{"id":171380,"date":"2026-09-05T15:38:54","date_gmt":"2026-09-05T15:38:54","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/?page_id=171380"},"modified":"2026-09-05T15:56:18","modified_gmt":"2026-09-05T15:56:18","slug":"draugr","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/draugr\/","title":{"rendered":"Draugr"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"171380\" class=\"elementor elementor-171380 elementor-1029\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-10fdade e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"10fdade\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-herohlft0 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"herohlft0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c3ceb64 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"c3ceb64\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-96ae5e1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"96ae5e1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Draugr, esperit de la tradici\u00f3 germ\u00e0nica<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e45238a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e45238a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>El no-mort n\u00f2rdic, guardi\u00e0 dels t\u00famuls funeraris.<\/strong><\/p>\n<h2 id=\"dif-draugr\">Draugr en les fonts de les sagues<\/h2>\n<p>El draugr (tamb\u00e9 <em>aptrg\u01ebnguma\u00f0r<\/em>, \u00abel que torna\u00bb) \u00e9s la figura de <strong>t\u00famul funerari no-mort<\/strong> de la literatura de sagues n\u00f2rdiques antigues. Les fonts principals s\u00f3n la saga de Grettir (cap. 32-35: episodi de Glamr), la saga Eyrbyggja (\u00de\u00f3r\u00f3lfr B\u00e6gif\u00f3tr) i la saga Laxd\u00e6la. Caracter\u00edstiques: cos feixuc, pell blava o negra, forces sobrehumanes, resid\u00e8ncia en el t\u00famul funerari. La transformaci\u00f3 es produeix despr\u00e9s de la mort per cobd\u00edcia, sed de sang o culpa no resolta.<\/p><p>El combat es duu a terme mitjan\u00e7ant la <strong>decapitaci\u00f3 amb la mateixa arma<\/strong> del draugr i la cremaci\u00f3 a camp obert. Avui dia, els investigadors d&#8217;estudis escandinaus (John Lindow, Carolyne Larrington) interpreten el draugr com l&#8217;encarnaci\u00f3 de l&#8217;<strong>economia de l&#8217;honor v\u00edking<\/strong> no resolta: els difunts amb comptes pendents tornen fins que es restableix l&#8217;equilibri social. Figures relacionades: haugb\u00faar (habitants del t\u00famul), aptrgangr (el que torna).<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-klsbdg01 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"klsbdg01\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-klshtm01 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"klshtm01\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"iwg-pill-row\"><span class=\"iwg-klasse-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Esperit: \u00c9sser incorpori o semicorpori, difunts, \u00e9ssers de la natura, esperits dom\u00e8stics o guardians de llindars. Actua en la vida quotidiana, sovint lligat a llocs o fam\u00edlies.\">Esperit<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/?page_id=171366\" class=\"iwg-kultur-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"M\u00f3n precristi\u00e0 de d\u00e9us i esperits del nord i centre d'Europa.\">Germ\u00e0nic<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/?page_id=171451\" class=\"iwg-tradition-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Difunts amb esperits que continuen actuant en el m\u00f3n terrenal, esperits dom\u00e8stics, avantpassats, morts inquiets.\">Esperit dels morts<\/a><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3f74855 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3f74855\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1c30362 elementor-toc--minimized-on-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-table-of-contents\" data-id=\"1c30362\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;exclude_headings_by_selector&quot;:[],&quot;no_headings_message&quot;:&quot;No s&#039;ha trobat cap encap\\u00e7alament en aquesta p\\u00e0gina.&quot;,&quot;headings_by_tags&quot;:[&quot;h2&quot;,&quot;h3&quot;],&quot;marker_view&quot;:&quot;bullets&quot;,&quot;icon&quot;:{&quot;value&quot;:&quot;fas fa-circle&quot;,&quot;library&quot;:&quot;fa-solid&quot;,&quot;rendered_tag&quot;:&quot;&lt;svg class=\\&quot;e-font-icon-svg e-fas-circle\\&quot; viewBox=\\&quot;0 0 512 512\\&quot; xmlns=\\&quot;http:\\\/\\\/www.w3.org\\\/2000\\\/svg\\&quot;&gt;&lt;path d=\\&quot;M256 8C119 8 8 119 8 256s111 248 248 248 248-111 248-248S393 8 256 8z\\&quot;&gt;&lt;\\\/path&gt;&lt;\\\/svg&gt;&quot;},&quot;minimize_box&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;minimized_on&quot;:&quot;tablet&quot;,&quot;hierarchical_view&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;min_height&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"table-of-contents.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__header\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-toc__header-title\">\n\t\t\t\t\u00cdndex\t\t\t<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--expand\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__1c30362\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Open table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" 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9.317-33.901-.04l-22.667-22.667c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941L207.03 130.525c9.372-9.373 24.568-9.373 33.941-.001z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-toc__1c30362\" class=\"elementor-toc__body\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__spinner-container\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg class=\"elementor-toc__spinner eicon-animation-spin e-font-icon-svg e-eicon-loading\" aria-hidden=\"true\" viewBox=\"0 0 1000 1000\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M500 975V858C696 858 858 696 858 500S696 142 500 142 142 304 142 500H25C25 237 238 25 500 25S975 237 975 500 763 975 500 975Z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-herorght0 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"herorght0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-heroimg00 iwg-hero-image elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"heroimg00\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"683\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/geister_germanisch_draugr-683x1024.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-1661\" alt=\"Draugr\" srcset=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/geister_germanisch_draugr-683x1024.webp 683w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/geister_germanisch_draugr-200x300.webp 200w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/geister_germanisch_draugr-768x1152.webp 768w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/geister_germanisch_draugr.webp 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 683px) 100vw, 683px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-32917199 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"32917199\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-26e916cb e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"26e916cb\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-253a40d4 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"253a40d4\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1200c304 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1200c304\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Draugr<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-11758e7f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"11758e7f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>El draugr \u00e9s un <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un \u00e9sser incorpori al qual s'atribueix acci\u00f3 en el m\u00f3n.\" tabindex=\"0\">esperit<\/span> de la tradici\u00f3 germ\u00e0nica.<\/p><p>El draugr \u00e9s el cl\u00e0ssic no-mort de la tradici\u00f3 n\u00f2rdica antiga. Un difunt torna del seu t\u00famul funerari, no com un <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un \u00e9sser incorpori al qual s'atribueix acci\u00f3 en el m\u00f3n.\" tabindex=\"0\">esperit<\/span>, sin\u00f3 com un mort f\u00edsicament present, de for\u00e7a sobrehumana i sovint considerablement augmentat de mida.<\/p><p>Vigila els seus b\u00e9ns funeraris, escanya els intrusos, pot matar el bestiar de les granges ve\u00efnes i fer inhabitables regions enteres. Les sagues islandeses contenen la <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"La transmissi\u00f3 de coneixements i relats a trav\u00e9s de generacions.\" tabindex=\"0\">transmissi\u00f3<\/span> liter\u00e0ria m\u00e9s densa.<\/p><p>T\u00edpic del draugr: pres\u00e8ncia f\u00edsica i for\u00e7a enorme. Pot ser m\u00e9s feble durant el dia, per\u00f2 de nit obre el t\u00famul i recorre el territori.<\/p><p>Les sagues relaten detalladament combats entre herois vius i draugar, que acaben normalment amb el <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Una acci\u00f3 religiosa fixa i recurrent.\" tabindex=\"0\">ritu<\/span> d&#8217;empalament, decapitaci\u00f3 i cremaci\u00f3. El draugr est\u00e0 emparentat funcionalment amb l&#8217;<a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/edimmu\/\">edimmu<\/a>, els l\u00e8murs i l&#8217;upyr eslau, i es troba a l&#8217;origen d&#8217;una \u00e0mplia tradici\u00f3 europea de morts que retornen.<\/p><div><p><strong>La saga Eyrbyggja i l&#8217;episodi cl\u00e0ssic del draugr<\/strong><\/p><p>La <em>saga Eyrbyggja<\/em> (redactada probablement al segle XIII, amb esdeveniments del segle X) \u00e9s una de les fonts m\u00e9s detallades sobre aparicions de draugar. La saga narra diversos no-morts que s&#8217;aixequen dels seus t\u00famuls, visiten els seus parents i sembren la inquietud.<\/p><p>Un <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un element tem\u00e0tic recurrent en l'art o la narrativa.\" tabindex=\"0\">motiu<\/span> destacat \u00e9s el draugr mar\u00ed, una persona que s&#8217;ha ofegat a l&#8217;aigua i que despr\u00e9s torna com a \u00e9sser aqu\u00e0tic, sovint sentit o vist a la costa. La saga tracta aquestes aparicions com una part normal de l&#8217;ordre de l&#8217;exist\u00e8ncia, precisament no com un fet sobrenatural en el sentit modern.<\/p><p>La saga Eyrbyggja tamb\u00e9 documenta els remeis: un nou enterrament en un lloc m\u00e9s sagrat, la cremaci\u00f3 del cad\u00e0ver o rituals m\u00e0gics. Aquests remeis impliquen que els draugar no s\u00f3n simples esperits. M\u00e9s b\u00e9, romanen lligats al seu cos f\u00edsic i, per tant, requereixen una intervenci\u00f3 corporal.<\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-159dcf9a e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"159dcf9a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-48cee66f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"48cee66f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Resum: Draugr<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3f50d82c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"3f50d82c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Tipus:<\/strong> No-mort n\u00f2rdic<br>Origen: Morts enterrats de manera inadequada o reenterrats, sovint amb trets de car\u00e0cter com la cobd\u00edcia o la viol\u00e8ncia<br>Textos: Sagues islandeses, Edda, llegendes populars noruegues<br>Per\u00edode: Des de l&#8217;era v\u00edking fins a l&#8217;actualitat (liter\u00e0riament)<br>Defensa: Decapitaci\u00f3, empalament, cremaci\u00f3, enterrament de cara per avall<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-18613602 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"18613602\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-262b8a9f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"262b8a9f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Introducci\u00f3<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-46dcb7d e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"46dcb7d\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-61d3ab3 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"61d3ab3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-117c166 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"117c166\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Per\u00edode dels textos<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-73997a0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"73997a0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Apogeu literari en les sagues islandeses dels segles XII-XIV (saga de Grettir, saga Eyrbyggja, saga Laxd\u0153la). Precedents a l&#8217;Edda. Les tradicions populars perduren en el <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"La cultura popular transmesa amb costums, relats i can\u00e7ons.\" tabindex=\"0\">folklore<\/span> noruec-island\u00e8s fins a l&#8217;\u00e8poca moderna. Renaixement reeixit en el g\u00e8nere de fantasia modern (Skyrim, entre d&#8217;altres).<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d47b156 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d47b156\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ff38c2b elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"ff38c2b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">\u00c0rea de difusi\u00f3<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4e49fcc elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4e49fcc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>\u00c0rea central: Isl\u00e0ndia, Noruega, Escandin\u00e0via en general. Motius paral\u00b7lels en la tradici\u00f3 germ\u00e0nica i anglosaxona (la tr\u00edada de Beowulf amb Grendel mostra estructures relacionades).<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-db03c39 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"db03c39\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-229a87b e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"229a87b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1f471fc elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1f471fc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Estat de les fonts<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-36b1201 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"36b1201\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Sagues islandeses (la saga de Grettir de manera extensa, la saga Eyrbyggja amb el fam\u00f3s Hrapp), passatges de l&#8217;Edda, reculls de llegendes noruegues (Asbj\u00f8rnsen i Moe), estudis folkl\u00f2rics moderns sobre Escandin\u00e0via.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3ae0637c e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"3ae0637c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-31d07739 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"31d07739\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Nom<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b7642947 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"b7642947\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a086266 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a086266\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>N\u00f2rdic antic:<\/strong> <em>draugr<\/em> (plural <em>draugar<\/em>); <em>haugb\u00fai<\/em>, \u00abhabitant del t\u00famul funerari\u00bb.<br>Termes relacionats: <em>aptrganga<\/em> (\u00abel que torna\u00bb), <em>dau\u00f0r<\/em> (simplement \u00abmort\/mort\u00bb, segons el context).<br>Noruec modern: draug (sovint amb relaci\u00f3 marina en llegendes populars costaneres).<\/p><p>La tradici\u00f3 islandesa coneix el landdraugr (al t\u00famul funerari) com a forma principal. La tradici\u00f3 popular costanera desenvolupa un seedraugr, un mort que ronda per la mar, que apareix al pescador en alta mar.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-709a44a8 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"709a44a8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2f585873 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2f585873\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Trets caracter\u00edstics<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-70621c12 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"70621c12\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4296eb49 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4296eb49\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Aparen\u00e7a<\/strong><\/p><p>Gegantina (sovint molt m\u00e9s grossa despr\u00e9s de la mort), de color blau fosc o gris negr\u00f3s, de vegades en descomposici\u00f3. Les sagues descriuen Gl\u00e1mr (Grettis saga) com \u00abtan gran que no hi havia mesura per a ell\u00bb. Els ulls li llueixen a la nit. El cos \u00e9s intacte, no \u00e9s una aparen\u00e7a fantasmal.<\/p><p><strong>Comportament<\/strong><\/p><p>Custodia el seu tresor dins el t\u00famul funerari. Pot sortir determinades nits, matar bestiar, escanyar persones i buidar granges senceres. Qui sobreviu a un combat contra ell pot guanyar tresor i gl\u00f2ria, per\u00f2 tamb\u00e9 endur-se una maledicci\u00f3 que actua durant tota la vida.<\/p><p><strong>\u00c0mbit d&#8217;actuaci\u00f3<\/strong><\/p><p>El t\u00famul funerari i els seus voltants. En casos greus, tota una regi\u00f3 que esdev\u00e9 inhabitable a causa del draugr (Eyrbyggja saga, Thorolf B\u00e6gif\u00f3tr). Els draugrs marins habiten el mar i les cabanes de pescadors.<\/p><p><strong>Classificaci\u00f3 mitol\u00f2gica<\/strong><\/p><p>El draugr sorgeix d&#8217;una combinaci\u00f3 entre el car\u00e0cter del difunt i un enterrament negligent; no hi ha cap acci\u00f3 divina al darrere. Els morts culpables, violents o cobdiciosos es converteixen en draugr amb m\u00e9s facilitat que els morts pac\u00edfics.<\/p><div><p><strong>La Grettis Saga i Gl\u00e1mr, el draugr m\u00e9s fort<\/strong><\/p><p>La <em>Grettis Saga<\/em> (probablement del segle XIV) narra la lluita de l&#8217;heroi Grettir contra el draugr Gl\u00e1mr. Gl\u00e1mr havia estat pastor, per\u00f2 va morir en circumst\u00e0ncies misterioses i va tornar del seu t\u00famul.<\/p><p>Conserva la seva mida f\u00edsica (sobrehumana), \u00e9s m\u00e9s feble de dia per\u00f2 invencible de nit. Grettir s&#8217;ha d&#8217;enfrontar f\u00edsicament a Gl\u00e1mr, un combat cos a cos que distingeix el draugr dels esperits immaterials. La lluita acaba quan Grettir el ven\u00e7 i li obre la tomba.<\/p><p>Aquest episodi ha esdevingut destacat en la literatura n\u00f2rdica i serveix d&#8217;arquetip per a les confrontacions amb draugrs. Tamb\u00e9 mostra que els draugar es conceben com a pertorbacions de l&#8217;ordre cosmol\u00f2gic que cal resoldre mitjan\u00e7ant la viol\u00e8ncia sobrenatural o ritual, i no com a \u00e9ssers mal\u00e8vols o moralment culpables.<\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-44e71476 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"44e71476\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3c1fc3f0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3c1fc3f0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Fitxa: Draugr<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-84f33b8e e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"84f33b8e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-hqkdc67p elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"hqkdc67p\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Els aspectes m\u00e9s importants del draugr d&#8217;un cop d&#8217;ull.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c5 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c1 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-qh9oavvu iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"qh9oavvu\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-awzx8k2k elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"awzx8k2k\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Origen del draugr<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-x6rowhv0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"x6rowhv0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Sorgeix d&#8217;un difunt que desperta dins el t\u00famul funerari. Factors afavoridors: mal car\u00e0cter, enterrament inadequat, mort violenta.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8e3o4kxs iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"8e3o4kxs\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-08rkdgov elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"08rkdgov\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Objecte d'acci\u00f3<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-uwjelx8s elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"uwjelx8s\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Saquejadors de tombes, habitants de granges ve\u00efnes, bestiar. Herois que volen v\u00e8ncer el t\u00famul funerari.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-jm2n74ec iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"jm2n74ec\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8vufse4c elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"8vufse4c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Aparen\u00e7a del draugr<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-mwb9u015 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"mwb9u015\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>F\u00edsicament present, de mida gegantina, blau fosc o negre, amb ulls lluminosos. No \u00e9s un fantasma, el draugr t\u00e9 pes.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c2 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c2\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-37ss2yr6 iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"37ss2yr6\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3v0wp3wx elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3v0wp3wx\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Funci\u00f3<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-w3247g2m elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"w3247g2m\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Escanya persones, mata bestiar, fa inhabitables regions senceres. Es pot v\u00e8ncer amb un ritual de lluita o combat; sovint deixa una <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"F\u00f3rmula ling\u00fc\u00edstica amb la qual es vol infligir desgr\u00e0cia a una persona o cosa.\" tabindex=\"0\">maledicci\u00f3<\/span>.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0qpjal9w iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"0qpjal9w\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6ndoih0o elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6ndoih0o\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Amulets protectors<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6684tyh9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6684tyh9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Decapitaci\u00f3 amb el cap col\u00b7locat entre els peus, empalament, cremaci\u00f3, posici\u00f3 de dec\u00fabit prono en l&#8217;enterrament. En casos persistents, obertura del t\u00famul funerari i destrucci\u00f3 ritual.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3lfi7x32 iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3lfi7x32\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0kg99ga1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"0kg99ga1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Equivalents<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-n0fum6kp elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"n0fum6kp\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/edimmu\/\">Edimmu<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/lemures\/\">L\u00e8murs<\/a>, l&#8217;upyr eslau, el vampir de l&#8217;Europa de l&#8217;Est, el revenant angl\u00e8s.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7533bc7a e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"7533bc7a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2447d18d elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2447d18d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Pr\u00e0ctica de protecci\u00f3<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d5d0260c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d5d0260c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-341be2ac elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"341be2ac\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Rituals funeraris<\/strong><\/p><p>Per evitar un draugr: enterrament en posici\u00f3 de dec\u00fabit prono (\u00abperqu\u00e8 el mort, amb la cara cap avall, no trobi el cam\u00ed de sortida\u00bb), lligar els dits grossos dels peus, subjectar el sudari amb agulles. Els morts especialment problem\u00e0tics es treien de casa amb els peus primer i es feien girar diverses vegades per confondre&#8217;ls l&#8217;orientaci\u00f3.<\/p><p><strong>Rituals de combat<\/strong><\/p><p>L&#8217;heroi entra al t\u00famul funerari, lluita cos a cos amb el draugr, li talla el cap, li col\u00b7loca el cap entre les cames, crema el cos i n&#8217;escampa les cendres o les enfonsa al mar. Les sagues descriuen aix\u00f2 en diverses escenes c\u00e8lebres (Grettir contra Gl\u00e1mr, Grettir contra Kar el Vell).<\/p><p><strong>Amulets i signes<\/strong><\/p><p>Ferro (espasa, fal\u00e7), creus despr\u00e9s de la cristianitzaci\u00f3, amulets r\u00fanics. En la tradici\u00f3 popular n\u00f2rdica: ferradures a la porta i al llit, llums enceses durant la nit.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5a584676 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"5a584676\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6d0757bf elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6d0757bf\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Paral\u00b7lelismes i perviv\u00e8ncia<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-60563f68 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"60563f68\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5a93fdd6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5a93fdd6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Tradicions europees m\u00e9s antigues<\/strong><\/p><p>El draugr comparteix trets estructurals amb l&#8217;<a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/edimmu\/\">edimmu<\/a> de Mesopot\u00e0mia, els <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/lemures\/\">l\u00e8murs<\/a> de Roma i els morts inquiets grecs. Arreu es repeteix el mateix patr\u00f3: la manca d&#8217;enterrament com a causa, el <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Una seq\u00fc\u00e8ncia organitzada d'accions simb\u00f2liques amb significat religi\u00f3s o cultural.\" tabindex=\"0\">ritual<\/span> com a remei.<\/p><p><span data-nosnippet><strong>L&#8217;upyr eslau i el vampir:<\/strong> l&#8217;upyr eslau i el vampir centreeuropeu comparteixen el car\u00e0cter de mort-vivent amb pres\u00e8ncia f\u00edsica. El Dr\u00e0cula de Bram Stoker (1897) n&#8217;\u00e9s un descendent lluny\u00e0. La difer\u00e8ncia \u00e9s que el draugr estrangula i colpeja les seves v\u00edctimes en lloc de beure&#8217;n la sang.<\/span><\/p><p><strong>Recepci\u00f3 moderna:<\/strong> les figures de draugr en la fantasia i els videojocs (Skyrim, God of War Ragnar\u00f6k) conserven la pres\u00e8ncia f\u00edsica i l&#8217;associaci\u00f3 amb el t\u00famul funerari. El nordic noir i la literatura islandesa contempor\u00e0nia recuperen aquest <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un element recurrent de contingut en l'art o la narraci\u00f3.\" tabindex=\"0\">motiu<\/span>.<\/p><div><p><strong>La tradici\u00f3 islandesa i la continu\u00eftat de la creen\u00e7a<\/strong><\/p><p>Isl\u00e0ndia ha tingut un paper especial en la hist\u00f2ria de la tradici\u00f3 del draugr. Com a societat relativament a\u00efllada amb una <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"La transmissi\u00f3 de coneixement i relats al llarg de generacions.\" tabindex=\"0\">transmissi\u00f3<\/span> liter\u00e0ria estable (sagues, edda), el concepte del draugr s&#8217;ha pogut conservar i refinar al llarg dels segles.<\/p><p>Folkloristes islandesos moderns com J\u00f3n \u00c1rnason (segle XIX) encara documentaven testimonis d&#8217;aparicions de draugr a les seves regions i van concloure que la creen\u00e7a mai havia desaparegut del tot, sin\u00f3 que s&#8217;havia transformat.<\/p><p>Aquesta <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"La transmissi\u00f3 de coneixement i relats al llarg de generacions.\" tabindex=\"0\">transmissi\u00f3<\/span> continuada permet una comparaci\u00f3 directa entre les fonts liter\u00e0ries medievals i les creences populars modernes. Aquestes l\u00ednies de continu\u00eftat s\u00f3n poc habituals en la folklor\u00edstica europea i converteixen Isl\u00e0ndia en un arxiu valu\u00f3s per a l&#8217;estudi de la tradici\u00f3 del draugr.<\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp6851f26 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp6851f26\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp6054d3f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp6054d3f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">El draugr en les sagues islandeses<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp4248a2f e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp4248a2f\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpbcafb0f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cpbcafb0f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Les descripcions m\u00e9s detallades del draugr es troben a les sagues islandeses, els relats en prosa dels segles tretz\u00e8 i catorz\u00e8 que narren la vida dels colons d&#8217;Isl\u00e0ndia. La poesia mitol\u00f2gica hi ocupa un lloc secundari.<\/p><p>Aquestes sagues contenen nombrosos episodis en qu\u00e8 els morts abandonen els seus t\u00famuls funeraris i assetgen els vius. El draugr no \u00e9s un fantasma dif\u00fas, sin\u00f3 un \u00e9sser corpori i tangible que posseeix una for\u00e7a sobrehumana.<\/p><p>Dos casos s\u00f3n especialment coneguts. A la <em>Grettis saga<\/em>, l&#8217;heroi Grettir combat contra el mort-vivent Glam, un pastor que, despr\u00e9s d&#8217;una mort violenta, torna a errar i mata persones i bestiar.<\/p><p>Grettir el ven\u00e7 en un llarg combat de lluita, per\u00f2 el Glam moribund li llan\u00e7a una <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"F\u00f3rmula ling\u00fc\u00edstica amb la qual es vol infligir un mal a una persona o cosa.\" tabindex=\"0\">maledicci\u00f3<\/span> que a partir d&#8217;aleshores porta a Grettir dissort i por de la fosca. A la <em>Eyrbyggja saga<\/em>, en canvi, tota una llar \u00e9s assetjada per morts fins que els vius celebren un proc\u00e9s judicial formal contra els morts-vivents i aix\u00ed els foragiten.<\/p><p>Aquests relats tenen un gran valor per a la hist\u00f2ria de les religions perqu\u00e8 mostren com es concebia de manera concreta i quotidiana la idea del mort inquiet. El draugr est\u00e0 lligat al seu t\u00famul funerari i al seu antic lloc de resid\u00e8ncia, actua per mal\u00edcia, enveja o cobd\u00edcia, i nom\u00e9s es pot v\u00e8ncer mitjan\u00e7ant mesures contundents.<\/p><p>La investigaci\u00f3 llegeix les sagues com una elaboraci\u00f3 liter\u00e0ria d&#8217;una creen\u00e7a realment sostinguda, no com relats de fets. Que els episodis es narrin amb tant detall i seguint patrons fixos es considera un indici de que la creen\u00e7a en els morts-vivents estava fermament arrelada a la Isl\u00e0ndia medieval.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp51365f4 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp51365f4\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpa91cff6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cpa91cff6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Defensa, nou enterrament i el tractament de la tomba<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp0acb97c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp0acb97c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpc7dd71e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cpc7dd71e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Les sagues no nom\u00e9s narren l&#8217;aparici\u00f3 dels draugar, sin\u00f3 tamb\u00e9, amb una precisi\u00f3 notable, els mitjans per neutralitzar-los. Aquestes descripcions donen una visi\u00f3 d&#8217;una veritable pr\u00e0ctica de tractament del mort perill\u00f3s.<\/p><p>El m\u00e8tode m\u00e9s efica\u00e7 era v\u00e8ncer definitivament el draugr al seu t\u00famul o en combat i, despr\u00e9s, destruir el seu cos.<\/p><p>Diverses sagues descriuen un procediment fix: al mort-vivent se li tallava el cap i es col\u00b7locava sobre les natges o entre les cuixes, el cos es cremava i les cendres es portaven a un lloc apartat o es llan\u00e7aven al mar.<\/p><p>De vegades, el mort tamb\u00e9 era retirat del seu t\u00famul i tornat a enterrar en un altre lloc m\u00e9s a\u00efllat. Aquestes mesures tenien com a objectiu trencar el lligam del mort amb el seu lloc i la seva capacitat de moviment.<\/p><p>L&#8217;<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ci\u00e8ncia que estudia les cultures del passat a partir de restes materials.\" tabindex=\"0\">arqueologia<\/span> ha aportat troballes que concorden amb aquesta <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"La transmissi\u00f3 de coneixements i relats al llarg de generacions.\" tabindex=\"0\">tradici\u00f3<\/span>. En algunes tombes escandinaves de l&#8217;\u00e8poca vikinga es troben ocasionalment enterraments en qu\u00e8 el cos va ser llastat amb pedres pesants, col\u00b7locat en una posici\u00f3 inusual o tractat de manera diferent de l&#8217;habitual.<\/p><p>La investigaci\u00f3 interpreta amb cautela aquestes troballes com una possible expressi\u00f3 de la por al mort-vivent, per\u00f2 alhora aconsella prud\u00e8ncia, ja que els motius d&#8217;un enterrament rarament es poden determinar amb certesa des de l&#8217;arqueologia. La connexi\u00f3 entre el relat de les sagues i les troballes funer\u00e0ries continua sent un camp important, per\u00f2 metodol\u00f2gicament delicat, de la <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/?page_id=171366\">hist\u00f2ria de la religi\u00f3 germ\u00e0nica<\/a>.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp5c04f45 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp5c04f45\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp9bebc18 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp9bebc18\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Haugb\u00fai, aptrgangr i la diversitat de la creen\u00e7a en els morts-vivents<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpe9fee5e e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cpe9fee5e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp5ff4a26 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp5ff4a26\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>La <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"La transmissi\u00f3 de coneixements i relats al llarg de generacions.\" tabindex=\"0\">tradici\u00f3<\/span> n\u00f2rdica antiga no coneix un \u00fanic tipus de mort-vivent clarament delimitat. Compr\u00e8n m\u00e9s b\u00e9 una s\u00e8rie de conceptes i idees emparentades. A m\u00e9s de <em>draugr<\/em>, hi trobem sobretot <em>haugb\u00fai<\/em>, literalment l&#8217;\u00abhabitant del t\u00famul\u00bb, i <em>aptrgangr<\/em>, el \u00abque torna a caminar\u00bb. La investigaci\u00f3 ha debatut molt de temps si aquests mots s&#8217;han de distingir amb precisi\u00f3 o si designen aspectes que se superposen d&#8217;una mateixa idea de fons.<\/p><p>Una distinci\u00f3 habitual veu en el <em>haugb\u00fai<\/em> el mort lligat al lloc, que roman al seu t\u00famul funerari i esdev\u00e9 perill\u00f3s sobretot quan alg\u00fa hi entra, per exemple per robar els tresors que hi van ser enterrats juntament amb ell.<\/p><p>L&#8217;<em>aptrgangr<\/em>, en canvi, abandona la tomba i va a buscar els vius a les seves cases. El terme <em>draugr<\/em> s&#8217;utilitza de vegades com a terme gen\u00e8ric, de vegades per referir-se als morts-vivents especialment actius i mal\u00e8vols. Aquestes distincions, per\u00f2, no es mantenen de manera coherent en totes les fonts.<\/p><p>L&#8217;avaluaci\u00f3 des de la ci\u00e8ncia de la religi\u00f3 subratlla que darrere de tots aquests termes hi ha una premissa comuna: la mort no posa fi completament a l&#8217;exist\u00e8ncia, i un mort pot, en determinades circumst\u00e0ncies, perdurar en una forma pr\u00f2pia, concebuda de manera corporal. Els motius pels quals un mort esdevenia mort-vivent no estan regulats de manera uniforme a les fonts.<\/p><p>S&#8217;hi esmenten un car\u00e0cter dolent en vida, una mort violenta o injusta, un enterrament insuficient o defectu\u00f3s, i tamb\u00e9 un fort lligam amb els b\u00e9ns o el lloc. Aquesta diversitat de causes mostra que la creen\u00e7a en els morts-vivents no era un cos de doctrina tancat, sin\u00f3 un conjunt d&#8217;idees relacionades a les quals es donava un pes diferent segons el relat.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpca98fb3 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cpca98fb3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp57e6230 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp57e6230\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Del mort-vivent medieval a la recepci\u00f3 moderna<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpe20db78 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cpe20db78\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpfe5f9a5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cpfe5f9a5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>La creen\u00e7a en el Draugr no va desapar\u00e8ixer amb l&#8217;edat mitjana. En la tradici\u00f3 popular islandesa i, en general, escandinava, les idees sobre el mort inquiet van perviure fins a l&#8217;\u00e8poca moderna, encara que sovint transformades i amb trets nous.<\/p><p>En algunes narracions m\u00e9s recents, el Draugr s&#8217;associa amb el mar i apareix com un <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un \u00e9sser incorpori al qual s'atribueix acci\u00f3 en el m\u00f3n.\" tabindex=\"0\">esperit<\/span> d&#8217;ofegats que amena\u00e7a els vius en alta mar. Aquesta variant mar\u00edtima \u00e9s coneguda sobretot a Noruega i mostra com la figura b\u00e0sica es va adaptar al m\u00f3n de vida de la poblaci\u00f3 costanera.<\/p><p>Al segle dinou, el Draugr es va fer conegut per un p\u00fablic m\u00e9s ampli gr\u00e0cies a la recopilaci\u00f3 de relats populars i a l&#8217;inter\u00e8s creixent per la literatura noraldica antiga. Escriptors i col\u00b7leccionistes van recollir el material, i el mort ressuscitat va trobar el seu lloc en la poesia rom\u00e0ntica i tardorom\u00e0ntica escandinava.<\/p><p>Actualment, el Draugr \u00e9s un element fix de la cultura popular. Videojocs, literatura fant\u00e0stica i cinema empren el terme, sovint en una forma molt simplificada o barrejada amb altres concepcions de morts vivents.<\/p><p>El Draugr modern dels videojocs sol ser un mort vivent gen\u00e8ric que nom\u00e9s comparteix el nom amb la figura precisa de les sagues, lligada al dret, al lloc i a l&#8217;enterrament.<\/p><p>Des del punt de vista cient\u00edfic, aquest fenomen \u00e9s t\u00edpic: un objecte de creen\u00e7a medieval clarament definit es converteix en l&#8217;entreteniment modern en un <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un element tem\u00e0tic recurrent en l'art o la narraci\u00f3.\" tabindex=\"0\">motiu<\/span> flexible que perd la seva arrel social i jur\u00eddica original. Qui vulgui entendre el Draugr hist\u00f2ric dep\u00e8n, doncs, de les sagues i de la recerca sobre la <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/?page_id=171366\">tradici\u00f3 germ\u00e0nica<\/a>, no dels seus ressuscitats actuals en els mitjans.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-36dd7469 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"36dd7469\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-13760ab4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"13760ab4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Enlla\u00e7os relacionats<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-28c87796 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"28c87796\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5d6538df elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5d6538df\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Enlla\u00e7os interns recomanats:<\/p><ul><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/?page_id=171366\">Germ\u00e0nic<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/?page_id=171379\">Alp<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/?page_id=171381\">Nix<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/?page_id=171382\">Troll<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/?page_id=171383\">Mahr<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/edimmu\/\">Edimmu<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/lemures\/\">Lemures<\/a> (paral\u00b7lelismes)<\/li><li>L&#8217;Upyr eslau i la hist\u00f2ria del vampir<\/li><li>Sagues islandeses<\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-grl4kl40 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"grl4kl40\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bzsbfrmh elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"bzsbfrmh\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Bibliografia de recerca<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2c13224a e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"2c13224a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0eymh9ub elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"0eymh9ub\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<footer class=\"iwg-literatur\"><p>Una selecci\u00f3 d&#8217;obres centrals sobre el Draugr:<\/p><ul><li><span data-nosnippet>Byock, Jesse: <em>Viking Age Iceland<\/em>. London 2001.<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Jakobsson, \u00c1rmann: \u201eThe Fearless Vampire Killers.\u00bb In: <em><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"La cultura popular transmesa amb costums, relats i can\u00e7ons.\" tabindex=\"0\">Folklore<\/span><\/em> 120 (2009).<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Ellis Davidson, Hilda R.: <em>The Road to Hel<\/em>. Cambridge 1943.<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Chadwick, Nora K.: \u201eNorse Ghosts. A Study in the Draugr and the Haugb\u00fai.\u00bb In: <em><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"La cultura popular transmesa amb costums, relats i can\u00e7ons.\" tabindex=\"0\">Folklore<\/span><\/em> 57 (1946).<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Barber, Paul: <em>Vampires, Burial, and Death<\/em>. New Haven 1988.<\/span><\/li><\/ul><div data-nosnippet=\"true\" class=\"iwg-litliste\"><\/div><\/footer>\n<p class=\"iwg-bib-more\"><span data-nosnippet>M\u00e9s obres de refer\u00e8ncia a la <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/?page_id=171483\">bibliografia<\/a>.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgca-draugr-sec e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgca-draugr-sec\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" id=\"iwg-ca-draugr\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgca-draugr-te iwg-ca-textwrap elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgca-draugr-te\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-nosnippet=\"true\"><p class=\"iwg-ca-bridge\">La pr\u00e0ctica de protecci\u00f3 descrita aqu\u00ed \u00e9s una interpretaci\u00f3 cient\u00edfica de tradicions hist\u00f2riques. iWell Guard s&#8217;inscriu en aquesta l\u00ednia cultural d&#8217;objectes de protecci\u00f3 portables i en representa una forma contempor\u00e0nia. <a href=\"\/ueber-iwell-guard\/?utm_source=iwell-guard.com&#038;utm_medium=text-link&#038;utm_campaign=schadwesen-tradition\">M\u00e9s sobre iWell Guard \u2192<\/a><\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":1661,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"elementor_header_footer","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_focuskw":"Draugr, no-mort n\u00f2rdic","_yoast_wpseo_title":"Draugr - El no-mort n\u00f2rdic, guardi\u00e0 dels t\u00famuls funeraris","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"El draugr \u00e9s el cl\u00e0ssic no-mort de la tradici\u00f3 n\u00f2rdica antiga. Un difunt torna del seu t\u00famul funerari","_yoast_wpseo_meta-robots-noindex":"","_yoast_wpseo_canonical":"","_angie_page":false,"gefaehrdungsstufe":"4","wesen_kultur":"germanisch","wesen_klasse":"geister","footnotes":""},"categories":[],"class_list":["post-171380","page","type-page","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v27.7 (Yoast SEO v28.3) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Draugr - El no-mort n\u00f2rdic, guardi\u00e0 dels t\u00famuls funeraris<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"El draugr \u00e9s el cl\u00e0ssic no-mort de la tradici\u00f3 n\u00f2rdica antiga. 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