u00e0 dels morts<\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-grl4kl40 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"grl4kl40\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bzsbfrmh elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"bzsbfrmh\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Bibliografia de recerca<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2c13224a e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"2c13224a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0eymh9ub elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"0eymh9ub\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<footer class=\"iwg-literatur\"><p>Una selecci\u00f3 d&#8217;obres essencials sobre Yamad\u016bta:<\/p><ul><li><span data-nosnippet>Cuevas, Bryan J.: <em>The Hidden History of the Tibetan Book of the Dead<\/em>. New York 2003.<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Teiser, Stephen F.: <em><a href=\"https:\/\/uhpress.hawaii.edu\/title\/the-scripture-on-the-ten-kings-and-the-making-of-purgatory-in-medieval-chinese-buddhism\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">The Scripture on the Ten Kings<\/a><\/em>. Honolulu 1994.<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Rhys Davids, Thomas W.: <em><a href=\"https:\/\/www.sacred-texts.com\/bud\/sbe11\/index.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Buddhist Suttas<\/a><\/em>. Oxford 1881.<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Gouin, Margaret: <em>Tibetan Rituals of Death<\/em>. London 2010.<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Sadakata, Akira: <em><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/buddhistcosmolog0000sada\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Buddhist Cosmology<\/a><\/em>. Tokyo 1997.<\/span><\/li><\/ul><div data-nosnippet=\"true\" class=\"iwg-litliste\"><\/div><\/footer>\n<p class=\"iwg-bib-more\"><span data-nosnippet>M\u00e9s obres de refer\u00e8ncia al <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/?page_id=171483\">llistat bibliogr\u00e0fic<\/a>.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgca-yamaduta-sec e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgca-yamaduta-sec\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" id=\"iwg-ca-yamaduta\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgca-yamaduta-te iwg-ca-textwrap elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgca-yamaduta-te\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-nosnippet=\"true\"><p class=\"iwg-ca-bridge\">La pr\u00e0ctica de protecci\u00f3 descrita aqu\u00ed \u00e9s una interpretaci\u00f3 cient\u00edfica de tradicions hist\u00f2riques. iWell Guard s&#8217;inscriu en aquesta l\u00ednia cultural d&#8217;objectes de protecci\u00f3 portables i en representa una forma contempor\u00e0nia. <a href=\"\/ueber-iwell-guard\/?utm_source=iwell-guard.com&#038;utm_medium=text-link&#038;utm_campaign=schadwesen-tradition\">M\u00e9s sobre iWell Guard \u2192<\/a><\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":1697,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"elementor_header_footer","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_focuskw":"Yamaduta, missatger de la mort de Yama","_yoast_wpseo_title":"Yamaduta \u2013 els missatgers de la mort del d\u00e9u Yama","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"Els yamad\u016btes s\u00f3n els missatgers de la mort al servei de Yama, el senyor dels morts de la tradici\u00f3 indi-budista. En el moment de la mort apareixen per recollir l'\u00e0nima","_yoast_wpseo_meta-robots-noindex":"","_yoast_wpseo_canonical":"","_angie_page":false,"gefaehrdungsstufe":"2","wesen_kultur":"buddhismus","wesen_klasse":"geister","footnotes":""},"categories":[],"class_list":["post-171403","page","type-page","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v27.7 (Yoast SEO v28.3) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Yamaduta \u2013 els missatgers de la mort del d\u00e9u Yama<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Els yamad\u016btes s\u00f3n els missatgers de la mort al servei de Yama, el senyor dels morts de la tradici\u00f3 indi-budista. 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