{"id":171382,"date":"2026-09-05T15:38:55","date_gmt":"2026-09-05T15:38:55","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/?page_id=171382"},"modified":"2026-09-05T15:56:19","modified_gmt":"2026-09-05T15:56:19","slug":"troll","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/troll\/","title":{"rendered":"Troll"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"171382\" class=\"elementor elementor-171382 elementor-1031\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-10fdade e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"10fdade\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-herohlft0 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"herohlft0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c3ceb64 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"c3ceb64\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-96ae5e1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"96ae5e1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Troll, esperit de la tradici\u00f3 germ\u00e0nica<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e45238a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e45238a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>El troll \u00e9s un <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un \u00e9sser incorpori al qual s'atribueix efecte en el m\u00f3n.\" tabindex=\"0\">esperit<\/span> de la tradici\u00f3 germ\u00e0nica.<\/p><p><strong>\u00c9sser muntanyenc gigant\u00ed, entre el thurs de l&#8217;Edda i l&#8217;ogre del conte popular.<\/strong><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-klsbdg01 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"klsbdg01\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-klshtm01 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"klshtm01\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"iwg-pill-row\"><span class=\"iwg-klasse-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Esperit: \u00c9sser incorpori o semicorpori, difunts, \u00e9ssers de la natura, esperits dom\u00e8stics o guardians de llindars. Actua en la vida quotidiana, sovint lligat a llocs o fam\u00edlies.\">Esperit<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/?page_id=171366\" class=\"iwg-kultur-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"M\u00f3n precristi\u00e0 de d\u00e9us i esperits del nord i centre d'Europa.\">Germ\u00e0nic<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/?page_id=171454\" class=\"iwg-tradition-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"\u00c9ssers humans-animals amb capacitat de transformaci\u00f3, licantr\u00f2pics, amb forma de guineu, ocell o serp.\">Metamorfs<\/a><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3f74855 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3f74855\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1c30362 elementor-toc--minimized-on-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-table-of-contents\" data-id=\"1c30362\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;exclude_headings_by_selector&quot;:[],&quot;no_headings_message&quot;:&quot;No s&#039;ha trobat cap encap\\u00e7alament en aquesta p\\u00e0gina.&quot;,&quot;headings_by_tags&quot;:[&quot;h2&quot;,&quot;h3&quot;],&quot;marker_view&quot;:&quot;bullets&quot;,&quot;icon&quot;:{&quot;value&quot;:&quot;fas fa-circle&quot;,&quot;library&quot;:&quot;fa-solid&quot;,&quot;rendered_tag&quot;:&quot;&lt;svg class=\\&quot;e-font-icon-svg e-fas-circle\\&quot; viewBox=\\&quot;0 0 512 512\\&quot; xmlns=\\&quot;http:\\\/\\\/www.w3.org\\\/2000\\\/svg\\&quot;&gt;&lt;path d=\\&quot;M256 8C119 8 8 119 8 256s111 248 248 248 248-111 248-248S393 8 256 8z\\&quot;&gt;&lt;\\\/path&gt;&lt;\\\/svg&gt;&quot;},&quot;minimize_box&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;minimized_on&quot;:&quot;tablet&quot;,&quot;hierarchical_view&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;min_height&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"table-of-contents.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__header\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-toc__header-title\">\n\t\t\t\t\u00cdndex\t\t\t<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--expand\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__1c30362\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Open table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-down\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M207.029 381.476L12.686 187.132c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941l22.667-22.667c9.357-9.357 24.522-9.375 33.901-.04L224 284.505l154.745-154.021c9.379-9.335 24.544-9.317 33.901.04l22.667 22.667c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941L240.971 381.476c-9.373 9.372-24.569 9.372-33.942 0z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--collapse\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__1c30362\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Close table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-up\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M240.971 130.524l194.343 194.343c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941l-22.667 22.667c-9.357 9.357-24.522 9.375-33.901.04L224 227.495 69.255 381.516c-9.379 9.335-24.544 9.317-33.901-.04l-22.667-22.667c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941L207.03 130.525c9.372-9.373 24.568-9.373 33.941-.001z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-toc__1c30362\" class=\"elementor-toc__body\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__spinner-container\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg class=\"elementor-toc__spinner eicon-animation-spin e-font-icon-svg e-eicon-loading\" aria-hidden=\"true\" viewBox=\"0 0 1000 1000\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M500 975V858C696 858 858 696 858 500S696 142 500 142 142 304 142 500H25C25 237 238 25 500 25S975 237 975 500 763 975 500 975Z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-herorght0 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"herorght0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-heroimg00 iwg-hero-image elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"heroimg00\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"683\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/geister_germanisch_troll-683x1024.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-1570\" alt=\"Troll\" srcset=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/geister_germanisch_troll-683x1024.webp 683w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/geister_germanisch_troll-200x300.webp 200w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/geister_germanisch_troll-768x1152.webp 768w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/geister_germanisch_troll.webp 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 683px) 100vw, 683px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-32917199 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"32917199\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-26e916cb e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"26e916cb\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-253a40d4 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"253a40d4\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1200c304 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1200c304\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Troll<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-11758e7f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"11758e7f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>El troll \u00e9s una de les figures m\u00e9s complexes de la tradici\u00f3 n\u00f2rdica. Origin\u00e0riament t\u00e9 un abast molt ampli (en n\u00f2rdic antic <em>troll<\/em> pot significar simplement \u00ab\u00e9sser m\u00e0gic\u00bb), per\u00f2 el terme es va restringint en els contes populars i la literatura fins a designar l&#8217;habitant gigant\u00ed de muntanyes i boscos: est\u00fapid o astut, generalment perill\u00f3s, de vegades c\u00f2mic.<\/p><p>Habita coves, muntanyes, boscos remots, segresta persones, robaria n\u00favies, custodia tresors i es converteix en pedra amb la llum del sol.<\/p><p>Al darrere hi ha els j\u00f6tnar i els thursar de l&#8217;Edda, gigants m\u00edtics que s&#8217;oposen als d\u00e9us. En la tradici\u00f3 popular escandinava aquests es fusionen amb esperits regionals de muntanya i bosc per formar el troll dels contes populars, recollit en les col\u00b7leccions de sagues noruegues d&#8217;Asbj\u00f8rnsen i Moe, en el <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"La cultura popular transmesa amb costums, narracions i can\u00e7ons.\" tabindex=\"0\">folklore<\/span> island\u00e8s, i en els contes finlandesos. La literatura fant\u00e0stica moderna (Tolkien, Rowling, Pratchett) ha fet con\u00e8ixer la imatge del troll a tot el m\u00f3n.<\/p><div><p><strong>Fills de troll i trolls de muntanya a l&#8217;Edda i les sagues<\/strong><\/p><p>Snorri Sturluson descriu a la <em>Edda prosaica<\/em> (cap al 1220), especialment a la <em>Sk\u00e1ldskaparm\u00e1l<\/em> (llenguatge dels poetes), dues categories diferents de trolls. Uns es representen com a habitants de muntanya, grans, poderosos i est\u00fapids, enemics dels humans i dels d\u00e9us. Els altres, m\u00e9s petits i \u00e0gils, apareixen en contextos de m\u00e0gia i transformaci\u00f3.<\/p><p>Aquesta diferenciaci\u00f3 va permetre m\u00e9s tard classificar en categories diferents diverses observacions i tradicions sobre trolls. La Sk\u00e1ldskaparm\u00e1l tracta tamb\u00e9 els trolls com a met\u00e0fora po\u00e8tica, cosa que suggereix una elaboraci\u00f3 culta i no nom\u00e9s una tradici\u00f3 popular pura.<\/p><p>A les sagues islandeses (Heimskringla, Saga d&#8217;Egil, Saga de Grettir) els trolls apareixen com una for\u00e7a ca\u00f2tica que entra en conflicte amb humans i d\u00e9us, per\u00f2 rarament porten el pes de la trama principal. La seva pres\u00e8ncia funciona com a encarnaci\u00f3 de la salvatgia o de l&#8217;Altre M\u00f3n, una funci\u00f3 de senyal dins del m\u00f3n narratiu m\u00e9s que un tipus de personatge plenament desenvolupat.<\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-159dcf9a e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"159dcf9a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-48cee66f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"48cee66f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Resum: Troll<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3f50d82c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"3f50d82c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Tipus:<\/strong> \u00c9sser gigant\u00ed de muntanya\/bosc<br>Origen: j\u00f6tnar i thursar de l&#8217;Edda, esperits regionals de muntanya<br>Textos: Edda, sagues islandeses, Asbj\u00f8rnsen &amp; Moe, Grimm, fantasia moderna<br>Per\u00edode: de l&#8217;\u00e8poca vikinga a l&#8217;actualitat<br>Defensa: llum del sol, campanes d&#8217;esgl\u00e9sia, acer, sal<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-18613602 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"18613602\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-262b8a9f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"262b8a9f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Introducci\u00f3<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-46dcb7d e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"46dcb7d\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-61d3ab3 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"61d3ab3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-117c166 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"117c166\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Per\u00edode dels textos<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-73997a0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"73997a0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Arrelat m\u00edtica en els j\u00f6tnar de l&#8217;Edda. Florent liter\u00e0riament en les sagues islandeses (Saga de B\u00e1r\u00f0ur, Saga de Grettir). Figura del conte popular en la tradici\u00f3 escandinava des de l&#8217;edat mitjana, recollida \u00e0mpliament al segle XIX (Asbj\u00f8rnsen &amp; Moe). Figura de la cultura popular moderna des de Tolkien.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d47b156 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d47b156\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ff38c2b elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"ff38c2b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">\u00c0rea de difusi\u00f3<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4e49fcc elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4e49fcc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Escandin\u00e0via, Noruega, Su\u00e8cia, Isl\u00e0ndia, com a nucli. Variants finlandeses i sami. Alemanya coneix els \u00abtrolls\u00bb sobretot a trav\u00e9s de traduccions importades de l&#8217;escandinau; els seus propis gigants de muntanya i bosc tenen altres noms.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-db03c39 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"db03c39\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-229a87b e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"229a87b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1f471fc elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1f471fc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Estat de les fonts<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-36b1201 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"36b1201\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Edda (V\u00f6lusp\u00e1, Gr\u00edmnism\u00e1l), sagues islandeses, els <em>Norske Folkeeventyr<\/em> d&#8217;Asbj\u00f8rnsen i Moe, <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ci\u00e8ncia que estudia la cultura quotidiana, els costums i les tradicions populars.\" tabindex=\"0\">folklore<\/span> escandinau i finland\u00e8s, literatura fant\u00e0stica moderna.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3ae0637c e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"3ae0637c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-31d07739 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"31d07739\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Nom<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b7642947 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"b7642947\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a086266 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a086266\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>N\u00f2rdic antic:<\/strong> <em>troll<\/em>, terme ampli per a \u00abm\u00e0gia, monstre, \u00e9sser m\u00e0gic\u00bb.<br>Termes de l&#8217;Edda: <em>j\u00f6tunn<\/em> (plural j\u00f6tnar), \u00abgigant\u00bb; <em>thurs<\/em>, \u00abmonstre\u00bb.<br>Noms moderns: troll de muntanya, troll de bosc, troldkone (dona troll), trollkunig (island\u00e8s).<br>Tolkien: els trolls com a subesp\u00e8cie del m\u00f3n dels orcs, que es converteixen en pedra amb la llum del dia.<\/p><p>La restricci\u00f3 de significat, des d&#8217;\u00e9sser m\u00e0gic general fins a gigant de muntanya concret, es produeix a la baixa edat mitjana i a l&#8217;edat moderna primerenca. En alguns textos islandesos el terme mant\u00e9 un sentit ampli, i un <em>troll<\/em> pot referir-se tamb\u00e9 a una bruixa.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-709a44a8 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"709a44a8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2f585873 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2f585873\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Caracter\u00edstiques<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-70621c12 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"70621c12\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4296eb49 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4296eb49\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Aparen\u00e7a<\/strong><\/p><p>Gegant\u00ed, sovint de diversos metres d&#8217;al\u00e7ada. Lleig, amb nas gruixut, berrugues i cabell embullat. En algunes tradicions amb diversos caps. La pell sol ser grisa o coberta de molsa, recordant les roques. En els contes noruecs sovint amb cua.<\/p><p><strong>Comportament<\/strong><\/p><p>Viu en coves i muntanyes. Perill\u00f3s per als vianants, rapta n\u00favies, segresta infants, custodia tresors. M\u00e9s est\u00fapid que els humans; en els contes populars sol ser ven\u00e7ut amb enginy. Alguns trolls entren d&#8217;amagat als pobles despr\u00e9s de la posta de sol, i si els sorpr\u00e8n la sortida del sol, es converteixen en pedra.<\/p><p><strong>\u00c0mbit d&#8217;acci\u00f3<\/strong><\/p><p>Zones muntanyoses, boscos extensos, coves solit\u00e0ries i esquerdes rocoses. Algunes formacions rocoses ic\u00f2niques de Noruega encara avui s&#8217;interpreten com a trolls petrificats (Trolltunga, Trollveggen).<\/p><p><strong>Classificaci\u00f3 mitol\u00f2gica<\/strong><\/p><p>En la <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"El conjunt de relats m\u00edtics transmesos sobre els d\u00e9us d'una cultura.\" tabindex=\"0\">mitologia<\/span> de l&#8217;Edda, els J\u00f6tnar pertanyen a les forces primig\u00e8nies anteriors als d\u00e9us. Thor n&#8217;\u00e9s el principal adversari. En la tradici\u00f3 popular, aquesta dimensi\u00f3 c\u00f2smica perd import\u00e0ncia; el troll esdev\u00e9 una criatura quotidiana de les muntanyes i els boscos.<\/p><div><p><strong>La col\u00b7lecci\u00f3 d&#8217;Asbj\u00f8rnsen i Moe i el modernisme n\u00f2rdic<\/strong><\/p><p><span data-nosnippet>Els folkloristes noruecs Peter Christen Asbj\u00f8rnsen i J\u00f8rgen Moe van publicar a partir de 1841 els seus <em>Norske Folkeeventyr<\/em> (Contes populars noruecs). La seva col\u00b7lecci\u00f3 contenia nombroses hist\u00f2ries de trolls: trolls que vigilen ponts, sedueixen persones o discuteixen amb els d\u00e9us.<\/span><\/p><p>Asbj\u00f8rnsen i Moe van perfeccionar les descripcions dels trolls i les van fer m\u00e9s accessibles narrativament. Tamb\u00e9 van documentar la variaci\u00f3 regional (trolls de fiord, trolls de muntanya, trolls de llac), la qual cosa va afavorir l&#8217;especialitzaci\u00f3 de la tradici\u00f3 del troll.<\/p><p>Aquesta col\u00b7lecci\u00f3, reeditada moltes vegades i tradu\u00efda a diverses lleng\u00fces, es va convertir en una obra can\u00f2nica per al romanticisme europeu i va establir l&#8217;est\u00e0ndard per entendre els trolls n\u00f2rdics en la literatura i la folklor\u00edstica modernes.<\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-44e71476 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"44e71476\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3c1fc3f0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3c1fc3f0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Fitxa: Troll<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-84f33b8e e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"84f33b8e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-hqkdc67p elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"hqkdc67p\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Els aspectes m\u00e9s importants del troll d&#8217;un cop d&#8217;ull.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c5 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c1 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-qh9oavvu iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"qh9oavvu\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-awzx8k2k elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"awzx8k2k\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Context cultural<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-x6rowhv0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"x6rowhv0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Els J\u00f6tnar i Thursar de l&#8217;Edda com a origen m\u00edtic. En la tradici\u00f3 popular, fusionats amb esperits regionals de muntanya i bosc.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8e3o4kxs iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"8e3o4kxs\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-08rkdgov elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"08rkdgov\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Objecte d'acci\u00f3<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-uwjelx8s elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"uwjelx8s\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Vianants, pastors, infants. N\u00favies en els contes populars. Herois que cerquen el tresor.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-jm2n74ec iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"jm2n74ec\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8vufse4c elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"8vufse4c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Aparen\u00e7a del troll<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-mwb9u015 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"mwb9u015\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Gegant\u00ed, lleig, nas gruixut, cabell embullat, de vegades diversos caps. Color de pell gris o cobert de molsa. Ocasionalment amb cua.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c2 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c2\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-37ss2yr6 iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"37ss2yr6\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3v0wp3wx elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3v0wp3wx\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Funci\u00f3<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-w3247g2m elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"w3247g2m\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Rapta, segresta, custodia tresors, aixafa. En els contes populars es ven\u00e7 amb enginy. Amb la sortida del sol perd la vida i es converteix en pedra.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0qpjal9w iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"0qpjal9w\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6ndoih0o elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6ndoih0o\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Defensa contra el troll<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6684tyh9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6684tyh9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>La llum del dia (el mitj\u00e0 de defensa principal), les campanes d&#8217;esgl\u00e9sia, l&#8217;acer. Enginy i paci\u00e8ncia; els contes populars mostren herois que entretenen el troll fins al mat\u00ed.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3lfi7x32 iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3lfi7x32\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0kg99ga1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"0kg99ga1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">\u00c9ssers relacionats<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-n0fum6kp elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"n0fum6kp\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Gigants de la <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"El conjunt de relats m\u00edtics transmesos sobre els d\u00e9us d'una cultura.\" tabindex=\"0\">mitologia<\/span> grega, ogres (contes francesos), ciclops, gigants de muntanya germ\u00e0nics, ogres en la fantasia moderna.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7533bc7a e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"7533bc7a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2447d18d elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2447d18d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Trobada i defensa<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d5d0260c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d5d0260c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-341be2ac elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"341be2ac\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>La regla de la llum di\u00fcrna<\/strong><\/p><p>La defensa m\u00e9s important \u00e9s senzilla: retenir el troll fins a la sortida del sol. En nombrosos contes populars noruecs, l&#8217;heroi fa servir el temps, endevinalles, enginy o converses llargues per mantenir el troll ocupat fins al primer raig de sol, moment en qu\u00e8 es trenca en pedra.<\/p><p><strong>Campanes, acer, sal<\/strong><\/p><p>Les campanes d&#8217;esgl\u00e9sia allunyen els trolls, per aix\u00f2 era costum fondre campanes noves per a les esgl\u00e9sies de poble. L&#8217;acer (ganivets, destrals, ferradures) crema els trolls. La sal es llan\u00e7a al foc quan se sospita que hi ha trolls a prop.<\/p><p><strong>Negociacions<\/strong><\/p><p>No tots els trolls s\u00f3n nom\u00e9s enemics. En algunes narracions es pot negociar amb ells, intercanviar coses, servir-los o rebre&#8217;n ensenyaments. Els riscos s\u00f3n alts; les recompenses (tresors, secrets) tamb\u00e9.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5a584676 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"5a584676\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6d0757bf elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6d0757bf\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Paral\u00b7lelismes i recepci\u00f3<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-60563f68 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"60563f68\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5a93fdd6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5a93fdd6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Paral\u00b7lels germ\u00e0nics i altres:<\/strong> gigants, ogres, ciclops, arreu el <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un element de contingut recurrent en l'art o la narraci\u00f3.\" tabindex=\"0\">motiu<\/span> de la criatura desmesurada, est\u00fapida i perillosa que desafia els herois. Els J\u00f6tnar de l&#8217;Edda s\u00f3n m\u00edtics, els trolls dels contes populars s\u00f3n m\u00e9s propers a la vida quotidiana.<\/p><p><strong>Tolkien i la fantasia<\/strong><\/p><p><span data-nosnippet>Tolkien (1937, <em>The Hobbit<\/em>) porta la regla noruega de la llum di\u00fcrna a la fantasia moderna. D&#8217;aqu\u00ed sorgeix el troll com a enemic est\u00e0ndard en els jocs de rol, les novel\u00b7les de fantasia i els videojocs.<\/span><\/p><p><strong>El modernisme escandinau<\/strong><\/p><p><span data-nosnippet>A Noruega, el troll continua sent una figura present en la cultura, en el turisme (records de trolls, Trollveggen), el cinema (<em>Troll Hunter<\/em>, 2010; <em>Troll<\/em>, 2022) i la literatura. La sensaci\u00f3 ambivalent de \u00abinquietant i encantador alhora\u00bb marca la construcci\u00f3 de la identitat escandinava.<\/span><\/p><div><p><strong>Funci\u00f3 social i cosmol\u00f2gica en la visi\u00f3 del m\u00f3n n\u00f2rdica<\/strong><\/p><p>En la concepci\u00f3 de les cultures n\u00f2rdiques, els trolls no eren simples monstres, sin\u00f3 un element integral de l&#8217;ordre cosmol\u00f2gic. Habitaven regions fora de la civilitzaci\u00f3 humana i representaven una for\u00e7a que no es podia assimilar, sin\u00f3 que calia respectar o t\u00e9mer.<\/p><p>La frontera entre l&#8217;espai hum\u00e0 (Midgard) i l&#8217;espai demon\u00edac (J\u00f6tunheim) sovint estava marcada per trolls. Aquesta funcionalitzaci\u00f3 distingia els trolls dels simples dimonis mal\u00e8fics que podien existir sense una ubicaci\u00f3 cosmol\u00f2gica.<\/p><p>La tradici\u00f3 del troll va romandre viva a Escandin\u00e0via, mentre que en altres parts d&#8217;Europa es va anar esvaint. Aix\u00f2 explica en part per qu\u00e8 la fantasia moderna i els renaixements culturals n\u00f2rdics tracten la figura del troll amb tanta promin\u00e8ncia; no \u00e9s una invenci\u00f3 del segle XIX, sin\u00f3 la continuaci\u00f3 hist\u00f2ricament documentada d&#8217;una tradici\u00f3 amb continu\u00eftat al llarg dels segles.<\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp8484c62 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp8484c62\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp925f628 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp925f628\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">El troll en la tradici\u00f3 n\u00f2rdica antiga<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp0b5733e e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp0b5733e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpf977c07 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cpf977c07\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>La paraula n\u00f2rdica antiga <em>troll<\/em> est\u00e0 ben documentada en la literatura medieval d&#8217;Isl\u00e0ndia i Escandin\u00e0via, per\u00f2 el seu significat \u00e9s all\u00e0 m\u00e9s ampli i imprec\u00eds que en l&#8217;\u00fas modern.<\/p><p>En les sagues i en la poesia \u00e8ddica, <em>troll<\/em> no designa un tipus d&#8217;\u00e9sser clarament definit, sin\u00f3 tota una gamma d&#8217;\u00e9ssers sobrenaturals perillosos. Pot referir-se a un gigant, a un monstre, a un mort que torna d&#8217;entre els difunts o, en general, a un \u00e9sser m\u00e0gic i mal\u00e8vol. Tamb\u00e9 la paraula relacionada <em>trolld\u00f3mr<\/em> significa simplement bruixeria.<\/p><p>En les <em>\u00cdslendingas\u00f6gur<\/em>, les sagues dels islandesos, els \u00e9ssers de tipus troll apareixen sobretot com una amena\u00e7a als l\u00edmits del m\u00f3n habitat: a les muntanyes, en valls intransitables, a la costa.<\/p><p>Un grup particular el formen les <em>tr\u00f6llkonur<\/em>, les dones-troll, que apareixen en diverses sagues i en versos esc\u00e0ldics. La <em>Grettis saga<\/em> cont\u00e9 un episodi fam\u00f3s en qu\u00e8 l&#8217;heroi bandejat Grettir lluita contra una d&#8217;aquestes dones-troll i contra una altra criatura maligna.<\/p><p>La recerca sobre la literatura n\u00f2rdica antiga subratlla que els textos medievals no ofereixen una <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"El conjunt de relats transmesos sobre d\u00e9us d'una cultura.\" tabindex=\"0\">mitologia<\/span> sistem\u00e0tica dels trolls. <em>Troll<\/em> \u00e9s m\u00e9s b\u00e9 un terme gen\u00e8ric per a l&#8217;Altre, per all\u00f2 inquietant, que es troba fora de l&#8217;ordre hum\u00e0 i div\u00ed.<\/p><p>La imatge tancada i concreta del troll de la rondalla popular posterior, i encara m\u00e9s de la literatura infantil moderna, \u00e9s un desenvolupament tard\u00e0. Qui vulgui abordar el troll des de la perspectiva de la hist\u00f2ria de les religions ha d&#8217;acceptar aquesta imprecisi\u00f3 de les fonts m\u00e9s antigues i no pot projectar la imatge moderna sobre les sagues.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp8ba61c4 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp8ba61c4\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpec6ae86 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cpec6ae86\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Els trolls en la rondalla popular escandinava<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp48dcc90 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp48dcc90\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp07b663b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp07b663b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>La imatge concreta del troll que coneixem avui es va formar sobretot en la rondalla popular posterior a l&#8217;edat mitjana i va ser recollida al segle XIX per diversos folkloristes. A Noruega, Peter Christen Asbj\u00f8rnsen i J\u00f8rgen Moe van dur a terme una important tasca de recopilaci\u00f3 amb els seus <em>Norske Folkeeventyr<\/em>, mentre que a Su\u00e8cia diversos folkloristes van reunir materials semblants. En aquesta <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"La transmissi\u00f3 de coneixements i relats al llarg de generacions.\" tabindex=\"0\">tradici\u00f3<\/span> m\u00e9s recent, el troll adquireix contorns m\u00e9s definits.<\/p><p>Ara se&#8217;l representa sobretot com un \u00e9sser que viu a les muntanyes, entre roques o en turons, cepat, fort, sovint est\u00fapid i que els humans poden enganyar amb facilitat. Motius recurrents s\u00f3n la seva aversi\u00f3 al soroll, especialment a les campanes de les esgl\u00e9sies, el fet de viure sota ponts, la seva riquesa en bestiar i tresors, i, en algunes tradicions, la idea que la llum del sol el converteix en pedra.<\/p><p>Aquest darrer <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un element recurrent de contingut en l'art o en la narraci\u00f3.\" tabindex=\"0\">motiu<\/span> t\u00e9 un precedent antic: ja en la poesia \u00e8ddica, el nan Alv\u00edss es converteix en pedra en ser sorpr\u00e8s pel sol naixent.<\/p><p>Des del punt de vista folkl\u00f2ric, les llegendes de trolls complien diverses funcions. Explicaven formes peculiars del paisatge, com roques amb formes estranyes interpretades com a trolls petrificats. Marcaven el l\u00edmit entre el territori cultivat i el territori salvatge, i advertien dels perills dels paratges deshabitats. I, a trav\u00e9s de la narraci\u00f3, tractaven la trobada amb all\u00f2 estrany.<\/p><p>Un tipus narratiu molt est\u00e8s \u00e9s el d&#8217;humans que els trolls s&#8217;emporten dins la muntanya, un <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un element recurrent de contingut en l'art o en la narraci\u00f3.\" tabindex=\"0\">motiu<\/span> estretament relacionat amb les creences sobre el m\u00f3n subterrani i els \u00e9ssers de la natura. La recerca en hist\u00f2ria de les religions veu en aquest corpus narratiu menys un sistema de creences que un repertori flexible amb el qual les comunitats rurals interpretaven el seu entorn i les seves pors.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpd5d270c e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cpd5d270c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp9000042 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp9000042\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">De ser espant\u00f3s a personatge de conte infantil<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpa6e0daa e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cpa6e0daa\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpa7f65d7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cpa7f65d7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>La hist\u00f2ria de la recepci\u00f3 del troll als segles XIX i XX \u00e9s un exemple exemplar del canvi de significat d&#8217;un esperit. El punt de partida va ser la revaloritzaci\u00f3 nacionalrom\u00e0ntica de la tradici\u00f3 popular a Escandin\u00e0via. El troll va passar de ser una pura figura terror\u00edfica a convertir-se en un element d&#8217;identitat nacional i d&#8217;inspiraci\u00f3 art\u00edstica.<\/p><p>El pintor suec John Bauer va marcar, amb les seves il\u00b7lustracions per a l&#8217;antologia <em>Bland tomtar och troll<\/em>, a principis del segle XX, una imatge influent del troll robust, nu\u00f3s i que viu al bosc.<\/p><p>Al llarg del segle XX, aquesta imatge es va despla\u00e7ar encara m\u00e9s cap a un car\u00e0cter amable i adequat per als infants. L&#8217;escriptora finlandesa d&#8217;expressi\u00f3 sueca Tove Jansson va crear amb els <em>Mumins<\/em> \u00e9ssers-troll rodanxons i de bon car\u00e0cter, que gaireb\u00e9 no tenen res en com\u00fa amb el troll amena\u00e7ador de les sagues.<\/p><p>A la ind\u00fastria del joguet i de l&#8217;entreteniment, el troll es va convertir en una figura inn\u00f2cua i sovint entendridora. Paral\u00b7lelament, en la literatura fant\u00e0stica, influ\u00efda per les obres de J. R. R. Tolkien, va perviure tamb\u00e9 la imatge del troll gran, est\u00fapid i perill\u00f3s.<\/p><p>Per a l&#8217;estudi acad\u00e8mic, aquest canvi \u00e9s revelador perqu\u00e8 mostra com un \u00e9sser pot perdre la seva funci\u00f3 i adquirir-ne de noves. El troll de les sagues estava lligat a pors concretes i a un paisatge determinat.<\/p><p>El troll modern s&#8217;ha alliberat d&#8217;aquesta ancoratge i pot encarnar, segons les necessitats, all\u00f2 entendridor, all\u00f2 c\u00f2mic o all\u00f2 monstru\u00f3s. La paraula sueca <em>troll<\/em> ha recuperat aix\u00ed, d&#8217;una manera nova, la seva antiga amplitud de significat: avui designa gaireb\u00e9 tot all\u00f2 que una narraci\u00f3 requereix d&#8217;ell en cada moment.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-36dd7469 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"36dd7469\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-13760ab4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"13760ab4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Enlla\u00e7os relacionats<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-28c87796 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"28c87796\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5d6538df elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5d6538df\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<footer class=\"iwg-literatur\" data-nosnippet=\"true\"><p>Enlla\u00e7os interns recomanats:<\/p><ul><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/?page_id=171366\">Germ\u00e0nic<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/?page_id=171379\">Alp<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/?page_id=171380\">Draugr<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/?page_id=171381\">Nix<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/?page_id=171383\">Mahr<\/a><\/li><li>J\u00f6tnar de l&#8217;Edda i <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"El conjunt de relats transmesos sobre d\u00e9us d'una cultura.\" tabindex=\"0\">mitologia<\/span> n\u00f2rdica<\/li><li>Tolkien i la fantasia moderna<\/li><li>Paral\u00b7lelismes: ogre, c\u00edclop, gigant<\/li><\/ul><\/footer>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-grl4kl40 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"grl4kl40\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bzsbfrmh elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"bzsbfrmh\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Fonts i bibliografia<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2c13224a e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"2c13224a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0eymh9ub elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"0eymh9ub\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<footer class=\"iwg-literatur\"><p>Una selecci\u00f3 de treballs centrals sobre el troll:<\/p><ul><li><span data-nosnippet>Lindow, John: <em>Trolls. An Unnatural History<\/em>. London 2014.<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Simpson, Jacqueline: <em>Scandinavian Folktales<\/em>. Harmondsworth 1988.<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Kvideland, Reimund \/ Sehmsdorf, Henning: <em>Scandinavian Folk Belief and Legend<\/em>. Minneapolis 1988.<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Tangherlini, Timothy R.: <em>Interpreting Legend<\/em>. Nova York 1994.<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>L\u00f6nnroth, Lars: <em>Den dubbla scenen<\/em>. Estocolm 1978.<\/span><\/li><\/ul><div data-nosnippet=\"true\" class=\"iwg-litliste\"><\/div><\/footer>\n<p class=\"iwg-bib-more\"><span data-nosnippet>M\u00e9s obres de refer\u00e8ncia a la <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/?page_id=171483\">bibliografia<\/a>.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgca-troll-sec e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgca-troll-sec\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" id=\"iwg-ca-troll\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgca-troll-te iwg-ca-textwrap elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgca-troll-te\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-nosnippet=\"true\"><p class=\"iwg-ca-bridge\">La pr\u00e0ctica de protecci\u00f3 descrita aqu\u00ed \u00e9s una interpretaci\u00f3 cient\u00edfica de tradicions hist\u00f2riques. iWell Guard s&#8217;inscriu en aquesta l\u00ednia cultural d&#8217;objectes de protecci\u00f3 portables i en representa una forma contempor\u00e0nia. <a href=\"\/ueber-iwell-guard\/?utm_source=iwell-guard.com&#038;utm_medium=text-link&#038;utm_campaign=schadwesen-tradition\">M\u00e9s sobre iWell Guard \u2192<\/a><\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-wv-troll-faq-eb1ce4 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"wv-troll-faq-eb1ce4\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-wv-troll-faq-col-d45809\" data-id=\"wv-troll-faq-col-d45809\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-wv-troll-h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"wv-troll-h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Preguntes freq\u00fcents sobre el troll<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-wv-troll-t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"wv-troll-t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n<details class=\"iwg-faq-item\">\n  <summary><strong>Qu\u00e8 \u00e9s un troll en la <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"El conjunt de relats m\u00edtics transmesos sobre els d\u00e9us d'una cultura.\" tabindex=\"0\">mitologia<\/span>?<\/strong><\/summary>\n  <p>Un troll \u00e9s un \u00e9sser de la <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"El conjunt de relats m\u00edtics transmesos sobre els d\u00e9us d'una cultura.\" tabindex=\"0\">mitologia<\/span> n\u00f2rdica i germ\u00e0nica que viu a les muntanyes, els boscos i sota els ponts. Els trolls es consideren grans, malforjats, sovint est\u00fapids per\u00f2 perillosament forts. En la tradici\u00f3 n\u00f2rdica antiga (Edda, sagues) els trolls es descriuen com un llinatge de gegants, parents dels j\u00f6tunn. La tradici\u00f3 moderna de la fantasia n&#8217;ha modificat molt la imatge.<\/p>\n<\/details>\n\n<details class=\"iwg-faq-item\">\n  <summary><strong>Quins tipus de trolls existeixen?<\/strong><\/summary>\n  <p>La tradici\u00f3 n\u00f2rdica antiga distingeix diversos tipus de trolls: trolls de muntanya (habitants dels penya-segats), trolls d&#8217;aigua (en rius i llacs), trolls de tur\u00f3 i els m\u00e9s petits hus-tomten de la <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"La cultura popular transmesa amb costums, relats i can\u00e7ons.\" tabindex=\"0\">folklore<\/span> sueca. Els trolls es converteixen en pedra amb la llum del sol, un <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un element de contingut recurrent en l'art o la narraci\u00f3.\" tabindex=\"0\">motiu<\/span> que reapareix en moltes llegendes noruegues sobre formacions rocoses.<\/p>\n<\/details>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-wv-troll-s elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"wv-troll-s\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<script type=\"application\/ld+json\">{\"@context\": \"https:\/\/schema.org\", \"@type\": \"FAQPage\", \"mainEntity\": [{\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"Qu\u00e8 \u00e9s un troll en la mitologia?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"Un troll \u00e9s un \u00e9sser de la mitologia n\u00f2rdica i germ\u00e0nica que viu a les muntanyes, els boscos i sota els ponts. Els trolls es consideren grans, malforjats, sovint est\u00fapids per\u00f2 perillosament forts. En la tradici\u00f3 n\u00f2rdica antiga (Edda, sagues) els trolls es descriuen com un llinatge de gegants, parents dels j\u00f6tunn. La tradici\u00f3 moderna de la fantasia n'ha modificat molt la imatge.\"}}, {\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"Quins tipus de trolls existeixen?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"La tradici\u00f3 n\u00f2rdica antiga distingeix diversos tipus de trolls: trolls de muntanya (habitants dels penya-segats), trolls d'aigua (en rius i llacs), trolls de tur\u00f3 i els m\u00e9s petits hus-tomten de la folklore sueca. Els trolls es converteixen en pedra amb la llum del sol, un motiu que reapareix en moltes llegendes noruegues sobre formacions rocoses.\"}}]}<\/script>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":1570,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"elementor_header_footer","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_focuskw":"Troll","_yoast_wpseo_title":"Troll \u2013 \u00e9sser muntanyenc gigant\u00ed de l'Edda i les sagues","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"Troll, \u00e9sser muntanyenc gigant\u00ed de la tradici\u00f3 germ\u00e0nica. Entre el thurs de l'Edda i l'ogre del conte popular, amb relaci\u00f3 a la pedra i als gigants.","_yoast_wpseo_meta-robots-noindex":"","_yoast_wpseo_canonical":"","_angie_page":false,"gefaehrdungsstufe":"3","wesen_kultur":"germanisch","wesen_klasse":"geister","footnotes":""},"categories":[],"class_list":["post-171382","page","type-page","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v27.7 (Yoast SEO v28.3) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Troll \u2013 \u00e9sser muntanyenc gigant\u00ed de l&#039;Edda i les sagues<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Troll, \u00e9sser muntanyenc gigant\u00ed de la tradici\u00f3 germ\u00e0nica. 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