{"id":171383,"date":"2026-09-05T15:38:55","date_gmt":"2026-09-05T15:38:55","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/?page_id=171383"},"modified":"2026-09-05T15:56:23","modified_gmt":"2026-09-05T15:56:23","slug":"mahr","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/mahr\/","title":{"rendered":"Mahr"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"171383\" class=\"elementor elementor-171383 elementor-1032\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-10fdade e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"10fdade\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-herohlft0 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"herohlft0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c3ceb64 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"c3ceb64\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-96ae5e1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"96ae5e1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Mahr, esperit de la tradici\u00f3 germ\u00e0nica<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e45238a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e45238a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Mahr \u00e9s un <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un \u00e9sser sense cos al qual s'atribueix influ\u00e8ncia en el m\u00f3n.\" tabindex=\"0\">esperit<\/span> de la tradici\u00f3 germ\u00e0nica.<\/p><p><strong>La opressora nocturna femenina, figura ancestral conservada ling\u00fc\u00edsticament.<\/strong><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-klsbdg01 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"klsbdg01\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-klshtm01 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"klshtm01\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"iwg-pill-row\"><span class=\"iwg-klasse-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Esperit: Wesenitat incorp\u00f2ria o semicorp\u00f2ria, difunts, \u00e9ssers de la natura, esperits de la llar o guardians de llindars. Actua en la vida quotidiana, sovint lligat a llocs o fam\u00edlies.\">Esperit<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/?page_id=171366\" class=\"iwg-kultur-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"M\u00f3n preccristi\u00e0 de d\u00e9us i esperits del nord i centre d'Europa.\">Germ\u00e0nic<\/a><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3f74855 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3f74855\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1c30362 elementor-toc--minimized-on-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-table-of-contents\" data-id=\"1c30362\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;exclude_headings_by_selector&quot;:[],&quot;no_headings_message&quot;:&quot;No s&#039;ha trobat cap encap\\u00e7alament en aquesta p\\u00e0gina.&quot;,&quot;headings_by_tags&quot;:[&quot;h2&quot;,&quot;h3&quot;],&quot;marker_view&quot;:&quot;bullets&quot;,&quot;icon&quot;:{&quot;value&quot;:&quot;fas fa-circle&quot;,&quot;library&quot;:&quot;fa-solid&quot;,&quot;rendered_tag&quot;:&quot;&lt;svg class=\\&quot;e-font-icon-svg e-fas-circle\\&quot; viewBox=\\&quot;0 0 512 512\\&quot; xmlns=\\&quot;http:\\\/\\\/www.w3.org\\\/2000\\\/svg\\&quot;&gt;&lt;path d=\\&quot;M256 8C119 8 8 119 8 256s111 248 248 248 248-111 248-248S393 8 256 8z\\&quot;&gt;&lt;\\\/path&gt;&lt;\\\/svg&gt;&quot;},&quot;minimize_box&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;minimized_on&quot;:&quot;tablet&quot;,&quot;hierarchical_view&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;min_height&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"table-of-contents.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__header\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-toc__header-title\">\n\t\t\t\t\u00cdndex\t\t\t<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--expand\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__1c30362\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Open table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-down\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M207.029 381.476L12.686 187.132c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941l22.667-22.667c9.357-9.357 24.522-9.375 33.901-.04L224 284.505l154.745-154.021c9.379-9.335 24.544-9.317 33.901.04l22.667 22.667c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941L240.971 381.476c-9.373 9.372-24.569 9.372-33.942 0z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--collapse\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__1c30362\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Close table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-up\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M240.971 130.524l194.343 194.343c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941l-22.667 22.667c-9.357 9.357-24.522 9.375-33.901.04L224 227.495 69.255 381.516c-9.379 9.335-24.544 9.317-33.901-.04l-22.667-22.667c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941L207.03 130.525c9.372-9.373 24.568-9.373 33.941-.001z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-toc__1c30362\" class=\"elementor-toc__body\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__spinner-container\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg class=\"elementor-toc__spinner eicon-animation-spin e-font-icon-svg e-eicon-loading\" aria-hidden=\"true\" viewBox=\"0 0 1000 1000\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M500 975V858C696 858 858 696 858 500S696 142 500 142 142 304 142 500H25C25 237 238 25 500 25S975 237 975 500 763 975 500 975Z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-herorght0 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"herorght0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-heroimg00 iwg-hero-image elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"heroimg00\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"683\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/geister_germanisch_mahr-683x1024.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-1681\" alt=\"Mahr\" srcset=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/geister_germanisch_mahr-683x1024.webp 683w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/geister_germanisch_mahr-200x300.webp 200w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/geister_germanisch_mahr-768x1152.webp 768w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/geister_germanisch_mahr.webp 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 683px) 100vw, 683px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-32917199 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"32917199\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-26e916cb e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"26e916cb\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-253a40d4 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"253a40d4\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1200c304 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1200c304\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Mahr<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-11758e7f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"11758e7f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>El Mahr (o la Mahr, tradicionalment femenina) \u00e9s una figura de la creen\u00e7a popular germ\u00e0nica estretament relacionada amb l&#8217;Alp.<\/p><p>Ambd\u00f3s s\u00f3n esperits opressors de la nit, ambd\u00f3s causen malsons i <a class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/?page_id=171640\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Estat de percepci\u00f3 en qu\u00e8 la consci\u00e8ncia es desperta per\u00f2 el cos encara est\u00e0 paralitzat per l'atonia REM; sovint acompanyat d'al\u00b7lucinacions.\" style=\"color:inherit;text-decoration:none\">par\u00e0lisi del son<\/a>. La difer\u00e8ncia \u00e9s ling\u00fc\u00edstico-hist\u00f2rica: el Mahr prov\u00e9 d&#8217;una capa m\u00e9s antiga, protogerm\u00e0nica (germ. <em>*maran-<\/em>), documentada en l&#8217;angl\u00e8s antic <em>m\u00e6re<\/em>, el n\u00f2rdic antic <em>mara<\/em> i l&#8217;alt alemany antic <em>mara<\/em>. L&#8217;angl\u00e8s <em>nightmare<\/em> i el franc\u00e8s <em>cauchemar<\/em> porten aquesta paraula fins avui.<\/p><div><p><strong>Figura femenina en la <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"La transmissi\u00f3 de coneixements i relats al llarg de generacions.\" tabindex=\"0\">tradici\u00f3<\/span> n\u00f2rdica i alemanya<\/strong><\/p><p>La Mahr apareix sovint en la <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"La transmissi\u00f3 de coneixements i relats al llarg de generacions.\" tabindex=\"0\">tradici\u00f3<\/span> n\u00f2rdica i alemanya com una figura nocturna femenina. En la <em>Prosa-Edda<\/em> de Snorri Sturluson (escrita cap al 1220) es descriuen figures femenines fabuloses i demon\u00edaques, la naturalesa de les quals oscil\u00b7la entre deessa i dimoni.<\/p><p>Encara que l&#8217;Edda no anomena expl\u00edcitament la Mahr, les visitacions nocturnes descrites per \u00e9ssers femenins corresponen als relats sobre la Mahr documentats posteriorment. La tradici\u00f3 popular sueca i alemanya de l&#8217;edat moderna primerenca va precisar m\u00e9s aquesta figura.<\/p><p>Jacobus Sprenger i altres demon\u00f2legs del Malleus Maleficarum van descriure dimonis nocturns femenins que visitaven els homes i tenien relacions amb ells. En alguns casos aquests \u00e9ssers van ser identificats com a M\u00e4hre o Mahr, el qual suggereix una continu\u00eftat entre la tradici\u00f3 n\u00f2rdica pagana i la demonologia cristiana.<\/p><p>La Mahr no era, doncs, principalment una adopci\u00f3 de tradicions estrangeres, sin\u00f3 un producte local amb la seva pr\u00f2pia profunditat hist\u00f2rica.<\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-159dcf9a e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"159dcf9a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-48cee66f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"48cee66f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Resum: Mahr<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3f50d82c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"3f50d82c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Tipus:<\/strong> Esperit opressor nocturn femen\u00ed<br>Origen: Capa germ\u00e0nica antiga (<em>*maran-<\/em>)<br>Textos: N\u00f2rdic antic, angl\u00e8s antic, alt alemany mitj\u00e0; Grimm, reculls de folklore<br>Per\u00edode: des de l&#8217;alta edat mitjana fins a l&#8217;actualitat (ling\u00fc\u00edsticament fins avui)<br>Protecci\u00f3: com en el cas de l&#8217;Alp, peu de bruixa, sabates, acer, <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"L'adre\u00e7ament ling\u00fc\u00edstic de l'\u00e9sser hum\u00e0 a una divinitat.\" tabindex=\"0\">oraci\u00f3<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-18613602 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"18613602\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-262b8a9f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"262b8a9f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Introducci\u00f3<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-46dcb7d e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"46dcb7d\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-61d3ab3 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"61d3ab3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-117c166 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"117c166\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Per\u00edode dels textos<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-73997a0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"73997a0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Testimoniat ling\u00fc\u00edsticament com a arrel protogerm\u00e0nica (arrel comuna en n\u00f2rdic antic, angl\u00e8s antic, alt alemany antic). Testimonis medievals en literatura i fonts jur\u00eddiques. Ricament documentat al segle XIX (Grimm). Encara viu avui en les paraules \u00abnightmare\u00bb \/ \u00abcauchemar\u00bb \/ \u00abAlbtraum\u00bb (aquesta darrera com a sin\u00f2nim de les dues figures).<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d47b156 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d47b156\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ff38c2b elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"ff38c2b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">\u00c0rea de difusi\u00f3<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4e49fcc elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4e49fcc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Tot l&#8217;espai germ\u00e0nic, amb noms regionals: Mahr (alemany), mare (angl\u00e8s en <em>nightmare<\/em>), mara (n\u00f2rdic antic\/suec), Mart\/M\u00e5rt, Mahrt, neerland\u00e8s <em>nachtmerrie<\/em>. Es va estendre a les lleng\u00fces rom\u00e0niques a trav\u00e9s del franc\u00e8s <em>cauchemar<\/em>.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-db03c39 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"db03c39\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-229a87b e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"229a87b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1f471fc elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1f471fc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Estat de les fonts<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-36b1201 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"36b1201\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Textos m\u00e8dics en angl\u00e8s antic, sagues n\u00f2rdiques antigues (el rei Vanlandi \u00e9s mort per una Mara a la Ynglinga saga), fonts jur\u00eddiques en alt alemany mitj\u00e0, <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"El conjunt dels relats sobre d\u00e9us transmesos per una cultura.\" tabindex=\"0\">mitologia<\/span> segons Grimm, arxius de folklore dels segles XIX i XX.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3ae0637c e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"3ae0637c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-31d07739 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"31d07739\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Nom<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b7642947 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"b7642947\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a086266 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a086266\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>N\u00f2rdic antic:<\/strong> <em>mara<\/em>, plural <em>marur<\/em>.<br>Angl\u00e8s antic: <em>m\u00e6re<\/em>.<br>Alt alemany antic: <em>mara<\/em>.<br>Formes modernes: Nachtmahr, Nachtmar, Mart, M\u00e5rt, Mahrt, angl\u00e8s <em>nightmare<\/em>, franc\u00e8s <em>cauchemar<\/em>.<br>Relacionat: Alp (mascul\u00ed, sovint sin\u00f2nim).<\/p><p>La Ynglinga saga explica com la reina-bruixa sueca Hulda envia una Mara contra el rei Vanlandi, que \u00e9s trepitjat fins a la mort mentre dorm al seu llit. Aquest \u00e9s un dels testimonis literaris m\u00e9s antics i mostra el poder letal de la figura.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-709a44a8 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"709a44a8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2f585873 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2f585873\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Trets caracter\u00edstics<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-70621c12 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"70621c12\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4296eb49 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4296eb49\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Aparen\u00e7a<\/strong><\/p><p>Figura femenina, petita, amb cabells llargs i embullats. Pot adoptar forma animal: gat, gos, aranya. Entra pel forat del pany, per la xemeneia o per escletxes de la porta. En algunes regions es descriu com una jove bella, en altres com una vella arrugada.<\/p><p><strong>Comportament<\/strong><\/p><p>S&#8217;asseu sobre el pit de la persona adormida, oprimeix, roba l&#8217;al\u00e8 i provoca estats de malson. Pot \u00abmuntar\u00bb cavalls; al mat\u00ed es troben crineres embullades (\u00abtrenes de la Mahr\u00bb) i animals esgotats. En els casos m\u00e9s greus, pot causar la mort (Ynglinga saga).<\/p><p><strong>\u00c0mbit d&#8217;actuaci\u00f3<\/strong><\/p><p>Dormitoris, estables. Certes nits (dies frontera, nits de dijous) es consideren especialment prop\u00edcies a la seva aparici\u00f3. Segons la creen\u00e7a popular, les persones amb circulaci\u00f3 feble, despr\u00e9s de menjars pesats o dormint de panxa enlaire s\u00f3n m\u00e9s vulnerables.<\/p><p><strong>Classificaci\u00f3 mitol\u00f2gica<\/strong><\/p><p>D&#8217;origen protogerm\u00e0nic. Possiblement relacionada amb la idea d&#8217;una \u00e0nima errant (<em>mara<\/em> com a figura an\u00edmica femenina desdoblada que vaga de nit). En la tradici\u00f3 eslava hi ha figures molt properes (Mora, Mura).<\/p><p><strong>Aparen\u00e7a i simbolisme<\/strong><\/p><p>Les Mahr es descriuen com ombres crepusculars que s&#8217;asseuen sobre les persones adormides. De vegades apareixen com a \u00e9ssers \u00e8lfics. L&#8217;Alb pot adoptar forma animal, cavall, ocell o gat. L&#8217;opressi\u00f3 i la par\u00e0lisi respirat\u00f2ria s\u00f3n els seus trets distintius. Es creu que el ferro protegeix contra ella.<\/p><div><p><strong>Bruixeria i tradici\u00f3 popular a l&#8217;edat moderna<\/strong><\/p><p>En l&#8217;\u00e0mbit de parla alemanya dels segles XVI al XVIII, la Mahr estava estretament lligada a la bruixeria. Les dones acusades de bruixeria eren, entre altres coses, acusades d&#8217;anar de nit com a Mahr sobre les persones adormides, de provocar malsons i de seduir homes.<\/p><p>La frontera entre una forma d&#8217;\u00e9sser demon\u00edaca i una bruixa que es transformava m\u00e0gicament en aquesta forma sovint es difuminava. Les tradicions populars parlaven de dones que podien <em>anar com a Mahr<\/em>, \u00e9s a dir, enviar la seva \u00e0nima en aquesta forma mentre el cos f\u00edsic dormia.<\/p><p><span data-nosnippet>Aquesta creen\u00e7a no es limitava a una sola regi\u00f3, sin\u00f3 que estava \u00e0mpliament estesa per tot l&#8217;\u00e0mbit de parla alemanya i Escandin\u00e0via. Jacob Grimm va documentar a la <em>Deutsche <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"El conjunt de relats sobre d\u00e9us transmesos per una cultura.\" tabindex=\"0\">Mythologie<\/span><\/em> (1835) centenars de relats sobre la Mahr provinents de diverses regions, i va mostrar que la tradici\u00f3 de la Mahr era m\u00e9s antiga i estava m\u00e9s estesa del que l&#8217;atenci\u00f3 acad\u00e8mica de l&#8217;\u00e8poca suggeria.<\/span><\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-44e71476 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"44e71476\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3c1fc3f0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3c1fc3f0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Fitxa: Mahr<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-84f33b8e e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"84f33b8e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-hqkdc67p elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"hqkdc67p\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Els aspectes m\u00e9s importants de la Mahr d&#8217;un cop d&#8217;ull.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c5 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c1 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-qh9oavvu iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"qh9oavvu\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-awzx8k2k elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"awzx8k2k\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Context cultural<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-x6rowhv0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"x6rowhv0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Estrat protogerm\u00e0nic; possiblement una figura an\u00edmica femenina errant. Conservada ling\u00fc\u00edsticament fins avui en \u00abnightmare\u00bb i \u00abcauchemar\u00bb.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8e3o4kxs iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"8e3o4kxs\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-08rkdgov elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"08rkdgov\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Destinataris<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-uwjelx8s elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"uwjelx8s\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Persones adormides (de panxa enlaire, despr\u00e9s de menjars pesats), cavalls a l&#8217;estable. Certes nits frontera s\u00f3n especialment prop\u00edcies.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-jm2n74ec iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"jm2n74ec\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8vufse4c elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"8vufse4c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Aparen\u00e7a de la Mahr<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-mwb9u015 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"mwb9u015\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Femenina, petita, cabells llargs i embullats. Capa\u00e7 de transformar-se en animal (gat, aranya). Regionalment, dona bella o vella.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c2 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c2\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-37ss2yr6 iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"37ss2yr6\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3v0wp3wx elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3v0wp3wx\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Funci\u00f3<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-w3247g2m elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"w3247g2m\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Oprimeix, roba l&#8217;al\u00e8, provoca malsons. \u00abMunta\u00bb cavalls. Pot ser letal en la <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"La transmissi\u00f3 de coneixements i relats a trav\u00e9s de generacions.\" tabindex=\"0\">tradici\u00f3<\/span> liter\u00e0ria (Ynglinga saga).<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0qpjal9w iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"0qpjal9w\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6ndoih0o elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6ndoih0o\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Protecci\u00f3<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6684tyh9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6684tyh9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Com amb l&#8217;Alb: peu de bruixa, sabates girades del rev\u00e9s al peu del llit, ganivet sota el coix\u00ed. A m\u00e9s: llibre de cants o salteri sota el coix\u00ed, senyal de la creu en ajeure&#8217;s.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3lfi7x32 iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3lfi7x32\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0kg99ga1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"0kg99ga1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Elements comparables<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-n0fum6kp elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"n0fum6kp\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Alb (parent proper), Mora\/Mura eslaves, <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/lilu-i-lilitu\/\">Lil\u016b i Lil\u012btu<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/?page_id=171360\">Lilith<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/empusa\/\">Empusa<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/striga\/\">Striga<\/a>.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7533bc7a e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"7533bc7a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2447d18d elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2447d18d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Defensa i interpretaci\u00f3<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d5d0260c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d5d0260c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-341be2ac elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"341be2ac\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Pr\u00e0ctica defensiva<\/strong><\/p><p>Id\u00e8ntica a la defensa contra l&#8217;Alb: peu de bruixa, sabates girades del rev\u00e9s, ganivet sota el coix\u00ed, salteri o B\u00edblia sota el cap. Regionalment: una escombra amb les pues cap amunt a la cantonada, un ninot de palla a l&#8217;estable.<\/p><p><strong>Protecci\u00f3 dels cavalls<\/strong><\/p><p>A l&#8217;estable, contra el \u00abmuntar\u00bb de la Mahr: mirall per a l&#8217;Alb (un tros de mirall al coll del cavall), amulets bene\u00efts, un fanal enc\u00e8s a l&#8217;estable. Les crineres embullades al mat\u00ed es consideraven un senyal clar d&#8217;una visita de la Mahr.<\/p><p><strong>Interpretaci\u00f3 moderna<\/strong><\/p><p>Igual que l&#8217;Alb, avui la Mahr s&#8217;ent\u00e9n com un fenomen de <a class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/?page_id=171640\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Estat de vig\u00edlia amb atonia muscular REM; interpretat arreu del m\u00f3n com una experi\u00e8ncia fantasmal (Mahr, Old Hag, Kanashibari), explicable neurol\u00f2gicament.\" style=\"color:inherit;text-decoration:none\">par\u00e0lisi del son<\/a>. La recerca folkl\u00f2rica (David Hufford, entre altres) ha demostrat que la fenomenologia de l&#8217;experi\u00e8ncia \u00e9s estable interculturalment: les imatges mitol\u00f2giques varien, per\u00f2 l&#8217;experi\u00e8ncia es mant\u00e9.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5a584676 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"5a584676\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6d0757bf elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6d0757bf\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Paral\u00b7lelismes i recepci\u00f3<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-60563f68 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"60563f68\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5a93fdd6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5a93fdd6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<footer class=\"iwg-literatur\"><p><strong>Paral\u00b7lelismes pangerm\u00e0nics i eslaus<\/strong><\/p><p>Alp en l&#8217;\u00e0mbit de parla alemanya, <em>mare<\/em> en angl\u00e8s, <em>mara<\/em> en l&#8217;\u00e0mbit n\u00f2rdic, <em>mora<\/em>\/<em>mura<\/em> en l&#8217;\u00e0mbit eslau. Tots apunten a un estrat com\u00fa indoeuropeu, o fins i tot anterior.<\/p><p><strong>Paral\u00b7lelismes de l&#8217;<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"\u00c8poca de la cultura grega i romana, aproximadament entre el 800 aC i el 600 dC.\" tabindex=\"0\">Antiguitat<\/span><\/strong><\/p><p><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/lilu-i-lilitu\/\">Lil\u016b i Lil\u012btu<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/?page_id=171360\">Lilith<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/empusa\/\">Empusa<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/striga\/\">Striga<\/a> comparteixen estructura i funci\u00f3 amb la Mahr. La figura nocturna femenina que oprimeix els dorments \u00e9s un <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un element de contingut recurrent en l'art o la narrativa.\" tabindex=\"0\">motiu<\/span> est\u00e8s arreu del m\u00f3n.<\/p><p><strong>Recepci\u00f3<\/strong><\/p><p><em>Nachtmahr<\/em> de F\u00fcssli (1781) \u00e9s la representaci\u00f3 pict\u00f2rica m\u00e9s coneguda. La l\u00edrica de Heine i l&#8217;Erlk\u00f6nig de Goethe reelaboren aquest <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un element de contingut recurrent en l'art o la narrativa.\" tabindex=\"0\">motiu<\/span>. La literatura i el cinema d&#8217;horror moderns recorren sovint a aquesta figura.<\/p><p><strong>Perviv\u00e8ncia i recepci\u00f3:<\/strong> la tradici\u00f3 de la Mahr sobreviu en el <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Sistema religi\u00f3s en el qual uns especialistes es comuniquen amb el m\u00f3n dels esperits.\" tabindex=\"0\">xamanisme<\/span> modern. Alguns fen\u00f2mens de malsons s&#8217;hi relacionen. En la psicologia occidental, l&#8217;alp \u00e9s un fenomen transcultural. En la fantasia, les Mahr solen ser trapelles amb aparen\u00e7a d&#8217;elfs. La cultura de l&#8217;Alp continua viva a Baviera.<\/p><div data-nosnippet=\"true\" class=\"iwg-litliste\"><\/div><\/footer><div><p><strong>Naturalesa f\u00edsica i demon\u00edaca de la Mahr<\/strong><\/p><p>Un <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un element de contingut recurrent en l'art o la narrativa.\" tabindex=\"0\">motiu<\/span> recurrent en els relats \u00e9s la pres\u00e8ncia f\u00edsica ambivalent de la Mahr. Algunes narracions parlen d&#8217;un \u00e9sser tangible, una dona esprimatxada amb ungles llargues i cara p\u00e0l\u00b7lida, que fa moviments d&#8217;ofegament.<\/p><p>Altres relats apunten m\u00e9s cap a una pres\u00e8ncia espiritual o fuga\u00e7, una mena de forma interioritzada de la por que s&#8217;escapa de l&#8217;objectivaci\u00f3 f\u00edsica. Aquesta ambival\u00e8ncia fa que la Mahr no sigui completament espiritual ni completament corporal, sin\u00f3 que se situa al l\u00edmit entre ambdues coses.<\/p><p>La q\u00fcesti\u00f3 de si cal entendre la Mahr com un \u00e9sser demon\u00edac, com una projecci\u00f3 de la por humana o com a conseq\u00fc\u00e8ncia d&#8217;un trastorn del son m\u00e8dic ha rebut respostes diverses en la folklor\u00edstica. La <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"La ci\u00e8ncia que estudia les religions de manera comparativa i sense vincle de fe.\" tabindex=\"0\">ci\u00e8ncia de la religi\u00f3<\/span> actual reconeix aquesta ambival\u00e8ncia sense resoldre-la, i tracta la Mahr com un producte cultural amb funcions socials i psicol\u00f2giques reals.<\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpf76f55e e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cpf76f55e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp607ca10 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp607ca10\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">La Mahr i el mot europeu per al malson<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpee16b4c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cpee16b4c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp91fe14d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp91fe14d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>La <em>Mahr<\/em> \u00e9s, des del punt de vista ling\u00fc\u00edstic, un dels \u00e9ssers espirituals m\u00e9s influents de la <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"La transmissi\u00f3 de coneixements i relats al llarg de generacions.\" tabindex=\"0\">tradici\u00f3<\/span> germ\u00e0nica. El seu nom apareix a l&#8217;angl\u00e8s <em>nightmare<\/em>, al franc\u00e8s <em>cauchemar<\/em> i en diverses altres paraules europees per al malson. Aquests rastres mostren que la idea d&#8217;un esperit opressiu femen\u00ed que assetja el dorment durant la nit va estar molt estesa a l&#8217;Europa occidental i t\u00e9 arrels profundes.<\/p><p>La fam\u00edlia de mots est\u00e0 ben documentada en les lleng\u00fces germ\u00e0niques: en alt alemany antic, en angl\u00e8s antic com a <em>m\u00e6re<\/em>, en n\u00f2rdic antic com a <em>mara<\/em>. La literatura noroccidental antiga cont\u00e9 una narraci\u00f3 colpidora a la <em>Ynglinga saga<\/em> de Snorri Sturluson: el rei Vanlandi \u00e9s aixafat fins a la mort per una <em>mara<\/em>, que primer li trepitja les cames i despr\u00e9s el cap.<\/p><p>Aquest passatge \u00e9s un dels testimonis literaris m\u00e9s antics i extensos d&#8217;aquesta idea i mostra que, ja a l&#8217;edat mitjana, la Mahr podia concebre&#8217;s com una amena\u00e7a mortal.<\/p><p>La recerca ling\u00fc\u00edstica ha proposat diverses interpretacions de l&#8217;arrel, entre d&#8217;altres una connexi\u00f3 amb un verb amb el sentit de \u00abesmicolar\u00bb o \u00abaixafar\u00bb, que s&#8217;ajustaria b\u00e9 a la funci\u00f3 de l&#8217;esperit opressiu. No existeix una etimologia del tot certa, per\u00f2 s\u00ed que \u00e9s segur el gran abast geogr\u00e0fic i temporal del mot.<\/p><p>La Mahr \u00e9s, doncs, un exemple de com un \u00e9sser espiritual pot exercir, a trav\u00e9s de la llengua, una influ\u00e8ncia que supera de llarg el seu rerefons de creen\u00e7a original. Qui avui parla d&#8217;un malson utilitza, sense saber-ho, el nom d&#8217;un antic esperit opressiu.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp599ff74 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp599ff74\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpcaa6cd3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cpcaa6cd3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">La Mahr entre \u00e9sser espiritual i \u00e0nima enviada<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp5ca891c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp5ca891c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp888ab8f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp888ab8f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>La <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"La transmissi\u00f3 de coneixements i relats al llarg de generacions.\" tabindex=\"0\">tradici\u00f3<\/span> popular sobre la Mahr no \u00e9s uniforme, sin\u00f3 que combina dos models explicatius diferents. Segons un, la Mahr \u00e9s un \u00e9sser espiritual propi, que ve de fora i oprimeix el dorment.<\/p><p>Segons l&#8217;altre, la Mahr \u00e9s l&#8217;\u00e0nima enviada, o la voluntat enviada, d&#8217;una persona viva. En aquesta segona interpretaci\u00f3, una persona atormenta durant el son, sovint sense saber-ho ella mateixa, una altra persona, ja que una part d&#8217;ella abandona el cos i vaga com una Mahr.<\/p><p>D&#8217;aquesta segona idea van sorgir patrons narratius concrets. Un tipus de relat est\u00e8s explica que la Mahr entra a l&#8217;habitaci\u00f3 on es dorm per una petita obertura, per exemple un forat de nus a la fusta. Si es tapa l&#8217;obertura, no pot tornar a sortir i queda atrapada.<\/p><p>Al mat\u00ed es troba en aquest lloc una persona, sovint una dona, que resulta ser la Mahr desemmascarada. En algunes versions, l&#8217;home es casa amb aquesta dona, per\u00f2 tan bon punt es torna a obrir l&#8217;obertura que abans havia estat tapada, ella desapareix pel mateix cam\u00ed.<\/p><p>Aquests relats vinculen estretament la Mahr amb la creen\u00e7a en bruixes i amb les idees sobre l&#8217;\u00e0nima que es pot despla\u00e7ar lliurement. La investigaci\u00f3 religiosa i folkl\u00f2rica hi veu la conflu\u00e8ncia de diverses capes: una antiga idea de l&#8217;esperit opressiu nocturn, una idea de l&#8217;\u00e0nima enviada i la creen\u00e7a en bruixes de l&#8217;edat moderna.<\/p><p>Per aix\u00f2, la Mahr no \u00e9s un \u00e9sser clarament delimitat amb una biografia fixa, sin\u00f3 un punt de conflu\u00e8ncia on es creuen diverses creences. Precisament aquesta multiplicitat de capes la fa tan fecunda per a l&#8217;estudi de la creen\u00e7a popular en esperits.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpaac957d e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cpaac957d\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp91fb037 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp91fb037\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Les v\u00edctimes muntades: Mahr, animal i persona<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp75a2800 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp75a2800\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpa41a19d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cpa41a19d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Un vessant propi de la <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"La transmissi\u00f3 de coneixements i relats al llarg de generacions.\" tabindex=\"0\">tradici\u00f3<\/span> sobre la Mahr no fa refer\u00e8ncia als humans, sin\u00f3 al bestiar. En bona part de l&#8217;\u00e0mbit ling\u00fc\u00edstic alemany i a Escandin\u00e0via, la Mahr tamb\u00e9 era considerada una plaga dels cavalls.<\/p><p>Un cavall que es trobava al mat\u00ed a l&#8217;estable esgotat, suat i amb la crinera embullada es considerava muntat per la Mahr. Els flocs enredats i embullats de la crinera es coneixien com a <em>r\u00ednxols de Mahr<\/em> o amb termes similars, i s&#8217;interpretaven com a prova visible de la visita nocturna.<\/p><p>Aquesta idea explica una observaci\u00f3 agr\u00edcola real: els cavalls poden efectivament quedar suats i amb la crinera embullada durant la nit, sigui per malaltia, per inquietud o per par\u00e0sits.<\/p><p>En el marc de la creen\u00e7a en la Mahr, aquesta observaci\u00f3 es convertia en la confirmaci\u00f3 de la visita d&#8217;un esperit. D&#8217;aix\u00f2 se&#8217;n derivaven mesures de protecci\u00f3 a l&#8217;estable: es penjaven certs objectes, es gravaven signes a la fusta o es confiava en plantes protectores per mantenir la Mahr allunyada.<\/p><p>El terme que designava la crinera embullada fins i tot va poder-se traslladar, en algunes regions, a una manifestaci\u00f3 humana: els cabells molt embullats i impossibles de desfer. La recerca folkl\u00f2rica ha documentat b\u00e9 aquest trasllat de la idea de la Mahr, de l&#8217;habitaci\u00f3 al dormitori a l&#8217;estable i de l&#8217;experi\u00e8ncia de la par\u00e0lisi del son a l&#8217;observaci\u00f3 sobre l&#8217;animal.<\/p><p>Aix\u00f2 mostra clarament com un esquema explicatiu ja establert s&#8217;est\u00e9n a fen\u00f2mens sempre nous. El que la Mahr explicava origin\u00e0riament era l&#8217;angoixa nocturna d&#8217;ofegament de l&#8217;\u00e9sser hum\u00e0. El que explicava addicionalment era una s\u00e8rie d&#8217;altres observacions cridaneres i inexplicades que es podien encabir en el mateix esquema interpretatiu.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-36dd7469 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"36dd7469\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-13760ab4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"13760ab4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Enlla\u00e7os relacionats<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-28c87796 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"28c87796\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5d6538df elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5d6538df\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Enlla\u00e7os interns recomanats:<\/p><ul><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/?page_id=171366\">Germ\u00e0nic<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/?page_id=171379\">Alp<\/a> (parentiu m\u00e9s estret), <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/?page_id=171380\">Draugr<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/?page_id=171381\">Nix<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/?page_id=171382\">Troll<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/lilu-i-lilitu\/\">Lil\u016b i Lil\u012btu<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/?page_id=171360\">Lilith<\/a><\/li><li><a class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/?page_id=171640\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Estat de vig\u00edlia amb atonia muscular REM; interpretat arreu del m\u00f3n com a experi\u00e8ncia espiritual (Mahr, Old Hag, Kanashibari), tot i tenir una explicaci\u00f3 neurol\u00f2gica.\" style=\"color:inherit;text-decoration:none\">Par\u00e0lisi del son<\/a>, recerca sobre<\/li><li>F\u00fcssli, \u00abEl malson\u00bb<\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-grl4kl40 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"grl4kl40\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bzsbfrmh elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"bzsbfrmh\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Bibliografia (selecci\u00f3)<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2c13224a e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"2c13224a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0eymh9ub elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"0eymh9ub\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<footer class=\"iwg-literatur\" data-nosnippet=\"true\"><p>Una selecci\u00f3 de treballs centrals sobre la Mahr:<\/p><ul><li><span data-nosnippet>Hufford, David J.: <em><a href=\"https:\/\/www.pennpress.org\/9780812213058\/the-terror-that-comes-in-the-night\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">The Terror That Comes in the Night<\/a><\/em>. Filad\u00e8lfia 1982.<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Roscher, Wilhelm Heinrich: <em>Ephialtes<\/em>. Leipzig 1900.<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Grimm, Jacob: <em><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deutsche_Mythologie\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Deutsche Mythologie<\/a><\/em>. Berl\u00edn 1875, 78.<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Kvideland, Reimund \/ Sehmsdorf, Henning: <em>Scandinavian Folk Belief and Legend<\/em>. Minneapolis 1988.<\/span><\/li><\/ul><\/footer>\n<p class=\"iwg-bib-more\"><span data-nosnippet>M\u00e9s obres de refer\u00e8ncia al <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/?page_id=171483\">llistat bibliogr\u00e0fic<\/a>.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgca-mahr-sec e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgca-mahr-sec\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" id=\"iwg-ca-mahr\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgca-mahr-te iwg-ca-textwrap elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgca-mahr-te\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-nosnippet=\"true\"><p class=\"iwg-ca-bridge\">La pr\u00e0ctica de protecci\u00f3 descrita aqu\u00ed \u00e9s una classificaci\u00f3 de tradicions hist\u00f2riques des de la perspectiva de la ci\u00e8ncia de les religions. iWell Guard s&#8217;inspira en aquesta l\u00ednia cultural i hist\u00f2rica d&#8217;objectes de protecci\u00f3 portables i n&#8217;\u00e9s una forma contempor\u00e0nia. <a href=\"\/ueber-iwell-guard\/?utm_source=iwell-guard.com&#038;utm_medium=text-link&#038;utm_campaign=schadwesen-tradition\">M\u00e9s informaci\u00f3 sobre l&#8217;iWell Guard \u2192<\/a><\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":1681,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"elementor_header_footer","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_focuskw":"Mahr","_yoast_wpseo_title":"Mahr - La opressora nocturna femenina","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"Mahr, opressora nocturna femenina de la tradici\u00f3 germ\u00e0nica. Figura ancestral conservada ling\u00fc\u00edsticament, relacionada amb l'opressi\u00f3 nocturna i el malson.","_yoast_wpseo_meta-robots-noindex":"","_yoast_wpseo_canonical":"","_angie_page":false,"gefaehrdungsstufe":"3","wesen_kultur":"germanisch","wesen_klasse":"geister","footnotes":""},"categories":[],"class_list":["post-171383","page","type-page","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v27.7 (Yoast SEO v28.3) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Mahr - La opressora nocturna femenina<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Mahr, opressora nocturna femenina de la tradici\u00f3 germ\u00e0nica. 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