{"id":171392,"date":"2026-09-05T15:39:00","date_gmt":"2026-09-05T15:39:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/?page_id=171392"},"modified":"2026-09-05T15:56:36","modified_gmt":"2026-09-05T15:56:36","slug":"upyr","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/upyr\/","title":{"rendered":"Upyr"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"171392\" class=\"elementor elementor-171392 elementor-1042\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-10fdade e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"10fdade\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-herohlft0 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"herohlft0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c3ceb64 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"c3ceb64\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-96ae5e1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"96ae5e1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Upyr, dimoni de la tradici\u00f3 eslava<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e45238a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e45238a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Upyr \u00e9s un <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"\u00c9sser espiritual al qual s'atribueix un efecte perjudicial o ambivalent.\" tabindex=\"0\">dimoni<\/span> de la tradici\u00f3 eslava.<\/p><p><strong>El no-mort eslau, avantpassat de la figura moderna del vampir.<\/strong><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-klsbdg01 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"klsbdg01\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-klshtm01 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"klshtm01\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"iwg-pill-row\"><span class=\"iwg-klasse-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Dimoni \/ Dimonessa: \u00c9sser sobrenatural amb un efecte majorit\u00e0riament perjudicial o ambivalent. Se situa entre d\u00e9us i humans, causa malaltia, temptaci\u00f3 o desgr\u00e0cia, i s'allunya mitjan\u00e7ant invocacions, apotropaics i rituals.\">Dimoni<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/?page_id=171369\" class=\"iwg-kultur-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Mitologia i religi\u00f3 popular eslava, cristianitzada a partir del segle X.\">Eslau<\/a><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3f74855 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3f74855\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1c30362 elementor-toc--minimized-on-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-table-of-contents\" data-id=\"1c30362\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;exclude_headings_by_selector&quot;:[],&quot;no_headings_message&quot;:&quot;No s&#039;ha trobat cap encap\\u00e7alament en aquesta p\\u00e0gina.&quot;,&quot;headings_by_tags&quot;:[&quot;h2&quot;,&quot;h3&quot;],&quot;marker_view&quot;:&quot;bullets&quot;,&quot;icon&quot;:{&quot;value&quot;:&quot;fas fa-circle&quot;,&quot;library&quot;:&quot;fa-solid&quot;,&quot;rendered_tag&quot;:&quot;&lt;svg class=\\&quot;e-font-icon-svg e-fas-circle\\&quot; viewBox=\\&quot;0 0 512 512\\&quot; xmlns=\\&quot;http:\\\/\\\/www.w3.org\\\/2000\\\/svg\\&quot;&gt;&lt;path d=\\&quot;M256 8C119 8 8 119 8 256s111 248 248 248 248-111 248-248S393 8 256 8z\\&quot;&gt;&lt;\\\/path&gt;&lt;\\\/svg&gt;&quot;},&quot;minimize_box&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;minimized_on&quot;:&quot;tablet&quot;,&quot;hierarchical_view&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;min_height&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"table-of-contents.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__header\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-toc__header-title\">\n\t\t\t\t\u00cdndex\t\t\t<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--expand\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__1c30362\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Open table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-down\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M207.029 381.476L12.686 187.132c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941l22.667-22.667c9.357-9.357 24.522-9.375 33.901-.04L224 284.505l154.745-154.021c9.379-9.335 24.544-9.317 33.901.04l22.667 22.667c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941L240.971 381.476c-9.373 9.372-24.569 9.372-33.942 0z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--collapse\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__1c30362\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Close table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-up\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M240.971 130.524l194.343 194.343c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941l-22.667 22.667c-9.357 9.357-24.522 9.375-33.901.04L224 227.495 69.255 381.516c-9.379 9.335-24.544 9.317-33.901-.04l-22.667-22.667c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941L207.03 130.525c9.372-9.373 24.568-9.373 33.941-.001z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-toc__1c30362\" class=\"elementor-toc__body\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__spinner-container\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg class=\"elementor-toc__spinner eicon-animation-spin e-font-icon-svg e-eicon-loading\" aria-hidden=\"true\" viewBox=\"0 0 1000 1000\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M500 975V858C696 858 858 696 858 500S696 142 500 142 142 304 142 500H25C25 237 238 25 500 25S975 237 975 500 763 975 500 975Z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-herorght0 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"herorght0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-heroimg00 iwg-hero-image elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"heroimg00\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"683\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/daemonen_slawisch_upyr-683x1024.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-1714\" alt=\"Upyr\" srcset=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/daemonen_slawisch_upyr-683x1024.webp 683w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/daemonen_slawisch_upyr-200x300.webp 200w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/daemonen_slawisch_upyr-768x1152.webp 768w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/daemonen_slawisch_upyr.webp 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 683px) 100vw, 683px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-32917199 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"32917199\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-26e916cb e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"26e916cb\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-253a40d4 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"253a40d4\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1200c304 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1200c304\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Upyr<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-11758e7f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"11758e7f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>L&#8217;Upyr \u00e9s la figura central de no-mort de la <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"La cultura popular transmesa amb costums, relats i can\u00e7ons.\" tabindex=\"0\">folklore<\/span> eslau, i el precursor hist\u00f2ric immediat de la figura moderna del vampir. Un difunt que s&#8217;aixeca de la tomba, xucla la sang dels vius, primer delma la seva pr\u00f2pia fam\u00edlia i despr\u00e9s el poble, i nom\u00e9s pot ser enterrat definitivament mitjan\u00e7ant rituals especials.<\/p><p>A difer\u00e8ncia del Draugr n\u00f2rdic, l&#8217;Upyr \u00e9s m\u00e9s m\u00f2bil, ataca de nit i pot despla\u00e7ar-se lliurement fora del cementiri.<\/p><p>La tradici\u00f3 eslava de l&#8217;Upyr \u00e9s fonamental per a la hist\u00f2ria europea del vampir. A trav\u00e9s de relats de viatgers pels Balcans al segle XVIII (Johann Fl\u00fcckinger 1732, el cas austr\u00edac d&#8217;Arnod Paole), el fenomen es fa conegut a Europa occidental.<\/p><p>D&#8217;aqu\u00ed sorgeix, a trav\u00e9s de Polidori, Le Fanu i Bram Stoker, la literatura moderna del vampir. Variants regionals: eslau oriental <em>Upyr<\/em>, polon\u00e8s <em>Upi\u00f3r<\/em>, roman\u00e8s <em>Strigoi<\/em>, eslau meridional <em>Vukodlak<\/em>, <em>Vlkodlak<\/em>.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-159dcf9a e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"159dcf9a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-48cee66f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"48cee66f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Resum r\u00e0pid: Upyr<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3f50d82c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"3f50d82c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Tipus:<\/strong> No-mort eslau, precursor del vampir<br>Origen: Morts no batejats, su\u00efcides, male\u00efts, excomunicats<br>Textos: actes eclesi\u00e0stiques eslaves (a partir del segle XI), informes balc\u00e0nics del segle XVIII, Karad\u017ei\u0107<br>Per\u00edode: medieval fins a l&#8217;actualitat<br>Defensa: estaca de fusta de tremol, decapitaci\u00f3, cremaci\u00f3<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-18613602 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"18613602\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-262b8a9f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"262b8a9f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Context<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-46dcb7d e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"46dcb7d\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-61d3ab3 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"61d3ab3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-117c166 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"117c166\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Per\u00edode dels textos<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-73997a0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"73997a0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span data-nosnippet>Primers testimonis escrits en documents eclesi\u00e0stics eslaus del segle XI. Informes abundants al segle XVIII (Fl\u00fcckinger 1732 sobre Arnod Paole; altres investigacions habsb\u00fargiques). Recepci\u00f3 liter\u00e0ria: Polidori 1819, Le Fanu 1872, Stoker 1897. Recerca moderna: Paul Barber, Agnes Murgoci.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d47b156 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d47b156\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ff38c2b elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"ff38c2b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">\u00c0rea de difusi\u00f3<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4e49fcc elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4e49fcc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Espai cultural eslau des de R\u00fassia fins als Balcans, amb una <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"La transmissi\u00f3 de coneixements i relats al llarg de generacions.\" tabindex=\"0\">transmissi\u00f3<\/span> especialment densa a S\u00e8rbia, Bulg\u00e0ria, Romania (Strigoi) i Pol\u00f2nia. Per mitj\u00e0 de la colonitzaci\u00f3 habsb\u00fargica i la recepci\u00f3 liter\u00e0ria, s&#8217;ha est\u00e8s a Europa occidental i a tot el m\u00f3n.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-db03c39 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"db03c39\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-229a87b e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"229a87b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1f471fc elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1f471fc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Estat de les fonts<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-36b1201 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"36b1201\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span data-nosnippet>Actes eclesi\u00e0stiques eslaves, protocols habsb\u00fargics d&#8217;exhumaci\u00f3 (segle XVIII), Vuk Karad\u017ei\u0107 <em>Srpski rje\u010dnik<\/em> (1818), Agnes Murgoci, \u201eThe Vampire in Roumania\u00bb (1926), Paul Barber, <em>Vampires, Burial, and Death<\/em> (1988), folklor\u00edstica balc\u00e0nica i eslava moderna.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3ae0637c e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"3ae0637c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-31d07739 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"31d07739\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Nom i variants<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b7642947 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"b7642947\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a086266 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a086266\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Rus:<\/strong> <em>Upyr<\/em> (\u0423\u043f\u044b\u0440\u044c).<br>Polon\u00e8s: <em>Upi\u00f3r<\/em>, <em>W\u0105pierz<\/em>.<br>Txec\/eslovac: <em>Up\u00edr<\/em>.<br>Roman\u00e8s: <em>Strigoi<\/em> (del llat\u00ed <em>strix<\/em>, no eslau, per\u00f2 dins del mateix camp sem\u00e0ntic).<br>Eslau meridional: <em>Vukodlak<\/em>, <em>Vlkodlak<\/em>; en serbi tamb\u00e9 <em>Vampir<\/em>, font del terme conegut internacionalment.<br>Ucra\u00efn\u00e8s: <em>Upyr<\/em>.<\/p><p>La forma s\u00e8rbia <em>Vampir<\/em> apareix en els protocols habsb\u00fargics del segle XVIII i es difon des d&#8217;all\u00e0 a tot el m\u00f3n a trav\u00e9s de la premsa austr\u00edaca i alemanya. L&#8217;article \u201eVampyr\u00bb al l\u00e8xic franc\u00e8s Tr\u00e9voux (1721) \u00e9s un testimoni primerenc de la paraula que s&#8217;ha establert internacionalment.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-709a44a8 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"709a44a8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2f585873 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2f585873\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Descripci\u00f3<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-70621c12 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"70621c12\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4296eb49 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4296eb49\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Aparen\u00e7a<\/strong><\/p><p>Despr\u00e9s de l&#8217;exhumaci\u00f3 presenta un aspecte notablement fresc: cara vermella, sang sense coagular al cor, ungles i cabells crescuts, boca tacada de sang. Explicable des del punt de vista folkl\u00f2ric per processos naturals de descomposici\u00f3; per als contemporanis, era prova de l&#8217;activitat vamp\u00edrica. En l&#8217;activitat nocturna: figura fosca, de vegades com a animal (llop, gos), de vegades com a boira.<\/p><p><strong>Comportament<\/strong><\/p><p>Surt de nit de la seva tomba i ataca primer els membres de la seva pr\u00f2pia fam\u00edlia (d&#8217;aqu\u00ed \u201eprimer la seva pr\u00f2pia fam\u00edlia\u00bb), despr\u00e9s el poble. Xucla sang, provoca esgotament, malaltia i mort. Qui mor per la mossegada de l&#8217;Upyr es converteix ell mateix en Upyr. Els pobles afectats per un Upyr pateixen aut\u00e8ntiques s\u00e8ries de morts.<\/p><p><strong>\u00c0mbit d&#8217;acci\u00f3<\/strong><\/p><p>El seu propi poble i els llocs ve\u00efns. De vegades pot despla\u00e7ar-se m\u00e9s lluny, si la zona queda deserta. Especialment actiu en dies frontera (Jurjevden, Nadal, Epifania).<\/p><p><strong>Classificaci\u00f3 mitol\u00f2gica<\/strong><\/p><p>Segons la tradici\u00f3 de la religi\u00f3 popular, es converteix en Upyr la persona que mor sense batejar, per su\u00efcidi, excomunicada, male\u00efda o com a bruixa. Tamb\u00e9 es consideren en risc les persones nascudes amb \u201edos cors\u00bb o \u201edues \u00e0nimes\u00bb. L&#8217;evoluci\u00f3 des del no-mort eslau fins al vampir modern es produeix al llarg de segles.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-44e71476 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"44e71476\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3c1fc3f0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3c1fc3f0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Fitxa: Upyr<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-84f33b8e e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"84f33b8e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-hqkdc67p elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"hqkdc67p\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Els aspectes m\u00e9s importants de l&#8217;Upyr d&#8217;un cop d&#8217;ull.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c5 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c1 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-qh9oavvu iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"qh9oavvu\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-awzx8k2k elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"awzx8k2k\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Context cultural<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-x6rowhv0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"x6rowhv0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Persones no batejades, mortes per su\u00efcidi, male\u00efdes, excomunicades o mortes com a bruixes. Sorgeix per un enterrament inadequat o per un frac\u00e0s moral en vida.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8e3o4kxs iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"8e3o4kxs\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-08rkdgov elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"08rkdgov\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Relacionat amb<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-uwjelx8s elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"uwjelx8s\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Primer la seva pr\u00f2pia fam\u00edlia, despr\u00e9s el poble. Tothom que mor per la mossegada d&#8217;un Upyr es converteix ell mateix en Upyr, propagaci\u00f3 de tipus epid\u00e8mic.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-jm2n74ec iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"jm2n74ec\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8vufse4c elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"8vufse4c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Forma<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-mwb9u015 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"mwb9u015\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Despr\u00e9s de l&#8217;exhumaci\u00f3: vermell, inflat, amb sang no coagulada i ungles crescudes. De nit: figura fosca, com a animal (llop, gos) o boira.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c2 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c2\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-37ss2yr6 iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"37ss2yr6\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3v0wp3wx elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3v0wp3wx\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Funci\u00f3<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-w3247g2m elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"w3247g2m\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Xucla la sang dels vius, provoca esgotament, malaltia i mort. S\u00e8ries de morts arreu del poble. Propagaci\u00f3 per transmissi\u00f3 de mossegada.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0qpjal9w iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"0qpjal9w\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6ndoih0o elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6ndoih0o\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Defensa contra l'Upyr<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6684tyh9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6684tyh9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Exhumaci\u00f3 i clavament d&#8217;una estaca de fusta de tremol, tall del cap, cremaci\u00f3, reenterrament amb la cara cap avall. All, encens, creus; formes de sepultura protectores.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3lfi7x32 iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3lfi7x32\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0kg99ga1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"0kg99ga1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">\u00c9ssers relacionats<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-n0fum6kp elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"n0fum6kp\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/edimmu\/\">Edimmu<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/striga\/\">Striga<\/a>, Draugr (germ\u00e0nic), figura moderna del vampir (Stoker), Strigoi roman\u00e8s, Vrykolakas grec.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7533bc7a e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"7533bc7a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2447d18d elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2447d18d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Defensa i lluita contra els vampirs<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d5d0260c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d5d0260c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-341be2ac elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"341be2ac\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Enterrament preventiu<\/strong><\/p><p>A qui es considera en risc de convertir-se en upyr (su\u00efcidi, manca de baptisme, excomuni\u00f3) se l&#8217;enterra amb precaucions especials: cara cap avall, dits grossos dels peus lligats, boca plena amb una pedra, tomba coberta amb una fal\u00e7 (el mort caminant hauria de decapitar-se ell mateix si intenta aixecar-se).<\/p><p><strong>En cas de sospita<\/strong><\/p><p>Una mortaldat al poble desencadena una cacera de vampirs. La comunitat del poble desenterra les tombes sospitoses. Signes d&#8217;activitat vamp\u00edrica: cad\u00e0ver fresc, boca vermella, sang no coagulada, ungles crescudes. Llavors: perforaci\u00f3 amb una estaca de fusta de tremol, tall del cap, cremaci\u00f3 a foc obert, cendres llen\u00e7ades al riu. En algunes regions el cor es cremava per separat.<\/p><p><strong>Amulets i protecci\u00f3 de la llar<\/strong><\/p><p>All a les finestres i la porta. Encens dins la casa. Creu de plata al costat del llit. Protegir els infants amb fils vermells als canells. En moments especialment perillosos (despr\u00e9s d&#8217;una mortaldat al poble): els membres de la fam\u00edlia dormen junts, amb amulets protectors.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5a584676 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"5a584676\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6d0757bf elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6d0757bf\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">De l'upyr al vampir<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-60563f68 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"60563f68\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5a93fdd6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5a93fdd6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Informes hasb\u00fargics del segle XVIII<\/strong><\/p><p>El 1732, Johann Fl\u00fcckinger investiga per enc\u00e0rrec de l&#8217;ex\u00e8rcit austr\u00edac el cas d&#8217;Arnod Paole a S\u00e8rbia i redacta l&#8217;informe <em>Visum et Repertum<\/em>. El document dona a con\u00e8ixer el fenomen vamp\u00edric a Viena, Par\u00eds i Londres. Un debat sobre els vampirs sacseja el m\u00f3n erudit de la Il\u00b7lustraci\u00f3.<\/p><p><strong>Naixement literari<\/strong><\/p><p>John Polidori amb <em>The Vampyre<\/em> (1819) porta la figura als salons literaris. <em>Carmilla<\/em> (1872) de Sheridan Le Fanu estableix la vampira femenina. <em>Dracula<\/em> (1897) de Bram Stoker es converteix en la figura central de la literatura vamp\u00edrica moderna, situada expl\u00edcitament als marges romanesos-eslaus.<\/p><p><strong>Continuaci\u00f3 moderna<\/strong><\/p><p>El <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un element de contingut recurrent en l'art o la narrativa.\" tabindex=\"0\">motiu<\/span> de l&#8217;upyr continua actiu en la literatura romanesa, polonesa i eslava (Olga Tokarczuk, <em>Els llibres de Jakob<\/em>). Twilight, True Blood, What We Do in the Shadows i molts altres adaptacions es basen directament o indirectament en la figura eslava original, sovint sense recon\u00e8ixer-ne l&#8217;origen.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp094dae0 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp094dae0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp78d8347 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp78d8347\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">L'upyr en els testimonis escrits m\u00e9s antics<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp475e843 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp475e843\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp3b0d5be elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp3b0d5be\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>El terme <em>upyr<\/em> \u00e9s una de les paraules m\u00e9s antigues documentades de la creen\u00e7a eslava en els vampirs. Un testimoni sovint citat es troba en un manuscrit antic-rus, en el qual un escriv\u00e0 porta com a sobrenom o malnom <em>Upir Lichyj<\/em>, que significa aproximadament \u00abl&#8217;upir mal\u00e8vol\u00bb.<\/p><p>La dataci\u00f3 d&#8217;aquest testimoni al segle XI \u00e9s debatuda en la investigaci\u00f3, per\u00f2 es considera una de les refer\u00e8ncies m\u00e9s antigues que demostren que la paraula ja era coneguda des de ben aviat a l&#8217;\u00e0mbit eslau oriental.<\/p><p>Un altre testimoni important \u00e9s un serm\u00f3 eslau eclesi\u00e0stic antic contra pr\u00e0ctiques paganes, que censura els sacrificis oferts als <em>upyri<\/em> i a les <em>beregini<\/em>. Aquest text situa l&#8217;upyr en una s\u00e8rie amb altres esperits als quals el poble senzill oferia <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ofrena a una divinitat per expressar gratitud, s\u00faplica o veneraci\u00f3.\" tabindex=\"0\">ofrenes<\/span>.<\/p><p>Se&#8217;n pot concloure que l&#8217;upyr originalment no era nom\u00e9s el mort caminant que xucla sang de la <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"La transmissi\u00f3 de coneixements i narracions a trav\u00e9s de generacions.\" tabindex=\"0\">tradici\u00f3<\/span> posterior, sin\u00f3 que formava part d&#8217;un espectre m\u00e9s ampli d&#8217;esperits als quals es rendia veneraci\u00f3 cultual.<\/p><p>Aquests testimonis primerencs s\u00f3n ling\u00fc\u00edsticament rellevants, per\u00f2 breus quant al contingut. Esmenten la paraula, per\u00f2 gaireb\u00e9 no descriuen l&#8217;\u00e9sser. La imatge detallada de l&#8217;upyr com a mort caminant que surt de la tomba a la nit prov\u00e9 de fonts molt m\u00e9s tardanes, sobretot de l&#8217;edat moderna primerenca i dels registres folkl\u00f2rics del segle XIX.<\/p><p>Per aix\u00f2 la investigaci\u00f3 aconsella prud\u00e8ncia: no es pot projectar sense m\u00e9s la imatge posterior i plenament desenvolupada del vampir cap enrere, sobre els testimonis medievals. L&#8217;\u00fanic que \u00e9s cert \u00e9s que la paraula \u00e9s antiga i que des del principi designava un \u00e9sser temut, vinculat al culte dels morts.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpd98e378 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cpd98e378\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp9a79b75 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp9a79b75\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">L'etimologia d'una paraula controvertida<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpb04776b e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cpb04776b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp465a732 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp465a732\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>L&#8217;origen de la paraula <em>upyr<\/em> \u00e9s una de les q\u00fcestions no resoltes de la ling\u00fc\u00edstica eslava. Coexisteixen diverses interpretacions, sense que cap s&#8217;hagi imposat definitivament.<\/p><p>Una proposta molt estesa descompon la paraula en un prefix negatiu o intensificador i una arrel relacionada amb volar o amb plomes, la qual cosa interpretaria l&#8217;upyr com un \u00e9sser capa\u00e7 de volar o d&#8217;aletejar.<\/p><p>Una altra proposta relaciona l&#8217;arrel amb una paraula que significa inflor o botiment, cosa que concordaria amb la imatge, ben documentada en el folklore, del cad\u00e0ver de vampir inflat i no descompost.<\/p><p>La dificultat per aclarir-ho augmenta perqu\u00e8 la paraula apareix en gaireb\u00e9 totes les lleng\u00fces eslaves, cada vegada en una forma fon\u00e8ticament diferent.<\/p><p>La forma sud-eslava <em>vampir<\/em> \u00e9s la que, a trav\u00e9s de l&#8217;alemany i el franc\u00e8s, va arribar al segle XVIII a les lleng\u00fces de l&#8217;Europa occidental i s&#8217;hi va convertir en la paraula internacional per a tota aquesta classe d&#8217;\u00e9ssers. El polon\u00e8s <em>upi\u00f3r<\/em>, l&#8217;ucra\u00efn\u00e8s <em>upyr<\/em>, el rus <em>upyr<\/em> i altres formes pertanyen a la mateixa arrel.<\/p><p>La investigaci\u00f3 ling\u00fc\u00edstica veu en aquesta \u00e0mplia dispersi\u00f3 un argument a favor de que la paraula i el concepte que designa ja existien en temps proto-eslaus. Quina de les etimologies proposades \u00e9s la correcta continua sense resoldre&#8217;s, i alguns investigadors fins i tot consideren que la paraula podria ser un manlleu d&#8217;una llengua no eslava, cosa que complica encara m\u00e9s la q\u00fcesti\u00f3.<\/p><p>Per a la perspectiva de la hist\u00f2ria de les religions, \u00e9s important entendre que el nom mateix ja \u00e9s una her\u00e8ncia antiga i dif\u00edcil de desxifrar, i no pas una creaci\u00f3 del <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"La cultura popular transmesa amb costums, narracions i can\u00e7ons.\" tabindex=\"0\">folklore<\/span> modern.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp9f5edd9 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp9f5edd9\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpec88e96 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cpec88e96\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">L'upyr i el debat vamp\u00edric europeu del segle XVIII<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp489167d e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp489167d\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpa361136 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cpa361136\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>La creen\u00e7a eslava en els vampirs va entrar en el camp de visi\u00f3 de l&#8217;erudici\u00f3 de l&#8217;Europa occidental durant el segle XVIII, i l&#8217;Upyr, juntament amb els seus parents eslaus meridionals, va ocupar-hi un lloc central. El detonant van ser diversos casos que van causar gran sensaci\u00f3 a les regions frontereres habsb\u00fargiques dels Balcans.<\/p><p>Especialment coneguts van ser el cas d&#8217;Arnold Paole i el cas de Petar Blagojevi\u0107 durant els anys 1720 i 1730, en els quals autoritats austr\u00edaques i metges militars van redactar informes d&#8217;investigaci\u00f3 oficials sobre suposats vampirs.<\/p><p>Aquests informes es van imprimir a Europa i van desencadenar un ampli debat erudit. Metges, te\u00f2legs i fil\u00f2sofs van discutir si els vampirs existien, com calia explicar els fen\u00f2mens relatats i quina actitud havien d&#8217;adoptar l&#8217;Esgl\u00e9sia i l&#8217;Estat.<\/p><p><span data-nosnippet>El benedict\u00ed Augustin Calmet va publicar el 1746 un tractat molt llegit en el qual va recopilar el material i el va analitzar cr\u00edticament, sense arribar a un judici clar. La filosofia de la Il\u00b7lustraci\u00f3 va reaccionar amb m\u00e9s duresa i va utilitzar la creen\u00e7a en els vampirs com a exemple de superstici\u00f3 i de credulitat eclesi\u00e0stica.<\/span><\/p><p>Per a la consideraci\u00f3 des de la ci\u00e8ncia de les religions, aquest episodi \u00e9s rellevant en dos sentits. En primer lloc, va proporcionar algunes de les descripcions detallades m\u00e9s extenses i antigues de la concepci\u00f3 eslava del vampir, incloent-hi les pr\u00e0ctiques d&#8217;exhumaci\u00f3 i d&#8217;empalament.<\/p><p>En segon lloc, mostra el moment en qu\u00e8 una <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Idees i costums religiosos estesos en la vida quotidiana.\" tabindex=\"0\">creen\u00e7a popular<\/span> regional es va convertir en objecte de discussi\u00f3 a tota Europa, iniciant aix\u00ed el seu cam\u00ed cap a la literatura i, finalment, cap a la cultura popular moderna. El vampir literari del segle XIX, des del relat de John Polidori fins a <em>Dracula<\/em> de Bram Stoker, no seria concebible sense aquest debat del segle XVIII.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-36dd7469 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"36dd7469\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-13760ab4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"13760ab4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Enlla\u00e7os relacionats<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-28c87796 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"28c87796\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5d6538df elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5d6538df\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Enlla\u00e7os interns recomanats:<\/p><ul><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/?page_id=171369\">Eslau<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/?page_id=171390\">Baba Iag\u00e0<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/?page_id=171389\">Rusalka<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/?page_id=171844\">Leixi<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/?page_id=171391\">Kikimora<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/edimmu\/\">Edimmu<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/striga\/\">Striga<\/a> (precursor)<\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/?page_id=171380\">Draugr<\/a> (mort vivent germ\u00e0nic)<\/li><li>Modern: Bram Stoker, literatura vamp\u00edrica<\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-grl4kl40 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"grl4kl40\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bzsbfrmh elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"bzsbfrmh\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Bibliografia de recerca<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2c13224a e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"2c13224a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0eymh9ub elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"0eymh9ub\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<footer class=\"iwg-literatur\"><p>Una selecci\u00f3 d&#8217;obres centrals sobre l&#8217;Upyr\/vampir:<\/p><ul><li><span data-nosnippet>Barber, Paul: <em>Vampires, Burial, and Death. <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"La cultura popular transmesa, amb costums, relats i can\u00e7ons.\" tabindex=\"0\">Folklore<\/span> and Reality<\/em>. New Haven 1988.<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Murgoci, Agnes: \u201eThe Vampire in Roumania.\u00bb A: <em><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"La cultura popular transmesa, amb costums, relats i can\u00e7ons.\" tabindex=\"0\">Folklore<\/span><\/em> 37 (1926).<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Hamberger, Klaus: <em>Mortuus non mordet. Kommentierte Dokumentation zum Vampirismus 1689, 1791<\/em>. Viena 1992.<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Perkowski, Jan: <em>Vampires of the Slavs<\/em>. Cambridge, MA 1976.<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Karad\u017ei\u0107, Vuk Stefanovi\u0107: <em>Srpski rje\u010dnik<\/em>. Viena 1818.<\/span><\/li><\/ul><div data-nosnippet=\"true\" class=\"iwg-litliste\"><\/div><\/footer>\n<p class=\"iwg-bib-more\"><span data-nosnippet>M\u00e9s obres de refer\u00e8ncia a la <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/?page_id=171483\">bibliografia<\/a>.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgca-upyr-sec e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgca-upyr-sec\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" id=\"iwg-ca-upyr\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgca-upyr-te iwg-ca-textwrap elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgca-upyr-te\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-nosnippet=\"true\"><p class=\"iwg-ca-bridge\">La pr\u00e0ctica de protecci\u00f3 descrita aqu\u00ed \u00e9s una interpretaci\u00f3 cient\u00edfica de tradicions hist\u00f2riques. iWell Guard s&#8217;inscriu en aquesta l\u00ednia cultural d&#8217;objectes de protecci\u00f3 portables i en representa una forma contempor\u00e0nia. <a href=\"\/ueber-iwell-guard\/?utm_source=iwell-guard.com&#038;utm_medium=text-link&#038;utm_campaign=schadwesen-tradition\">M\u00e9s sobre iWell Guard \u2192<\/a><\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":1714,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"elementor_header_footer","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_focuskw":"Upyr","_yoast_wpseo_title":"Upyr - El no-mort eslau","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"Upyr, no-mort eslau i avantpassat de la figura moderna del vampir: rituals funeraris, mesures de protecci\u00f3 i la hist\u00f2ria de la idea del 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