{"id":171401,"date":"2026-09-05T15:39:04","date_gmt":"2026-09-05T15:39:04","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/?page_id=171401"},"modified":"2026-09-05T15:56:49","modified_gmt":"2026-09-05T15:56:49","slug":"mara","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/mara\/","title":{"rendered":"Mara"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"171401\" class=\"elementor elementor-171401 elementor-1207\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-10fdade e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"10fdade\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-herohlft0 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"herohlft0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c3ceb64 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"c3ceb64\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-96ae5e1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"96ae5e1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Mara, d\u00e9u de la tradici\u00f3 budista<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e45238a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e45238a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>El temptador sota l&#8217;arbre de la Bodhi, senyor del m\u00f3n dels sentits.<\/strong><\/p>\n<h2 id=\"dif-mara\">La temptaci\u00f3 de Buda per Mara<\/h2>\n<p>L&#8217;escena principal de Mara \u00e9s la <strong>temptaci\u00f3 del bodhisattva Siddhartha<\/strong> sota l&#8217;<strong>arbre de la Bodhi<\/strong> a Bodhgaya. S&#8217;hi relaten tres fases de manera <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Pertanyent al conjunt de textos reconegut com a vinculant en una religi\u00f3.\" tabindex=\"0\">can\u00f2nica<\/span>: primer, l&#8217;aparici\u00f3 amb <strong>ex\u00e8rcits de dimonis<\/strong> (Trishna, Raga, Arati, desig, lux\u00faria, disgust); segon, l&#8217;enviament de les seves <strong>tres filles<\/strong> (Tanha, Arati, Raga) amb forma seductora; tercer, la temptaci\u00f3 mitjan\u00e7ant el dubte i la interpel\u00b7laci\u00f3 (\u00abQui \u00e9s testimoni dels teus m\u00e8rits?\u00bb).<\/p><p>Siddhartha toca la terra, el <em>bh\u016bmispar\u015ba-mudr\u0101<\/em>, i la deessa de la terra testimonia la seva perfecci\u00f3. Mara \u00e9s ven\u00e7ut. Els seus quatre ex\u00e8rcits s\u00f3n <em>k\u0101ma<\/em> (el desig), <em>arati<\/em> (la inquietud), <em>k\u1e63ut-pip\u0101s\u0101<\/em> (la fam i la set), <em>t\u1e5b\u1e63\u1e47\u0101<\/em> (l&#8217;anhel). En el budisme mahayana, Mara s&#8217;amplia a <strong>quatre Mares<\/strong>: Skandha-Mara (els cinc agregats), Klesha-Mara (les il\u00b7lusions), Mrityu-Mara (la mort), Devaputra-Mara (la temptaci\u00f3 celestial). En la tradici\u00f3 budista, Mara \u00e9s el d\u00e9u de la temptaci\u00f3 que s&#8217;oposa al cam\u00ed cap al despertar.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-klsbdg01 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"klsbdg01\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-klshtm01 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"klshtm01\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"iwg-pill-row\"><span class=\"iwg-klasse-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"D\u00e9u \/ Deessa: Poder suprem personificat en el pante\u00f3 d'una cultura, amb \u00e0mbits d'acci\u00f3 clars, forces de la natura, dest\u00ed, guerra, fertilitat. Venerat mitjan\u00e7ant cultes, ofrenes i institucions de temple.\">D\u00e9u<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/?page_id=171394\" class=\"iwg-kultur-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Tradici\u00f3 budista amb bodhisattvas, divinitats protectores, esperits famolencs i guardians infernals.\">Budisme<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/?page_id=171458\" class=\"iwg-tradition-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Pot\u00e8ncies del caos i antagonistes c\u00f2smics, oponents en el dualisme de la hist\u00f2ria de les religions.\">Antideu<\/a><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3f74855 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3f74855\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1c30362 elementor-toc--minimized-on-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-table-of-contents\" data-id=\"1c30362\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;exclude_headings_by_selector&quot;:[],&quot;no_headings_message&quot;:&quot;No s&#039;ha trobat cap encap\\u00e7alament en aquesta p\\u00e0gina.&quot;,&quot;headings_by_tags&quot;:[&quot;h2&quot;,&quot;h3&quot;],&quot;marker_view&quot;:&quot;bullets&quot;,&quot;icon&quot;:{&quot;value&quot;:&quot;fas fa-circle&quot;,&quot;library&quot;:&quot;fa-solid&quot;,&quot;rendered_tag&quot;:&quot;&lt;svg class=\\&quot;e-font-icon-svg e-fas-circle\\&quot; viewBox=\\&quot;0 0 512 512\\&quot; xmlns=\\&quot;http:\\\/\\\/www.w3.org\\\/2000\\\/svg\\&quot;&gt;&lt;path d=\\&quot;M256 8C119 8 8 119 8 256s111 248 248 248 248-111 248-248S393 8 256 8z\\&quot;&gt;&lt;\\\/path&gt;&lt;\\\/svg&gt;&quot;},&quot;minimize_box&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;minimized_on&quot;:&quot;tablet&quot;,&quot;hierarchical_view&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;min_height&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"table-of-contents.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__header\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-toc__header-title\">\n\t\t\t\t\u00cdndex\t\t\t<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--expand\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__1c30362\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Open table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-down\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M207.029 381.476L12.686 187.132c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941l22.667-22.667c9.357-9.357 24.522-9.375 33.901-.04L224 284.505l154.745-154.021c9.379-9.335 24.544-9.317 33.901.04l22.667 22.667c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941L240.971 381.476c-9.373 9.372-24.569 9.372-33.942 0z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--collapse\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__1c30362\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Close table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-up\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M240.971 130.524l194.343 194.343c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941l-22.667 22.667c-9.357 9.357-24.522 9.375-33.901.04L224 227.495 69.255 381.516c-9.379 9.335-24.544 9.317-33.901-.04l-22.667-22.667c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941L207.03 130.525c9.372-9.373 24.568-9.373 33.941-.001z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-toc__1c30362\" class=\"elementor-toc__body\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__spinner-container\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg class=\"elementor-toc__spinner eicon-animation-spin e-font-icon-svg e-eicon-loading\" aria-hidden=\"true\" viewBox=\"0 0 1000 1000\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M500 975V858C696 858 858 696 858 500S696 142 500 142 142 304 142 500H25C25 237 238 25 500 25S975 237 975 500 763 975 500 975Z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-herorght0 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"herorght0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-heroimg00 iwg-hero-image elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"heroimg00\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"683\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_buddhismus_mara-683x1024.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-1554\" alt=\"Mara\" srcset=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_buddhismus_mara-683x1024.webp 683w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_buddhismus_mara-200x300.webp 200w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_buddhismus_mara-768x1152.webp 768w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_buddhismus_mara.webp 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 683px) 100vw, 683px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-32917199 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"32917199\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-26e916cb e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"26e916cb\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-253a40d4 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"253a40d4\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1200c304 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1200c304\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Mara<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-11758e7f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"11758e7f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Mara \u00e9s la figura antagonista central de la tradici\u00f3 budista. La seva escena m\u00e9s coneguda \u00e9s la nit anterior al despertar de Buda: sota l&#8217;arbre de la Bodhi a Bodhgaya, Mara envia el seu ex\u00e8rcit i les seves tres filles, el desig, l&#8217;aversi\u00f3, la cobd\u00edcia, per allunyar el <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"En el budisme mahayana, un \u00e9sser il\u00b7luminat que ajorna la seva pr\u00f2pia alliberament en benefici de l'ensenyament per a altres \u00e9ssers.\">bodhisattva<\/span> de la il\u00b7luminaci\u00f3.<\/p><p>El <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"En el budisme mahayana, un \u00e9sser il\u00b7luminat que ajorna la seva alliberament en benefici de l'ensenyament per a altres \u00e9ssers.\">bodhisattva<\/span> toca la terra com a testimoni, la terra tremola i Mara es retira. Aquesta escena t\u00e9 una difusi\u00f3 iconogr\u00e0fica mundial i \u00e9s teol\u00f2gicament central.<\/p><p>Mara no \u00e9s un d\u00e9u c\u00f2smic oposat en el sentit monoteista. \u00c9s senyor del <em>Kamadhatu<\/em> (el m\u00f3n dels sentits), una figura deva que, per l&#8217;aferrament i l&#8217;orgull, s&#8217;ha convertit en un obstacle en el cam\u00ed.<\/p><p>En una interpretaci\u00f3 budista ampliada hi ha quatre Mares: Skandha-Mara (els agregats), Kleshamara (les impureses), Marana-Mara (la mort), Devaputra-Mara (el deva-Mara, la figura personal). Totes designen obstacles en el cam\u00ed cap a l&#8217;alliberament. Aix\u00f2 converteix la doctrina de Mara en una teoria integral d&#8217;all\u00f2 que dificulta la pr\u00e0ctica.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-159dcf9a e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"159dcf9a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-48cee66f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"48cee66f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Perfil breu: Mara<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3f50d82c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"3f50d82c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Tipus:<\/strong> Temptador, senyor del m\u00f3n dels sentits<br>Origen: deva del Kamadhatu; segons alguns textos, caigut per orgull<br>Quatre Mares: Skandha, Klesha, Marana, Devaputra<br>Textos: <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"El conjunt de textos sagrats d'una religi\u00f3 reconegut com a vinculant.\" tabindex=\"0\">c\u00e0non<\/span> pali (Padhana Sutta), Lalitavistara, Jatakas<br>Per\u00edode: segle V aC fins a l&#8217;actualitat<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-18613602 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"18613602\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-262b8a9f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"262b8a9f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Context<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-46dcb7d e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"46dcb7d\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-61d3ab3 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"61d3ab3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-117c166 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"117c166\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Per\u00edode dels textos<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-73997a0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"73997a0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Documentat des de Buda (segle V aC). El <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"El conjunt de textos sagrats d'una religi\u00f3 reconegut com a vinculant.\" tabindex=\"0\">c\u00e0non<\/span> pali (segle III aC al segle I dC) cont\u00e9 nombrosos episodis sobre Mara. Els sutres <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"\u2018Gran vehicle\u2019; una de les tres tradicions principals del budisme, amb l'ideal del bodhisattva i una elaborada reflexi\u00f3 filos\u00f2fica.\">mahayana<\/span> els amplien (Lalitavistara, Saddharmapundarika). El <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"\u2018Vehicle de diamant\u2019; forma t\u00e0ntrica del budisme mahayana, principalment al Tibet, centrada en la pr\u00e0ctica del yidam i la t\u00e8cnica del mantra.\">vajrayana<\/span> integra Mara en pr\u00e0ctiques t\u00e0ntriques de protecci\u00f3. Pr\u00e0ctica budista moderna arreu del m\u00f3n.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d47b156 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d47b156\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ff38c2b elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"ff38c2b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">\u00c0rea de difusi\u00f3<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4e49fcc elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4e49fcc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Origen al nord de l&#8217;\u00cdndia; amb el budisme s&#8217;est\u00e9n a Sri Lanka, el sud-est asi\u00e0tic, l&#8217;\u00c0sia oriental, el Tibet i les comunitats budistes globals modernes. Imatges locals de Mara per tota \u00c0sia, pintura de <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Edifici destinat a la veneraci\u00f3 d'una o diverses divinitats.\" tabindex=\"0\">temple<\/span> tailandesa, thangkes tibetans, gravats en fusta japonesos.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-db03c39 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"db03c39\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-229a87b e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"229a87b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1f471fc elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1f471fc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Estat de les fonts<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-36b1201 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"36b1201\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Padhana Sutta (Sutta Nipata), Mara-Samyutta (Samyutta Nikaya), nombroses narracions Jataka, Lalitavistara (biografia de Buda <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Gran vehicle; una de les tres tradicions principals del budisme, amb l'ideal del bodhisattva.\">mahayana<\/span>), tradici\u00f3 de comentaris tibetana.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3ae0637c e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"3ae0637c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-31d07739 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"31d07739\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Nom i variants<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b7642947 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"b7642947\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a086266 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a086266\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>S\u00e0nscrit i pali:<\/strong> <em>M\u0101ra<\/em>.<br>Ep\u00edtets: Papiyas (\u00abel m\u00e9s dolent\u00bb), Kanha (\u00abel negre\u00bb), Namuci (\u00abel que no allibera\u00bb), Antaka (\u00abmort\u00bb).<br>Quatre Mares (doctrina dels quatre Mares): Skandha-Mara (els agregats com a obstacle), Kleshamara (les impureses mentals), Marana-Mara (la mort), Devaputra-Mara (el Mara personal).<br>\u00c0sia oriental: xin\u00e8s \u9b54 (<em>Mo<\/em>), japon\u00e8s <em>Ma<\/em>.<\/p><p>La doctrina dels quatre Mares converteix Mara en m\u00e9s que una figura personal: un sistema que descriu tot all\u00f2 que bloqueja el cam\u00ed. Aix\u00f2 \u00e9s filos\u00f2ficament molt ric i explica per qu\u00e8 Mara no s&#8217;ha de v\u00e8ncer simplement, sin\u00f3 que se supera mitjan\u00e7ant la comprensi\u00f3.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-709a44a8 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"709a44a8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2f585873 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2f585873\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Caracter\u00edstiques<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-70621c12 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"70621c12\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4296eb49 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4296eb49\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Aparen\u00e7a<\/strong><\/p><p>Com un bell deva del Kamadhatu en plena majestat, jove i resplendent. En l&#8217;atac contra Buda: sobre un elefant, amb un gran ex\u00e8rcit, envoltat de filles. Manifestaci\u00f3 iracunda: terrible, amb armes, escopint foc. La <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Doctrina dels continguts de les imatges i el seu significat.\" tabindex=\"0\">iconografia<\/span> varia segons la tradici\u00f3 i l&#8217;episodi.<\/p><p><strong>Comportament<\/strong><\/p><p>No violent, sin\u00f3 seductor i psicol\u00f2gic. Envia est\u00edmuls sensorials, por, dubtes sobre un mateix, orgull, autocompassi\u00f3. Les seves tres filles, Tanha (desig), Arati (aversi\u00f3) i Raga (cobejan\u00e7a), il\u00b7lustren les seves vies d&#8217;atac t\u00edpiques.<\/p><p><strong>\u00c0mbit d&#8217;acci\u00f3<\/strong><\/p><p>Tot el m\u00f3n sensorial (Kamadhatu) \u00e9s el seu regne. El seu poder arriba fins on els \u00e9ssers estan aferrats a all\u00f2 sensorial. En els llindars de la il\u00b7luminaci\u00f3, en el moment sota l&#8217;arbre Bodhi o en la meditaci\u00f3 avan\u00e7ada, es mostra especialment actiu.<\/p><p><strong>Classificaci\u00f3 mitol\u00f2gica<\/strong><\/p><p>\u00c9s un deva, no un <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"\u00c9sser espiritual al qual s'atribueix un efecte nociu o ambivalent.\" tabindex=\"0\">dimoni<\/span> en el sentit occidental. La seva figura combina una posici\u00f3 cosmol\u00f2gica (senyor del Kamadhatu) amb una funci\u00f3 psicol\u00f2gica (representant de tots els obstacles). En algunes tradicions, despr\u00e9s de la seva derrota, es converteix fins i tot en deixeble de Buda.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-44e71476 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"44e71476\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3c1fc3f0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3c1fc3f0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Fitxa: Mara<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-84f33b8e e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"84f33b8e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-hqkdc67p elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"hqkdc67p\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Els aspectes m\u00e9s importants de Mara d&#8217;una ullada.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c5 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c1 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-qh9oavvu iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"qh9oavvu\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-awzx8k2k elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"awzx8k2k\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">L'origen de Mara<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-x6rowhv0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"x6rowhv0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Deva del Kamadhatu, senyor del m\u00f3n sensorial. En alguns textos, caigut per orgull. En la doctrina ampliada: els quatre Maras com a teoria completa dels obstacles.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8e3o4kxs iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"8e3o4kxs\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-08rkdgov elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"08rkdgov\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Relacionat amb<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-uwjelx8s elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"uwjelx8s\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Tots els \u00e9ssers aferrats a all\u00f2 sensorial. Especialment actiu amb meditadors avan\u00e7ats i en els llindars de la il\u00b7luminaci\u00f3.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-jm2n74ec iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"jm2n74ec\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8vufse4c elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"8vufse4c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Aparen\u00e7a<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-mwb9u015 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"mwb9u015\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Bell deva en majestat; sobre un elefant amb un ex\u00e8rcit; amb tres filles (desig, aversi\u00f3, cobejan\u00e7a). Iracund tamb\u00e9 com a guerrer terrible.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c2 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c2\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-37ss2yr6 iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"37ss2yr6\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3v0wp3wx elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3v0wp3wx\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Activitat<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-w3247g2m elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"w3247g2m\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>No mitjan\u00e7ant la viol\u00e8ncia, sin\u00f3 la suggesti\u00f3: por, dubte, desig, orgull. Psicol\u00f2gicament refinat, coneix cada persona.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0qpjal9w iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"0qpjal9w\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6ndoih0o elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6ndoih0o\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Protecci\u00f3<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6684tyh9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6684tyh9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Gest de testimoni de la terra (bhumisparsha mudra), recitaci\u00f3 de textos paritta, metta bhavana (meditaci\u00f3 de benvolen\u00e7a), saviesa i atenci\u00f3 plena com a protecci\u00f3 b\u00e0sica. No es tracta de destruir, sin\u00f3 de veure a trav\u00e9s.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3lfi7x32 iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3lfi7x32\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0kg99ga1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"0kg99ga1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Equivalents<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-n0fum6kp elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"n0fum6kp\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/?page_id=171368\">Satan<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/?page_id=171374\">Iblis<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/apophis\/\">Apophis<\/a>, el d\u00e9u hind\u00fa Kama com a d\u00e9u de l&#8217;amor.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7533bc7a e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"7533bc7a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2447d18d elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2447d18d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Tracte quotidi\u00e0<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d5d0260c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d5d0260c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-341be2ac elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"341be2ac\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Pr\u00e0ctica ritual<\/strong><\/p><p>Recitaci\u00f3 de paritta (Theravada) en moments cr\u00edtics. El Ratana Sutta (\u00abSutta de les joies\u00bb) i el Karaniya Metta Sutta com a textos de protecci\u00f3 centrals. En la tradici\u00f3 Mahayana, <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"L'acte de pregar o invocar una divinitat o poder.\" tabindex=\"0\">invocaci\u00f3<\/span> de bodhisattves (Avalokiteshvara, Manjushri) contra les influ\u00e8ncies de Mara.<\/p><p><strong>Pr\u00e0ctica meditativa<\/strong><\/p><p>La \u00abdefensa\u00bb m\u00e9s important contra Mara no \u00e9s cap defensa, sin\u00f3 el fet de veure a trav\u00e9s. L&#8217;atenci\u00f3 plena (sati), la visi\u00f3 clara (vipassana) i la benvolen\u00e7a (metta) dissolen tots tres el poder de Mara, perqu\u00e8 no cedeixen a les seves temptacions. El gest de testimoni de la terra de Buda \u00e9s la imatge origin\u00e0ria d&#8217;aquesta pr\u00e0ctica.<\/p><p><strong>Transformaci\u00f3 al Vajrayana<\/strong><\/p><p>En les tradicions t\u00e0ntriques, l&#8217;energia de Mara no es combat, sin\u00f3 que es transforma mitjan\u00e7ant divinitats meditatives iracundes (Yamantaka, Heruka). La figura del protector iracund est\u00e0 estructuralment lligada a l&#8217;energia de Mara, nom\u00e9s en forma transformada.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5a584676 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"5a584676\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6d0757bf elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6d0757bf\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Paral\u00b7lelismes i recepci\u00f3<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-60563f68 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"60563f68\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5a93fdd6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5a93fdd6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Paral\u00b7lels religiosos:<\/strong> Satan i Iblis comparteixen la funci\u00f3 de temptador. La difer\u00e8ncia: Mara opera dins del sistema del <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"En l'hinduisme, el budisme i el jainisme, la llei de causa i efecte de les accions: cada acte repercuteix en exist\u00e8ncies posteriors.\">karma<\/span>, no com a d\u00e9u contrari c\u00f2smic. El seu rol \u00e9s estructuralment necessari, no dolent en sentit absolut.<\/p><p><strong>Interpretaci\u00f3 psicol\u00f2gica:<\/strong> Mestres budistes moderns (Bhikkhu Bodhi, Stephen Batchelor) llegeixen Mara majorit\u00e0riament en clau psicol\u00f2gica: la suma de les resist\u00e8ncies internes al cam\u00ed. Aix\u00f2 el fa immediatament rellevant per als meditadors d&#8217;avui.<\/p><p><strong>Art i cultura popular:<\/strong> L&#8217;escena de l&#8217;atac de Mara \u00e9s un dels motius ic\u00f2nics m\u00e9s importants del budisme a tot el m\u00f3n. Es representa des de Gandhara (segles II-V) fins a Borobudur i el manga japon\u00e8s modern. En videojocs i novel\u00b7les de fantasia, Mara \u00e9s una figura recurrent.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpa5b4d88 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cpa5b4d88\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpb5d02f0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cpb5d02f0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">La temptaci\u00f3 sota l'arbre Bodhi<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp761498e e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp761498e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp96af027 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp96af027\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>L&#8217;episodi central del <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un relat transm\u00e8s sobre d\u00e9us, or\u00edgens i l'ordre del m\u00f3n.\" tabindex=\"0\">mite<\/span> de Mara \u00e9s el seu atac contra el Buda encara no il\u00b7luminat, el bodhisattva Siddhartha Gautama, la nit abans del seu despertar sota la figuera de Bodhgaya.<\/p><p>Aquest relat s&#8217;ha transm\u00e8s en nombrosos textos, entre d&#8217;altres al <em>Padhana Sutta<\/em> del c\u00e0non Pali, i de manera extensa en biografies posteriors com el <em>Buddhacarita<\/em> d&#8217;Ashvaghosha i el <em>Lalitavistara<\/em>.<\/p><p>Mara s&#8217;adona que el bodhisattva est\u00e0 a punt d&#8217;aconseguir la fita i escapar del seu domini sobre el m\u00f3n del naixement i la mort. Primer envia els seus ex\u00e8rcits, un aparell terror\u00edfic de figures dimon\u00edaques que ataquen amb armes, tempesta, foc i foscor.<\/p><p>Per\u00f2 tots els projectils es converteixen en flors quan arriben al bodhisattva en meditaci\u00f3. Despr\u00e9s, Mara envia les seves filles, anomenades en alguns textos Tanha, Arati i Raga (desig, disgust, plaer), per seduir l&#8217;asc\u00e8tic, per\u00f2 tampoc no ho aconsegueix.<\/p><p>Finalment, Mara posa en dubte el dret del bodhisattva a ocupar el seient del despertar. El bodhisattva toca la terra amb la m\u00e0 dreta i la crida com a testimoni dels seus m\u00e8rits acumulats al llarg d&#8217;innombrables vides. La terra ho testimonia, Mara \u00e9s ven\u00e7ut i es retira.<\/p><p>Aquest gest, el <em>bhumisparsha mudra<\/em>, el gest de tocar la terra, es va convertir en la forma de representaci\u00f3 m\u00e9s freq\u00fcent de Buda en tot l&#8217;art budista.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpa43bb8d e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cpa43bb8d\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp0af113c elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp0af113c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Mara com a principi psicol\u00f2gic en la doctrina can\u00f2nica<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp920e0d7 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp920e0d7\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp97daf06 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp97daf06\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>En els textos m\u00e9s antics del c\u00e0non Pali, Mara no \u00e9s nom\u00e9s una figura narrativa, sin\u00f3 tamb\u00e9 un concepte de la doctrina. La paraula <em>mara<\/em> deriva de l&#8217;arrel que significa morir i vol dir literalment el que mata o la mort. Mara encarna tot all\u00f2 que lliga els \u00e9ssers al cicle de naixement i mort.<\/p><p>La tradici\u00f3 comentar\u00edstica distingeix diversos aspectes o tipus de Mara. S&#8217;esmenten, entre d&#8217;altres, Mara com a <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un \u00e9sser venerat com a div\u00ed dins d'una religi\u00f3.\" tabindex=\"0\">divinitat<\/span> (<em>devaputta-mara<\/em>), Mara com els cinc agregats de l&#8217;exist\u00e8ncia (<em>khandha-mara<\/em>), Mara com les taques mentals (<em>kilesa-mara<\/em>) i Mara com la mort mateixa (<em>maccu-mara<\/em>).<\/p><p>Mara \u00e9s, doncs, alhora un adversari concret i una xifra per a les forces internes que impedeixen l&#8217;alliberament.<\/p><p>En el <em>Samyutta Nikaya<\/em> hi ha nombroses trobades breus en qu\u00e8 Mara apareix davant el Buda o els seus monjos i monges per desconcertar-los, distreure&#8217;ls o induir-los al dubte. \u00c9s notable l&#8217;actitud de les figures desvetllades: simplement reconeixen Mara, li parlen, i aix\u00ed ell perd el seu poder.<\/p><p>La tradici\u00f3 theravada llegeix sovint aquestes escenes com a al\u00b7legories d&#8217;estats interns. La <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"La ci\u00e8ncia que investiga les religions de manera comparativa i sense vinculaci\u00f3 religiosa.\" tabindex=\"0\">ci\u00e8ncia de les religions<\/span> subratlla que en el budisme primerenc el pla m\u00edtic i el pla psicol\u00f2gic no es concebien com a separats, sin\u00f3 com dues cares d&#8217;un mateix fenomen.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpc0e6bee e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cpc0e6bee\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp660c692 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp660c692\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">La posici\u00f3 de Mara en la cosmologia budista<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpc2284b1 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cpc2284b1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp89354b4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp89354b4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Dins de la cosmovisi\u00f3 budista, Mara no \u00e9s un adversari extramund\u00e0, sin\u00f3 que forma part del mateix cosmos del renaixement. \u00c9s considerat el governant del cel m\u00e9s elevat del m\u00f3n del desig, i en alguns textos, habitant del cel <em>Paranirmita-vasavartin<\/em>. Mara \u00e9s, doncs, un \u00e9sser poder\u00f3s de llarga vida i gran poder, per\u00f2 no \u00e9s etern ni est\u00e0 alliberat.<\/p><p>El seu inter\u00e8s en impedir el desvetllament s&#8217;explica per aquesta posici\u00f3. Mentre els \u00e9ssers romanguin en el cicle del renaixement, resten dins de l&#8217;\u00e0mbit de domini de Mara. Qui assoleix l&#8217;alliberament s&#8217;escapa d&#8217;aquest domini. Per aix\u00f2 Mara no \u00e9s un mal absolut en el sentit d&#8217;un dualisme cosmol\u00f2gic, sin\u00f3 un poder dins del m\u00f3n condicionat que defensa el seu propi territori.<\/p><p>Aquesta construcci\u00f3 distingeix clarament el budisme de les religions dualistes, en qu\u00e8 un principi del mal s&#8217;oposa al b\u00e9 en igualtat de rang. Mara \u00e9s poder\u00f3s, per\u00f2 en principi superable, i la seva derrota no \u00e9s la destrucci\u00f3 d&#8217;un enemic, sin\u00f3 simplement l&#8217;escapament del seu \u00e0mbit d&#8217;influ\u00e8ncia.<\/p><p>La recerca ha assenyalat que tradicions posteriors, especialment el Mahayana, van matisar el paper de Mara i fins i tot van ensenyar que un \u00e9sser desvetllat pot tractar Mara amb compassi\u00f3, ja que ell tamb\u00e9 \u00e9s un \u00e9sser que sofreix dins del cicle de l&#8217;exist\u00e8ncia.<\/p><p>Es troba un paral\u00b7lel lluny\u00e0 amb la figura del temptador en altres religions, com per exemple la figura que <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/?page_id=171439\">els textos cristians<\/a> coneixen com a adversari, encara que la seva ubicaci\u00f3 cosmol\u00f2gica \u00e9s radicalment diferent.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-36dd7469 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"36dd7469\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-13760ab4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"13760ab4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Enlla\u00e7os relacionats<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-28c87796 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"28c87796\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5d6538df elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5d6538df\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Enlla\u00e7os interns recomanats:<\/p><ul><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/?page_id=171394\">Budisme<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/?page_id=171402\">Preta<\/a>, Yamad\u016bta, <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/?page_id=171404\">Guardians de Naraka<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/?page_id=171405\">Dakini<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/?page_id=171368\">Satan<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/?page_id=171374\">Iblis<\/a> (paral\u00b7lels temptadors)<\/li><li>El desvetllament de Buda sota l&#8217;arbre Bodhi<\/li><li>Doctrina dels Quatre Mara (Skandha, Klesha, Marana, Devaputra)<\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-grl4kl40 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"grl4kl40\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bzsbfrmh elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"bzsbfrmh\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Bibliografia de recerca<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2c13224a e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"2c13224a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0eymh9ub elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"0eymh9ub\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<footer class=\"iwg-literatur\"><p>Una selecci\u00f3 d&#8217;obres essencials sobre Mara:<\/p><ul><li><span data-nosnippet>Boyd, James W.: <em>Satan and M\u0101ra. Christian and Buddhist Symbols of Evil<\/em>. Leiden 1975.<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Ling, T. O.: <em>Buddhism and the Mythology of Evil<\/em>. London 1962.<\/span><\/li><li>Nyanaponika Thera: <em>The Four Nutriments of Life<\/em>. Kandy 1981.<\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Walshe, Maurice: <em>The Long Discourses of the Buddha<\/em>. Boston 1995 (trad. Digha Nikaya).<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Rhys Davids, Thomas W.: <em><a href=\"https:\/\/www.sacred-texts.com\/bud\/sbe11\/index.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Buddhist Suttas<\/a><\/em>. Oxford 1881.<\/span><\/li><\/ul><div data-nosnippet=\"true\" class=\"iwg-litliste\"><\/div><\/footer>\n<p class=\"iwg-bib-more\"><span data-nosnippet>M\u00e9s obres de refer\u00e8ncia a la <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/?page_id=171483\">bibliografia<\/a>.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b29ad2f e-con-boxed e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"b29ad2f\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9b50593 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"9b50593\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n<h2>Preguntes freq\u00fcents sobre Mara<\/h2>\n<div class=\"iwg-faq-q\"><h3>Qui \u00e9s Mara en la tradici\u00f3 budista?<\/h3><p>Mara (en s\u00e0nscrit, mort, temptador) \u00e9s en el budisme la personificaci\u00f3 de la temptaci\u00f3, la vinculaci\u00f3 mundana i la mort.<\/p><p>Mara es va presentar davant Buda sota l&#8217;arbre de la Bodhi i va intentar impedir la seva il\u00b7luminaci\u00f3, amb ex\u00e8rcits de dimonis, amb les seves tres filles (desig, disgust, plaer) i amb l&#8217;acusaci\u00f3 que Buda no tenia dret a la il\u00b7luminaci\u00f3. Buda va tocar la terra, que el va invocar com a testimoni, i va v\u00e8ncer Mara amb fermesa.<\/p><\/div>\n<div class=\"iwg-faq-q\"><h3>Quins s\u00f3n els quatre Maras en el budisme?<\/h3><p>La doctrina budista distingeix quatre aspectes de Mara: (1) Skandha-Mara, la temptaci\u00f3 a trav\u00e9s dels cinc agregats de l&#8217;exist\u00e8ncia (cos, sensaci\u00f3, percepci\u00f3, formacions mentals, consci\u00e8ncia); (2) Klesha-Mara, la temptaci\u00f3 a trav\u00e9s de les aflictions (avar\u00edcia, odi, il\u00b7lusi\u00f3); (3) Mrtyu-Mara, la mort mateixa; (4) Devaputra-Mara, el temptador celestial (la figura personificada). Els quatre s&#8217;han de travessar en el cam\u00ed cap a l&#8217;alliberament.<\/p><\/div>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\">{\"@context\":\"https:\/\/schema.org\",\"@type\":\"FAQPage\",\"mainEntity\":[{\"@type\":\"Question\",\"name\":\"Qui \u00e9s Mara en la tradici\u00f3 budista?\",\"acceptedAnswer\":{\"@type\":\"Answer\",\"text\":\"Mara (en s\u00e0nscrit, mort, temptador) \u00e9s en el budisme la personificaci\u00f3 de la temptaci\u00f3, la vinculaci\u00f3 mundana i la mort. Mara es va presentar davant Buda sota l'arbre de la Bodhi i va intentar impedir la seva il\u00b7luminaci\u00f3 \\u2014 amb ex\u00e8rcits de dimonis, amb les seves tres filles (desig, disgust, plaer) i amb l'acusaci\u00f3 que Buda no tenia dret a la il\u00b7luminaci\u00f3. Buda va tocar la terra \\u2014 que el va invocar com a testimoni \\u2014 i va v\u00e8ncer Mara amb fermesa.\"}},{\"@type\":\"Question\",\"name\":\"Quins s\u00f3n els quatre Maras en el budisme?\",\"acceptedAnswer\":{\"@type\":\"Answer\",\"text\":\"La doctrina budista distingeix quatre aspectes de Mara: (1) Skandha-Mara, la temptaci\u00f3 a trav\u00e9s dels cinc agregats de l'exist\u00e8ncia (cos, sensaci\u00f3, percepci\u00f3, formacions mentals, consci\u00e8ncia); (2) Klesha-Mara, la temptaci\u00f3 a trav\u00e9s de les aflictions (avar\u00edcia, odi, il\u00b7lusi\u00f3); (3) Mrtyu-Mara, la mort mateixa; (4) Devaputra-Mara, el temptador celestial (la figura personificada). 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