{"id":171402,"date":"2026-09-05T15:39:04","date_gmt":"2026-09-05T15:39:04","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/?page_id=171402"},"modified":"2026-09-05T15:56:50","modified_gmt":"2026-09-05T15:56:50","slug":"preta","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/preta\/","title":{"rendered":"Preta"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"171402\" class=\"elementor elementor-171402 elementor-1208\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-10fdade e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"10fdade\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-herohlft0 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"herohlft0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c3ceb64 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"c3ceb64\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-96ae5e1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"96ae5e1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Preta, esperit de la tradici\u00f3 budista<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e45238a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e45238a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Preta \u00e9s un <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un \u00e9sser incorpori al qual s'atribueix efecte en el m\u00f3n.\" tabindex=\"0\">esperit<\/span> de la tradici\u00f3 budista.<\/p><p><strong>Esperit famolenc amb gola d&#8217;agulla, figura c\u00e0rmica de la cobd\u00edcia.<\/strong><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-klsbdg01 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"klsbdg01\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-klshtm01 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"klshtm01\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"iwg-pill-row\"><span class=\"iwg-klasse-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Esperit: entitat incorp\u00f2ria o semicorp\u00f2ria, difunt, \u00e9sser de la natura, esperit dom\u00e8stic o guardi\u00e0 de llindars. Actua en la vida quotidiana, sovint lligat a llocs o fam\u00edlies.\">Esperit<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/?page_id=171394\" class=\"iwg-kultur-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Tradici\u00f3 budista amb bodhisattvas, divinitats protectores, esperits famolencs i guardians dels inferns.\">Budisme<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/?page_id=171451\" class=\"iwg-tradition-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Difunts els esperits dels quals continuen actuant en el m\u00f3n dels vius, esperits dom\u00e8stics, avantpassats, morts inquiets.\">Esperit dels morts<\/a><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3f74855 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3f74855\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1c30362 elementor-toc--minimized-on-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-table-of-contents\" data-id=\"1c30362\" 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8z\\&quot;&gt;&lt;\\\/path&gt;&lt;\\\/svg&gt;&quot;},&quot;minimize_box&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;minimized_on&quot;:&quot;tablet&quot;,&quot;hierarchical_view&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;min_height&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"table-of-contents.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__header\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-toc__header-title\">\n\t\t\t\t\u00cdndex\t\t\t<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--expand\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__1c30362\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Open table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" 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elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"heroimg00\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"683\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/geister_buddhismus_preta-683x1024.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-1678\" alt=\"Preta\" srcset=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/geister_buddhismus_preta-683x1024.webp 683w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/geister_buddhismus_preta-200x300.webp 200w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/geister_buddhismus_preta-768x1152.webp 768w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/geister_buddhismus_preta.webp 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 683px) 100vw, 683px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-32917199 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"32917199\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-26e916cb e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"26e916cb\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-253a40d4 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"253a40d4\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1200c304 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1200c304\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Preta<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-11758e7f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"11758e7f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>El preta (pali: peta) \u00e9s una de les figures m\u00e9s memorables de la <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"La concepci\u00f3 de l'estructura i l'ordre del m\u00f3n dins d'una cultura.\" tabindex=\"0\">cosmologia<\/span> budista. Un esperit famolenc amb el ventre inflat i la gola prima com el forat d&#8217;una agulla, capa\u00e7 de veure i desitjar, per\u00f2 incapa\u00e7 de menjar o beure.<\/p><p>La figura s&#8217;ha convertit en imatge de les conseq\u00fc\u00e8ncies de la cobd\u00edcia c\u00e0rmica: qui en vida va negar donacions, va ser avar o va apropiar-se almoines, renaixer\u00e0 al m\u00f3n dels preta i patir\u00e0 la mancan\u00e7a corresponent.<\/p><p>En els textos Petavatthu (part del c\u00e0non pali), mestres budistes relaten trobades amb preta que confessen els seus actes passats. El sutra Ullambana (<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Text doctrinal breu, dins l'hinduisme i el budisme.\">sutra<\/span>) del <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"\u00abGran Vehicle\u00bb; una de les tres tradicions principals del budisme, amb l'ideal del bodhisattva i una reflexi\u00f3 filos\u00f2fica elaborada.\">Mahayana<\/span> narra com Maudgalyayana veu la seva mare difunta en estat de preta i nom\u00e9s pot salvar-la gr\u00e0cies a la for\u00e7a col\u00b7lectiva de l&#8217;<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ofrena a una divinitat per expressar gratitud, petici\u00f3 o veneraci\u00f3.\" tabindex=\"0\">ofrena<\/span> de la Sangha.<\/p><p>D&#8217;aquesta narraci\u00f3 sorgeix el festival celebrat arreu del m\u00f3n conegut com Hungry Ghost Festival (Ullambana, en xin\u00e8s Yulanpen, en japon\u00e8s Obon). Aquesta figura, a difer\u00e8ncia de molts altres dimonis, est\u00e0 estretament lligada a una pr\u00e0ctica ritual del calendari anual.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-159dcf9a e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"159dcf9a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-48cee66f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"48cee66f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">D'un cop d'ull: Preta<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3f50d82c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"3f50d82c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Tipus:<\/strong> esperit fam\u00e8lic, renaixement budista<br>Origen: conseq\u00fc\u00e8ncia c\u00e0rmica de l&#8217;avar\u00edcia, l&#8217;enveja, la cobd\u00edcia i l&#8217;ab\u00fas d&#8217;almoines<br>Textos: Petavatthu (pali), Ullambana-<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"En l'hinduisme i el budisme, un text doctrinal en forma concisa.\" tabindex=\"0\">Sutra<\/span>, Jatakas<br>Per\u00edode: segle V aC fins a l&#8217;actualitat<br>Festa central: Hungry Ghost Festival \/ Ullambana \/ Obon<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-18613602 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"18613602\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-262b8a9f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"262b8a9f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Introducci\u00f3<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-46dcb7d e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"46dcb7d\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-61d3ab3 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"61d3ab3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-117c166 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"117c166\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Per\u00edode dels textos<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-73997a0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"73997a0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Es va desenvolupar en el <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"El conjunt reconegut com a vinculant de les escriptures sagrades d'una religi\u00f3.\" tabindex=\"0\">C\u00e0non<\/span> pali a partir del segle III aC amb el Petavatthu. Ampliaci\u00f3 <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Gran vehicle; una de les tres tradicions principals del budisme, amb l'ideal del bodhisattva.\">Mahayana<\/span> a trav\u00e9s del Ullambana-<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"En l'hinduisme i el budisme, un text doctrinal en forma concisa.\" tabindex=\"0\">Sutra<\/span> (inicis de l&#8217;era cristiana, tradu\u00eft al xin\u00e8s al segle III dC). El Hungry Ghost Festival s&#8217;estableix a la Xina a partir de l&#8217;\u00e8poca Tang, i al Jap\u00f3 com a Obon a partir de l&#8217;\u00e8poca Nara. Continu\u00eftat ininterrompuda fins a l&#8217;actualitat.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d47b156 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d47b156\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ff38c2b elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"ff38c2b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">\u00c0rea de difusi\u00f3<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4e49fcc elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4e49fcc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Theravada: Sri Lanka, Tail\u00e0ndia, Myanmar, Laos, Cambotja (all\u00e0 lligat a cultes ancestrals locals). Mahayana: Xina, Corea, Jap\u00f3, Vietnam (all\u00e0 especialment actiu). <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"\u00abVehicle de diamant\u00bb; forma t\u00e0ntrica del budisme Mahayana, principalment al Tibet, amb la pr\u00e0ctica del yidam i la t\u00e8cnica del mantra al centre.\">Vajrayana<\/span>: Tibet, Mong\u00f2lia. Comunitats budistes hongareses, mongoles i kazakes. Comunitats de la di\u00e0spora moderna arreu del m\u00f3n.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-db03c39 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"db03c39\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-229a87b e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"229a87b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1f471fc elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1f471fc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Estat de les fonts<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-36b1201 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"36b1201\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Petavatthu (pali, part del Khuddaka Nikaya), Vimanavatthu (com a contrapartida complement\u00e0ria), Ullambana-<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"En l'hinduisme i el budisme, un text doctrinal en forma concisa.\" tabindex=\"0\">Sutra<\/span> (s\u00e0nscrit\/xin\u00e8s), Jatakas, tradicions del llibre tibet\u00e0 dels morts, etnografia moderna sobre el Hungry Ghost Festival.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3ae0637c e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"3ae0637c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-31d07739 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"31d07739\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Nom i variants<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b7642947 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"b7642947\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a086266 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a086266\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>S\u00e0nscrit:<\/strong> <em>preta<\/em>; pali <em>peta<\/em>; femen\u00ed <em>pretani<\/em>.<br>Xin\u00e8s: \u9913\u9b3c (<em>E Gui<\/em>, \u00ab<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un \u00e9sser sense cos al qual s'atribueix un efecte en el m\u00f3n.\" tabindex=\"0\">esperit<\/span> fam\u00e8lic\u00bb).<br>Japon\u00e8s: <em>Gaki<\/em>.<br>Tibet\u00e0: <em>yidag<\/em>.<br>Etimologia: de <em>pra-i<\/em>, \u00abavan\u00e7ar\u00bb, origin\u00e0riament \u00abdifunt\u00bb, m\u00e9s tard especialitzat en la classe dels esperits fam\u00e8lics.<\/p><p>El terme mostra molt b\u00e9 aquesta evoluci\u00f3: en \u00e8poca v\u00e8dica, <em>preta<\/em> designava simplement el difunt en la fase interm\u00e8dia abans del renaixement. El budisme ho especifica: certs difunts esdevenen esperits fam\u00e8lics, segons el seu <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"En l'hinduisme, el budisme i el jainisme, la llei de la causa i l'efecte de l'acci\u00f3: cada acte repercuteix en exist\u00e8ncies posteriors.\">karma<\/span>. D&#8217;aquesta especialitzaci\u00f3 sorgeix la classe dels pretes.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-709a44a8 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"709a44a8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2f585873 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2f585873\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Caracter\u00edstiques<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-70621c12 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"70621c12\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4296eb49 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4296eb49\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Aparen\u00e7a<\/strong><\/p><p>Ventre enorme i inflat, boca diminuta i gola prima com el forat d&#8217;una agulla, membres esprimatxats. Mirada fam\u00e8lica i cobdiciosa, sovint amb la boca en flames (tota beguda es converteix en foc). 36 classes de pretes segons la demonologia cl\u00e0ssica, cadascuna amb patiments espec\u00edfics.<\/p><p><strong>Comportament<\/strong><\/p><p>Cerca aliment constantment, per\u00f2 \u00e9s incapa\u00e7 de menjar. Condemnat a tenir gana eternament. Veu l&#8217;aigua convertir-se en pus; veu el menjar cremar-se. Se sent atret per l&#8217;olor de les <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ofrena a una divinitat per expressar gratitud, petici\u00f3 o veneraci\u00f3.\" tabindex=\"0\">ofrenes<\/span>.<\/p><p><strong>\u00c0mbit d&#8217;acci\u00f3<\/strong><\/p><p>T\u00e9 el seu propi Pretaloka (m\u00f3n dels pretes) dins la <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Concepci\u00f3 de l'estructura i l'ordre del m\u00f3n dins d'una cultura.\" tabindex=\"0\">cosmologia<\/span> budista, que comparteix espai amb el m\u00f3n hum\u00e0 per\u00f2 amb una percepci\u00f3 diferent. Sovint present a prop dels llocs on va viure. A la Xina, tradicionalment \u00e9s \u00aballiberat\u00bb del m\u00f3n dels morts durant la setena fase lunar.<\/p><p><strong>Classificaci\u00f3 mitol\u00f2gica<\/strong><\/p><p>No \u00e9s una creaci\u00f3, sin\u00f3 una conseq\u00fc\u00e8ncia del renaixement. Resultat de l&#8217;avar\u00edcia, l&#8217;enveja, el robatori d&#8217;almoines i l&#8217;ab\u00fas d&#8217;ofrenes religioses. La durada de l&#8217;exist\u00e8ncia com a preta ve determinada pel pes c\u00e0rmic, sovint molt llarga; alguns textos parlen de kalpes.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-44e71476 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"44e71476\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3c1fc3f0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3c1fc3f0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Fitxa: Preta<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-84f33b8e e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"84f33b8e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-hqkdc67p elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"hqkdc67p\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Els aspectes m\u00e9s importants del preta d&#8217;un cop d&#8217;ull.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c5 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c1 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-qh9oavvu iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"qh9oavvu\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-awzx8k2k elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"awzx8k2k\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Origen<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-x6rowhv0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"x6rowhv0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Reencarnaci\u00f3 c\u00e0rmica originada per l&#8217;avar\u00edcia, l&#8217;enveja i l&#8217;ab\u00fas de les ofrenes. No \u00e9s una creaci\u00f3, sin\u00f3 una forma d&#8217;exist\u00e8ncia dins la <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Concepci\u00f3 de l'estructura i l'ordre del m\u00f3n dins d'una cultura.\" tabindex=\"0\">cosmologia<\/span> budista.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8e3o4kxs iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"8e3o4kxs\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-08rkdgov elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"08rkdgov\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">A qui afecta el preta<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-uwjelx8s elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"uwjelx8s\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Antics \u00e9ssers humans amb acumulacions negatives de karma. En tradicions posteriors, tamb\u00e9 vinculats a llocs i fam\u00edlies concrets (pretes ancestrals).<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-jm2n74ec iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"jm2n74ec\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8vufse4c elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"8vufse4c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Forma<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-mwb9u015 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"mwb9u015\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Ventre inflat, boca min\u00fascula, coll prim com el forat d&#8217;una agulla, membres prims. En algunes descripcions, boca en flames. 36 classes amb els seus respectius patiments.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c2 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c2\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-37ss2yr6 iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"37ss2yr6\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3v0wp3wx elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3v0wp3wx\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Funci\u00f3<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-w3247g2m elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"w3247g2m\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Eternament fam\u00e8lic, incapa\u00e7 de menjar. Persegueix els vius per cobd\u00edcia, s&#8217;apropa a les <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ofrena a una divinitat per expressar gratitud, petici\u00f3 o veneraci\u00f3.\" tabindex=\"0\">ofrenes<\/span>. Pot provocar malaltia a les llars que descuiden els avantpassats.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0qpjal9w iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"0qpjal9w\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6ndoih0o elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6ndoih0o\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Protecci\u00f3<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6684tyh9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6684tyh9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Ofrenes i <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Seq\u00fc\u00e8ncia regulada d'accions simb\u00f2liques amb un significat religi\u00f3s o cultural.\" tabindex=\"0\">ritual<\/span> Ullambana (dedicat a pretes recordats pel nom), recitaci\u00f3 del Ullambana-<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"En l'hinduisme i el budisme, un text doctrinal en forma concisa.\" tabindex=\"0\">Sutra<\/span>, ofrena d&#8217;aigua i arr\u00f2s. En el <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Vehicle de diamant; forma t\u00e0ntrica del budisme Mahayana, principalment al Tibet, amb la pr\u00e0ctica del yidam al centre.\">Vajrayana<\/span>: <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Seq\u00fc\u00e8ncia regulada d'accions simb\u00f2liques amb un significat religi\u00f3s o cultural.\" tabindex=\"0\">ritual<\/span> tsok amb <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ofrena a una divinitat per expressar gratitud, petici\u00f3 o veneraci\u00f3.\" tabindex=\"0\">ofrenes<\/span> compartides amb tots els \u00e9ssers vius.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3lfi7x32 iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3lfi7x32\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0kg99ga1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"0kg99ga1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Paral\u00b7lels del preta<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-n0fum6kp elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"n0fum6kp\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>E Gui (xin\u00e8s), Gaki (japon\u00e8s), <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/edimmu\/\">Edimmu<\/a>, Pishacha, i les figures del purgatori cristi\u00e0 com a \u00e0nimes de transici\u00f3 estructuralment emparentades.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7533bc7a e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"7533bc7a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2447d18d elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2447d18d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Ritu i festa<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d5d0260c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d5d0260c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-341be2ac elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"341be2ac\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Ullambana\/Festival dels Fantasmes Famolencs<\/strong><\/p><p>Al set\u00e8 mes lunar (normalment agost), segons la <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"La transmissi\u00f3 de coneixements i narracions al llarg de generacions.\" tabindex=\"0\">tradici\u00f3<\/span>, s&#8217;obren les portes del m\u00f3n dels morts i els pretas entren al m\u00f3n. Els fidels ofereixen <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ofrena a una divinitat per expressar gratitud, s\u00faplica o veneraci\u00f3.\" tabindex=\"0\">ofrenes<\/span>, reciten sutres i munten altars. Les tradicions budista i taoista es fonen en una de les festes de religiositat popular m\u00e9s grans d&#8217;\u00c0sia Oriental.<\/p><p><strong>Obon al Jap\u00f3<\/strong><\/p><p>Durant l&#8217;\u00e8poca d&#8217;Obon (normalment del 13 al 16 d&#8217;agost) es rep els avantpassats. Danses Bon-Odori, focs a les portes de les cases, visites als cementiris. El vincle amb la redempci\u00f3 de la figura materna (mite de Mulian\/Maudgalyayana) t\u00e9 una forta c\u00e0rrega emocional.<\/p><p><strong><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Una seq\u00fc\u00e8ncia regulada d'accions simb\u00f2liques amb significat religi\u00f3s o cultural.\" tabindex=\"0\">Ritual<\/span> quotidi\u00e0<\/strong><\/p><p>En el theravada: ofrena d&#8217;aigua als pretas durant l&#8217;\u00e0pat del pindapata. En el vajrayana: ofrenes de fum sur, i el \u00abFeeding the Pretas\u00bb diari com a part de la pr\u00e0ctica ofrenat\u00f2ria. En el mahayana: es lliuren els noms dels familiars difunts als monestirs per a la recitaci\u00f3 regular de <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"En l'hinduisme i el budisme, un text doctrinal en forma concisa.\" tabindex=\"0\">sutres<\/span>.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5a584676 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"5a584676\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6d0757bf elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6d0757bf\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Paral\u00b7lelismes i actualitat<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-60563f68 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"60563f68\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5a93fdd6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5a93fdd6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Esperits de la fam en diverses cultures<\/strong><\/p><p>E Gui (Xina) i Gaki (Jap\u00f3) s\u00f3n traduccions directes i la mateixa figura en la seva forma est-asi\u00e0tica. Pishacha (hinduisme) comparteix el <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un element de contingut recurrent en l'art o la narrativa.\" tabindex=\"0\">motiu<\/span> de la fam amb l&#8217;especificitat de devorador de cad\u00e0vers. <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/edimmu\/\">Edimmu<\/a> i els l\u00e8murs romans s\u00f3n \u00e0nimes de transici\u00f3 estructuralment emparentades.<\/p><p><strong>Interpretaci\u00f3 psicol\u00f2gica i ecol\u00f2gica:<\/strong> Mestres budistes moderns (Thich Nhat Hanh) tamb\u00e9 interpreten els pretes en clau psicol\u00f2gica: un estat d&#8217;insatisfacci\u00f3 perp\u00e8tua malgrat la possessi\u00f3 material. Ecol\u00f2gicament, el preta es llegeix com a imatge del consum insaciable, una figura pedag\u00f2gica molt efica\u00e7 en l&#8217;actualitat.<\/p><p><strong>Cultura popular:<\/strong> L&#8217;anime i el manga japonesos citen sovint motius dels gaki. El Festival dels Fantasmes Famolencs s&#8217;ha comercialitzat, per\u00f2 continua sent religiosament important. En la fantasia occidental, els pretes s&#8217;adapten com un monstre propi.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp26fd4bd e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp26fd4bd\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2ca3f66 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp2ca3f66\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">La justificaci\u00f3 de l'exist\u00e8ncia del preta en el pensament c\u00e0rmic<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpb5a782f e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cpb5a782f\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpf49c5ef elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cpf49c5ef\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>El renaixement com a <em>preta<\/em> (pali <em>peta<\/em>) es considera, en el cosmos budista, la conseq\u00fc\u00e8ncia d&#8217;un conjunt ben definit d&#8217;accions. Textos com el <em>Petavatthu<\/em>, un recull de cinquanta-una hist\u00f2ries de fantasmes dins del Khuddaka Nikaya del c\u00e0non pali, atribueixen el naixement en el regne dels esperits famolencs sobretot a l&#8217;avar\u00edcia, la cobd\u00edcia, la negativa a donar almoina i la denegaci\u00f3 d&#8217;aliment als necessitats.<\/p><p>El c\u00e0stig reflecteix l&#8217;acte: qui en vida no va donar res pateix ara com un \u00e9sser amb la gola tan fina com una agulla i un ventre enorme, incapa\u00e7 de saciar-se mai.<\/p><p>Aquesta correspond\u00e8ncia no \u00e9s casual, sin\u00f3 l&#8217;expressi\u00f3 de l&#8217;ensenyament budista segons el qual l&#8217;efecte c\u00e0rmic correspon a la naturalesa de la causa. El <em>Petavatthu<\/em> narra dones que van servir menjar podrit als seus convidats i que ara han de menjar pus i excrements, o un home que va insultar monjos i ara vaga amb la boca en descomposici\u00f3.<\/p><p>El comentari de Dhammapala, el <em>Petavatthu-atthakatha<\/em>, associa cada hist\u00f2ria a una falta concreta, convertint aix\u00ed el recull en un manual moral.<\/p><p>\u00c9s important la limitaci\u00f3 temporal. A difer\u00e8ncia d&#8217;un naixement infernal, que abasta per\u00edodes enormement llargs per\u00f2 igualment finits, l&#8217;exist\u00e8ncia com a preta es considera un estat que pot escur\u00e7ar-se mitjan\u00e7ant el karma positiu que resti o mitjan\u00e7ant la transfer\u00e8ncia de m\u00e8rits per part dels vius.<\/p><p>El regne dels esperits famolencs ocupa aix\u00ed una posici\u00f3 interm\u00e8dia entre els sis \u00e0mbits d&#8217;exist\u00e8ncia, entre els \u00e9ssers infernals i els animals. \u00c9s un lloc de mancan\u00e7a, no de tortura activa.<\/p><p>L&#8217;\u00e8tica budista n&#8217;extreu un doble ensenyament. D&#8217;una banda, la imatge dels pretas serveix per dissuadir de l&#8217;avar\u00edcia. De l&#8217;altra, fonamenta la pr\u00e0ctica central de la generositat (<em>dana<\/em>): es considera que la generositat \u00e9s precisament el cam\u00ed que evita el regne dels esperits famolencs.<\/p><p>El preta \u00e9s, doncs, menys una figura terror\u00edfica que una figura pedag\u00f2gica, mitjan\u00e7ant la qual es fa visible la relaci\u00f3 entre acci\u00f3 i conseq\u00fc\u00e8ncia.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp9f2f2ce e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp9f2f2ce\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpf68fe07 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cpf68fe07\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">La festa dels fantasmes i la transfer\u00e8ncia de m\u00e8rits<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp11fbd0f e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp11fbd0f\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp6817619 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp6817619\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>L&#8217;atenci\u00f3 ritual als esperits famolencs \u00e9s una de les pr\u00e0ctiques m\u00e9s antigues i esteses del budisme. El seu fonament can\u00f2nic es troba en el <em>Tirokudda Sutta<\/em> del Khuddaka Nikaya, on el Buda explica que les ofrenes fetes en nom de familiars difunts a la comunitat mon\u00e0stica poden beneficiar els parents renascuts com a pretas.<\/p><p>El mecanisme s&#8217;anomena transfer\u00e8ncia de m\u00e8rits (<em>pattidana<\/em>): el vivent genera m\u00e8rit mitjan\u00e7ant una bona acci\u00f3 i el dedica expl\u00edcitament al difunt, que se n&#8217;alegra i n&#8217;obt\u00e9 alleujament.<\/p><p>D&#8217;aquesta idea va sorgir a l&#8217;\u00c0sia Oriental la gran festa dels fantasmes.<\/p><p>A la Xina es diu <em>Yulanpen<\/em> i se celebra durant el set\u00e8 mes lunar; al Jap\u00f3, <em>Obon<\/em>.<\/p><p>La base \u00e9s el <em>Yulanpen-<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"En l'hinduisme i el budisme, un text doctrinal en forma concisa.\" tabindex=\"0\">sutra<\/span><\/em>, que narra la hist\u00f2ria del monjo Maudgalyayana: amb la seva visi\u00f3 sobrenatural, veu la seva mare difunta patint com a esperit famolenc i no pot alliberar-la tot sol, sin\u00f3 nom\u00e9s mitjan\u00e7ant una <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"L'objecte concret o l'aliment que s'ofereix a una divinitat.\" tabindex=\"0\">ofrena<\/span> conjunta de tota la comunitat mon\u00e0stica al final de l&#8217;estaci\u00f3 de les pluges.<\/p><p>La festa uneix aix\u00ed la pietat filial amb la l\u00f2gica de salvaci\u00f3 budista.<\/p><p>A la pr\u00e0ctica, durant la festa es col\u00b7loquen menjars, begudes i diners simb\u00f2lics, es reciten sutres i s&#8217;encenen ll\u00e0nties. En el m\u00f3n budista theravada de Sri Lanka i del sud-est asi\u00e0tic hi ha ofrenes d&#8217;almoina als monjos en nom dels difunts, sovint al set\u00e8 dia, despr\u00e9s de tres mesos i despr\u00e9s d&#8217;un any.<\/p><p>El budisme tibet\u00e0 coneix el <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Una seq\u00fc\u00e8ncia regulada d'accions simb\u00f2liques amb significat religi\u00f3s o cultural.\" tabindex=\"0\">ritual<\/span> del <em>sur<\/em>, una ofrena d&#8217;encens fet de menjar cremat, cuma olor ha de nodrir els esperits famolencs, ja que la seva gola estreta no pot rebre aliment s\u00f2lid.<\/p><p>Aquests rituals mostren que el preta, en el budisme viscut, no \u00e9s una figura pedag\u00f2gica llunyana, sin\u00f3 un \u00e9sser amb qui es mant\u00e9 una relaci\u00f3 continuada. El difunt segueix formant part de la fam\u00edlia, i la seva cura \u00e9s un deure dels supervivents.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpe6c2679 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cpe6c2679\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp463f07c elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp463f07c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">La representaci\u00f3 iconogr\u00e0fica a la roda de la vida<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpb0d1ef8 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cpb0d1ef8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp072efc4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp072efc4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>La imatge m\u00e9s estesa dels esperits famolencs es troba en el <em>bhavachakra<\/em>, la roda de la vida budista, que decora l&#8217;entrada de molts monestirs tibetans. El cercle es divideix en sis segments, un dels quals mostra el regne dels pretas.<\/p><p>La convenci\u00f3 iconogr\u00e0fica \u00e9s fixa: membres prims, un ventre inflat, un coll llarg i prim i una boca min\u00fascula, sovint tan petita com el forat d&#8217;una agulla. Aquesta anatomia fa visible f\u00edsicament el c\u00e0stig: la fam \u00e9s insaciable perqu\u00e8 el cos no pot absorbir l&#8217;aliment.<\/p><p>Sovint la pintura mostra un Buda que apareix davant els pretas i els ofereix ensenyament sanador o aliment. Aquesta figura sol representar-se de color vermell o groc i indica que, fins i tot en el regne dels esperits famolencs, el cam\u00ed cap a l&#8217;alliberament no est\u00e0 del tot tancat.<\/p><p>El paisatge del regne dels pretas apareix com una plana \u00e0rida i ressecada, de vegades amb rius que, en intentar-hi beure, es transformen en pus, sang o foc.<\/p><p>Els textos tibetans distingeixen encara m\u00e9s els esperits famolencs. Una classificaci\u00f3 habitual diferencia els pretas amb obstacles externs, que simplement no troben aliment, els pretas amb obstacles interns, el cos dels quals impedeix la ingesti\u00f3, i els pretas per als quals el propi aliment \u00e9s el turment. Aquesta sistem\u00e0tica apareix, per exemple, en el <em>Joiell ornamental de l&#8217;alliberament<\/em> de Gampopa, del segle dotze.<\/p><p>En l&#8217;art de l&#8217;\u00c0sia Oriental, els esperits famolencs apareixen tamb\u00e9 fora de la roda de la vida. El rotlle pict\u00f2ric japon\u00e8s <em>Gaki-zoshi<\/em>, de l&#8217;\u00e8poca Heian, avui conservat en museus de T\u00f2quio i Kyoto, mostra en una s\u00e8rie d&#8217;escenes esperits famolencs que ronden cementiris, latrines i llocs d&#8217;ofrena, vivint entre els humans sense que aquests se n&#8217;adonin.<\/p><p>Aquest rotlle es considera una de les obres principals de la pintura japonesa medieval i demostra fins a quin punt aquesta idea estava arrelada concretament en la vida quotidiana.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp653e979 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp653e979\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpf700548 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cpf700548\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Arrels prebudistes i el preta v\u00e8dic<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpa99ec33 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cpa99ec33\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp8d0367b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp8d0367b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>El terme <em>preta<\/em> no \u00e9s d&#8217;origen budista, sin\u00f3 que prov\u00e9 del vocabulari religi\u00f3s m\u00e9s antic de l&#8217;\u00cdndia. Literalment significa el que ha anat abans o el difunt, format a partir del prefix <em>pra<\/em> i una arrel amb el significat d&#8217;anar.<\/p><p>En els textos v\u00e8dics i els primers textos hinduistes, <em>preta<\/em> designa inicialment el mort recent, que es troba en un estat intermedi abans de convertir-se, mitjan\u00e7ant els rituals funeraris, en un <em>pitr<\/em>, un avantpassat.<\/p><p>Aquesta transici\u00f3 est\u00e0 regulada amb precisi\u00f3 en el ritualisme hinduista. Els rituals <em>shraddha<\/em>, les ofrenes aliment\u00e0ries per als morts, han de fer passar el preta inestable a la comunitat ordenada dels avantpassats.<\/p><p>Si no es duen a terme, o si alg\u00fa mor d&#8217;una mala mort, el difunt pot romandre com un preta sense rep\u00f2s. En aquesta concepci\u00f3, el preta no \u00e9s, doncs, un \u00e0mbit d&#8217;exist\u00e8ncia propi, sin\u00f3 una fase de transici\u00f3 perillosa que s&#8217;ha de tancar mitjan\u00e7ant un <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Una seq\u00fc\u00e8ncia regulada d'accions simb\u00f2liques amb significat religi\u00f3s o cultural.\" tabindex=\"0\">ritual<\/span> correcte.<\/p><p>El budisme va adoptar el terme, per\u00f2 el va transformar. L&#8217;estat transitori es va convertir en un dels sis \u00e0mbits fixos d&#8217;exist\u00e8ncia del cicle de renaixements, en el qual es neix completament a causa d&#8217;un karma determinat.<\/p><p>El vincle amb els rituals funeraris es va mantenir, per\u00f2 es va despla\u00e7ar de l&#8217;obligaci\u00f3 de crear un avantpassat cap a la possibilitat de transferir m\u00e8rit a un \u00e9sser que pateix.<\/p><p>Aquesta arrel comuna explica per qu\u00e8 la pr\u00e0ctica funer\u00e0ria hinduista i budista sovint es semblen i resulten dif\u00edcils de separar en la religiositat viscuda del sud d&#8217;\u00c0sia.<\/p><p>Tamb\u00e9 mostra que el preta budista no va sorgir del no-res, sin\u00f3 que va incorporar una idea \u00edndia antiga a un nou sistema cosmol\u00f2gic. Qui vulgui entendre aquesta figura ha de tenir en compte aquesta estratificaci\u00f3, la prehist\u00f2ria v\u00e8dica i la reinterpretaci\u00f3 budista.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp77bf53f e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp77bf53f\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp083baac elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp083baac\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Difusi\u00f3 i transformaci\u00f3 en les cultures budistes d'\u00c0sia<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp0b61d6b e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp0b61d6b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp8c34744 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp8c34744\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Amb l&#8217;expansi\u00f3 del budisme, tamb\u00e9 es va estendre la concepci\u00f3 del fantasma famolenc, que es va adaptar a les condicions locals. Als pa\u00efsos theravada de Sri Lanka, Myanmar, Tail\u00e0ndia, Laos i Cambodja, el vincle amb el <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"El conjunt de textos sagrats reconegut com a vinculant en una religi\u00f3.\" tabindex=\"0\">c\u00e0non<\/span> pali i el <em>Petavatthu<\/em> es va mantenir fort.<\/p><p>Aqu\u00ed la concepci\u00f3 del preta es va fusionar parcialment amb les creences aut\u00f2ctones en esperits, com els <em>phi<\/em> tailandesos, de manera que el fantasma famolenc budista no sempre es distingeix clarament d&#8217;altres morts sense rep\u00f2s.<\/p><p>A la Xina, la idea es va trobar amb una cultura ancestral ja molt desenvolupada. El fantasma famolenc, en xin\u00e8s <em>egui<\/em>, es va vincular estretament amb la preocupaci\u00f3 pels morts negligits o sense fills. Qui no t\u00e9 descendents que ofereixin <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ofrena a una divinitat per expressar gratitud, s\u00faplica o veneraci\u00f3.\" tabindex=\"0\">ofrenes<\/span> corre el risc de convertir-se en un <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un \u00e9sser incorpori al qual s'atribueix una acci\u00f3 en el m\u00f3n.\" tabindex=\"0\">esperit<\/span> famolenc.<\/p><p>La Festa dels Fantasmes del set\u00e8 mes es va convertir en una de les festes m\u00e9s importants de l&#8217;any, quan les portes del m\u00f3n inferior s&#8217;obren i els esperits vaguen lliurement. Aqu\u00ed es van fusionar la doctrina salv\u00edfica budista amb elements taoistes i de religiositat popular.<\/p><p>El budisme tibet\u00e0 va sistematitzar els fantasmes famolencs en els seus textos de les etapes del cam\u00ed i va desenvolupar amb l&#8217;ofrena de fum <em>sur<\/em> una forma ritual pr\u00f2pia. La figura del <em>yidak<\/em>, com es diu el preta en tibet\u00e0, est\u00e0 fermament arrelada en la consci\u00e8ncia col\u00b7lectiva perqu\u00e8 la roda de la vida \u00e9s visible a l&#8217;entrada de cada monestir.<\/p><p>Al Jap\u00f3, finalment, el fantasma famolenc va rebre amb el <em>Gaki-zoshi<\/em> una elaboraci\u00f3 art\u00edstica de gran import\u00e0ncia hist\u00f2rica i es va mantenir present en la festa d&#8217;Obon. El terme <em>gaki<\/em> es va convertir fins i tot en el japon\u00e8s modern en un insult col\u00b7loquial per referir-se a un infant golut o malcriat, prova de fins a quin punt aquesta concepci\u00f3 religiosa ha penetrat en el llenguatge quotidi\u00e0.<\/p><p>Aquesta amplitud cultural mostra que el preta no va romandre com una figura doctrinal r\u00edgida, sin\u00f3 que es va convertir en un element viu i adaptable del m\u00f3n budista.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-36dd7469 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"36dd7469\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-13760ab4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"13760ab4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Enlla\u00e7os relacionats<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-28c87796 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"28c87796\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5d6538df elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5d6538df\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Enlla\u00e7os interns recomanats:<\/p><ul><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/?page_id=171394\">Budisme<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/?page_id=171401\">Mara<\/a>, Yamad\u016bta, <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/?page_id=171404\">Guardians de Naraka<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/?page_id=171405\">Dakini<\/a><\/li><li>I <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/?page_id=171406\">Gui<\/a> (Xina), <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/?page_id=171399\">Pishacha<\/a> (hinduisme), paral\u00b7lelismes<\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/edimmu\/\">Edimmu<\/a> (Edimmu com a motiu precursor)<\/li><li>Festa d&#8217;Ullambana\/Obon<\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-grl4kl40 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"grl4kl40\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bzsbfrmh elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"bzsbfrmh\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Fonts i bibliografia<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2c13224a e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"2c13224a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0eymh9ub elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"0eymh9ub\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<footer class=\"iwg-literatur\"><p>Una selecci\u00f3 d&#8217;obres centrals sobre el Preta:<\/p><ul><li><span data-nosnippet>Gehman, Henry S.: <em>Petavatthu. Stories of the Departed<\/em>. Oxford 1942.<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Smith, Robert J.: <em>Ancestor Worship in Contemporary Japan<\/em>. Stanford 1974.<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Cuevas, Bryan J.: <em>Travels in the Netherworld. Buddhist Popular Narratives of Death and the Afterlife in Tibet<\/em>. Oxford 2008.<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Gombrich, Richard: <em>Precept and Practice<\/em>. Oxford 1971.<\/span><\/li><\/ul><div data-nosnippet=\"true\" class=\"iwg-litliste\"><\/div><\/footer>\n<p class=\"iwg-bib-more\"><span data-nosnippet>M\u00e9s obres de refer\u00e8ncia a la <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/?page_id=171483\">bibliografia<\/a>.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgca-preta-sec e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgca-preta-sec\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" id=\"iwg-ca-preta\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgca-preta-te iwg-ca-textwrap elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgca-preta-te\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-nosnippet=\"true\"><p class=\"iwg-ca-bridge\">La pr\u00e0ctica de protecci\u00f3 descrita aqu\u00ed \u00e9s una classificaci\u00f3 de tradicions hist\u00f2riques des de la perspectiva de la ci\u00e8ncia de les religions. iWell Guard s&#8217;inspira en aquesta l\u00ednia cultural i hist\u00f2rica d&#8217;objectes de protecci\u00f3 portables i n&#8217;\u00e9s una forma contempor\u00e0nia. <a href=\"\/ueber-iwell-guard\/?utm_source=iwell-guard.com&#038;utm_medium=text-link&#038;utm_campaign=schadwesen-tradition\">M\u00e9s informaci\u00f3 sobre l&#8217;iWell Guard \u2192<\/a><\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7efee16 e-con-boxed e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"7efee16\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2508526 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2508526\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n<h2>Preguntes freq\u00fcents sobre els Preta<\/h2>\n<div class=\"iwg-faq-q\"><h3>Qu\u00e8 s\u00f3n els Pretas en el budisme?<\/h3><p>Preta (s\u00e0nscrit per \u00abels diferents\u00bb, en tibet\u00e0 Yi-dvags) s\u00f3n en el budisme els esperits famolencs, un dels sis regnes d&#8217;exist\u00e8ncia de la reencarnaci\u00f3. S\u00f3n \u00e9ssers amb un est\u00f3mac desmesurat i una boca min\u00fascula o un coll com una agulla: mai poden saciar-se, perqu\u00e8 tot aliment es converteix en cendra en el moment de tocar la seva boca.<\/p><p>Al Bhavachakra (la roda de la vida tibetana) apareixen representats de manera t\u00edpicament iconogr\u00e0fica. La causa c\u00e0rmica \u00e9s l&#8217;avar\u00edcia, la cobd\u00edcia i l&#8217;egoisme en vida: qui va negar aliment als altres en vida renaix en la seg\u00fcent com un Preta famolenc.<\/p><\/div>\n<div class=\"iwg-faq-q\"><h3>Qu\u00e8 \u00e9s la festa budista dels esperits famolencs?<\/h3><p>La festa dels esperits famolencs (en xin\u00e8s Yulanpen, en japon\u00e8s Obon, en core\u00e0 Baekjung) \u00e9s una de les festes m\u00e9s importants del budisme popular a l&#8217;\u00c0sia oriental, celebrada en el set\u00e8 mes lunar. Es remunta a la hist\u00f2ria de Maudgaly\u0101yana, un deixeble de Buda, que troba la seva mare al regne dels Preta i no pot alimentar-la directament.<\/p><p>Buda li ensenya que les ofrenes fetes a trav\u00e9s de la Sangha (la comunitat mon\u00e0stica) al final del retir de pluges arriben als esperits famolencs. D&#8217;aqu\u00ed va sorgir la gran festa de l&#8217;\u00c0sia oriental, amb ofrenes per als difunts, representacions de dansa (Bon Odori) i el simb\u00f2lic flotar de llanternes.<\/p><\/div>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\">{\"@context\":\"https:\/\/schema.org\",\"@type\":\"FAQPage\",\"mainEntity\":[{\"@type\":\"Question\",\"name\":\"Qu\u00e8 s\u00f3n els Pretas en el budisme?\",\"acceptedAnswer\":{\"@type\":\"Answer\",\"text\":\"Preta (s\u00e0nscrit per \\u00abels diferents\\u00bb, en tibet\\u00e0 Yi-dvags) s\\u00f3n en el budisme els esperits famolencs \\u2014 un dels sis regnes d'exist\\u00e8ncia de la reencarnaci\\u00f3. S\\u00f3n \\u00e9ssers amb un est\\u00f2mac desmesurat i una boca min\\u00fascula o un coll com una agulla: mai poden saciar-se, perqu\\u00e8 tot aliment es converteix en cendra en el moment de tocar la seva boca. Al Bhavachakra (la roda de la vida tibetana) apareixen representats de manera t\\u00edpicament iconogr\\u00e0fica. La causa c\\u00e0rmica \\u00e9s l'avar\\u00edcia, la cobd\\u00edcia i l'egoisme en vida \\u2014 qui va negar aliment als altres en vida renaix en la seg\\u00fcent com un Preta famolenc.\"}},{\"@type\":\"Question\",\"name\":\"Qu\\u00e8 \\u00e9s la festa budista dels esperits famolencs?\",\"acceptedAnswer\":{\"@type\":\"Answer\",\"text\":\"La festa dels esperits famolencs (en xin\\u00e8s Yulanpen, en japon\\u00e8s Obon, en core\\u00e0 Baekjung) \\u00e9s una de les festes m\\u00e9s importants del budisme popular a l'\\u00c0sia oriental \\u2014 celebrada en el set\\u00e8 mes lunar. Es remunta a la hist\\u00f2ria de Maudgaly\\u0101yana, un deixeble de Buda, que troba la seva mare al regne dels Preta i no pot alimentar-la directament. Buda li ensenya que les ofrenes fetes a trav\\u00e9s de la Sangha (la comunitat mon\\u00e0stica) al final del retir de pluges arriben als esperits famolencs. D'aqu\\u00ed va sorgir la gran festa de l'\\u00c0sia oriental, amb ofrenes per als difunts, representacions de dansa (Bon Odori) i el simb\\u00f2lic flotar de llanternes.\"}}]}<\/script>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":1678,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"elementor_header_footer","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_focuskw":"Preta","_yoast_wpseo_title":"Preta - Esperit famolenc amb gola d'agulla","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"El preta (pali: peta) \u00e9s una de les figures m\u00e9s memorables de la cosmologia budista. 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