{"id":171371,"date":"2026-09-05T15:38:50","date_gmt":"2026-09-05T15:38:50","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/?page_id=171371"},"modified":"2026-09-05T15:56:05","modified_gmt":"2026-09-05T15:56:05","slug":"leviatan","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/leviatan\/","title":{"rendered":"Leviatan"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"171371\" class=\"elementor elementor-171371 elementor-1021\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-10fdade e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"10fdade\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-herohlft0 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"herohlft0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c3ceb64 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"c3ceb64\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-96ae5e1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"96ae5e1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Leviatan, d\u00e9u de la tradici\u00f3 cristiana<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e45238a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e45238a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Leviatan \u00e9s d\u00e9u de la tradici\u00f3 cristiana.<\/p><p>Serp primordial del mar, figura del caos de la tradici\u00f3 hebrea i cristiana.<\/p><p>Leviatan apareix a la B\u00edblia com a drac del caos i adversari de la creaci\u00f3.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-klsbdg01 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"klsbdg01\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-klshtm01 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"klshtm01\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"iwg-pill-row\"><span class=\"iwg-klasse-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"D\u00e9u \/ Deessa: Poder suprem personificat en el pante\u00f3 d'una cultura, amb funcions clares, forces naturals, dest\u00ed, guerra, fertilitat. Venerat mitjan\u00e7ant cultes, sacrificis i institucions templ\u00e0ries.\">D\u00e9u<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/?page_id=171364\" class=\"iwg-kultur-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Tradici\u00f3 cristiana amb els seus \u00e0ngels, dimonis i \u00e9ssers m\u00edstics.\">Cristianisme<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/?page_id=171458\" class=\"iwg-tradition-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Pot\u00e8ncies del caos i adversaris c\u00f2smics, contrincants en el dualisme de la hist\u00f2ria de les religions.\">Anti-d\u00e9u<\/a><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3f74855 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3f74855\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1c30362 elementor-toc--minimized-on-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-table-of-contents\" data-id=\"1c30362\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;exclude_headings_by_selector&quot;:[],&quot;no_headings_message&quot;:&quot;No s&#039;ha trobat cap encap\\u00e7alament en aquesta p\\u00e0gina.&quot;,&quot;headings_by_tags&quot;:[&quot;h2&quot;,&quot;h3&quot;],&quot;marker_view&quot;:&quot;bullets&quot;,&quot;icon&quot;:{&quot;value&quot;:&quot;fas fa-circle&quot;,&quot;library&quot;:&quot;fa-solid&quot;,&quot;rendered_tag&quot;:&quot;&lt;svg class=\\&quot;e-font-icon-svg e-fas-circle\\&quot; viewBox=\\&quot;0 0 512 512\\&quot; xmlns=\\&quot;http:\\\/\\\/www.w3.org\\\/2000\\\/svg\\&quot;&gt;&lt;path d=\\&quot;M256 8C119 8 8 119 8 256s111 248 248 248 248-111 248-248S393 8 256 8z\\&quot;&gt;&lt;\\\/path&gt;&lt;\\\/svg&gt;&quot;},&quot;minimize_box&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;minimized_on&quot;:&quot;tablet&quot;,&quot;hierarchical_view&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;min_height&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"table-of-contents.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__header\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-toc__header-title\">\n\t\t\t\t\u00cdndex\t\t\t<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--expand\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__1c30362\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Open table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" 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9.317-33.901-.04l-22.667-22.667c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941L207.03 130.525c9.372-9.373 24.568-9.373 33.941-.001z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-toc__1c30362\" class=\"elementor-toc__body\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__spinner-container\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg class=\"elementor-toc__spinner eicon-animation-spin e-font-icon-svg e-eicon-loading\" aria-hidden=\"true\" viewBox=\"0 0 1000 1000\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M500 975V858C696 858 858 696 858 500S696 142 500 142 142 304 142 500H25C25 237 238 25 500 25S975 237 975 500 763 975 500 975Z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-herorght0 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"herorght0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-heroimg00 iwg-hero-image elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"heroimg00\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"683\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_christentum_leviathan-683x1024.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-1566\" alt=\"Leviatan\" srcset=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_christentum_leviathan-683x1024.webp 683w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_christentum_leviathan-200x300.webp 200w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_christentum_leviathan-768x1152.webp 768w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_christentum_leviathan.webp 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 683px) 100vw, 683px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-32917199 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"32917199\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-26e916cb e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"26e916cb\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-253a40d4 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"253a40d4\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1200c304 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1200c304\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Leviatan<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-11758e7f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"11758e7f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Leviatan (hebreu <em>Liwjatan<\/em>) \u00e9s una de les figures del caos m\u00e9s antigues de l&#8217;Orient Pr\u00f2xim antic, present en passatges destacats de l&#8217;Antic Testament (Job 40, 41, Sl 74, Is 27), on \u00e9s alhora criatura primordial amena\u00e7adora i joguina divina.<\/p><p>En la literatura apocal\u00edptica esdev\u00e9 l&#8217;enemic escatol\u00f2gic de la fi dels temps; en la demonologia cristiana ascendeix a la jerarquia dels dimonis superiors, sovint com a <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"\u00c9sser espiritual al qual s'atribueix un efecte nociu o ambivalent.\" tabindex=\"0\">dimoni<\/span> de l&#8217;enveja o com a sobir\u00e0 de les profunditats.<\/p><p><span data-nosnippet>Estructuralment, Leviatan pertany a la fam\u00edlia de les serps del caos de l&#8217;Orient Pr\u00f2xim antic: Ti\u0101mat, Yamm (Ugarit), <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/apophis\/\">Apopis<\/a>, Vrtra, la serp Midgard germ\u00e0nica. El motiu b\u00e0sic, l&#8217;ordre a trav\u00e9s de la submissi\u00f3 del monstre primordial, est\u00e0 \u00e0mpliament est\u00e8s en tradicions indoeuropees i sem\u00edtiques. Thomas Hobbes utilitza Leviatan com a <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Signe que representa una idea o significat.\" tabindex=\"0\">s\u00edmbol<\/span> del poder estatal (1651); la iconografia moderna l&#8217;ha convertit en l&#8217;encarnaci\u00f3 mateixa de l&#8217;immens.<\/span><\/p><div><p><strong>El Lotan ugar\u00edtic com a precedent<\/strong><\/p><p>Leviatan \u00e9s, des del punt de vista de la hist\u00f2ria de les religions, un dels exemples millor documentats d&#8217;una tradici\u00f3 de serp del caos de l&#8217;Orient Pr\u00f2xim antic. El testimoni m\u00e9s antic \u00e9s el terme ugar\u00edtic <em>Lotan<\/em> (en els textos KTU 1.5 i 1.83, datats cap al 1400 aC), on el monstre mar\u00ed de set caps Lotan \u00e9s ven\u00e7ut pel d\u00e9u de la tempesta Baal.<\/p><p>Aquest precedent est\u00e0 estretament relacionat amb el <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Relat transm\u00e8s sobre d\u00e9us, or\u00edgens i l'ordre del m\u00f3n.\" tabindex=\"0\">mite<\/span> mesopot\u00e0mic de Tiamat (Enuma Elish); tots dos pertanyen a la tradici\u00f3 del <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Relat transm\u00e8s sobre d\u00e9us, or\u00edgens i l'ordre del m\u00f3n.\" tabindex=\"0\">mite<\/span> del combat de l&#8217;Orient Pr\u00f2xim antic (<em>Chaoskampf<\/em>), que serveix de model a la tradici\u00f3 jueva de Liwjatan.<\/p><p><span data-nosnippet>La recerca (John Day, <em>God&#8217;s Conflict with the Dragon and the Sea<\/em>, 1985; Mark S. Smith, <em>The Origins of Biblical Monotheism<\/em>, 2001) ha analitzat detalladament aquestes connexions difusionistes.<\/span><\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-159dcf9a e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"159dcf9a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-48cee66f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"48cee66f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Visi\u00f3 r\u00e0pida: Leviatan<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3f50d82c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"3f50d82c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Tipus:<\/strong> \u00e9sser mar\u00ed primordial, figura del caos, dimoni superior de l&#8217;infern<br>Origen: Lotan ugar\u00edtic, Liwjatan hebreu<br>Textos: Job 40, 41, Sl 74, Is 27, Ap 13, Enoc, grimoris<br>Per\u00edode: des del bronze final fins a l&#8217;actualitat<br>Funci\u00f3: encarnaci\u00f3 del caos, <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Element tem\u00e0tic recurrent en l'art o la narraci\u00f3.\" tabindex=\"0\">motiu<\/span> escatol\u00f2gic de la fi dels temps<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-klaerung1777529077 e-con-boxed e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"klaerung1777529077\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-klar1777529077 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"klar1777529077\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n<p><span data-nosnippet><em><strong>Difer\u00e8ncia amb Satan:<\/strong> A difer\u00e8ncia de <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/?page_id=171368\">Satan<\/a>, l&#8217;adversari personificat de la tradici\u00f3 judeocristiana, Leviatan no \u00e9s una figura amb ag\u00e8ncia pr\u00f2pia, sin\u00f3 una <strong>simbologia c\u00f2smica monstruosa<\/strong>, el monstre mar\u00ed dels textos de Job, utilitzat m\u00e9s tard com a imatge del caos desbocat en la <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"La doctrina cient\u00edfica sobre D\u00e9u i sobre la fe d'una religi\u00f3.\" tabindex=\"0\">teologia<\/span> i la filosofia pol\u00edtica (Hobbes, 1651).<\/em><\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-18613602 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"18613602\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-262b8a9f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"262b8a9f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Introducci\u00f3<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-46dcb7d e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"46dcb7d\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-61d3ab3 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"61d3ab3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-117c166 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"117c166\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Per\u00edode dels textos<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-73997a0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"73997a0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Els primers testimonis apareixen en textos ugar\u00edtics (II mil\u00b7lenni aC) com <em>Lotan<\/em>. A l&#8217;Antic Testament es descriu extensament a Job 40, 41. Elaboraci\u00f3 apocal\u00edptica en l&#8217;\u00e8poca del Segon Temple (Enoc). Recepci\u00f3 cristiana a l&#8217;Apocalipsi i la <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Teologia i escrits dels Pares de l'Esgl\u00e9sia (segles II-VIII), com Agust\u00ed, Jeroni, Or\u00edgenes, Cris\u00f2stom.\">Patr\u00edstica<\/span>. Grimoris i Hobbes en l&#8217;\u00e8poca moderna.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d47b156 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d47b156\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ff38c2b elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"ff38c2b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">\u00c0rea de difusi\u00f3<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4e49fcc elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4e49fcc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Partint de l&#8217;\u00e0rea siro-cananea antiga (Ugarit) cap a l&#8217;Israel b\u00edblic; d&#8217;aqu\u00ed al conjunt del m\u00f3n cristi\u00e0, amb una pres\u00e8ncia destacada en la <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Estudi de les imatges i el seu significat.\" tabindex=\"0\">iconografia<\/span> (la boca de l&#8217;infern) i la literatura (Hobbes, Moby Dick).<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-db03c39 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"db03c39\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-229a87b e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"229a87b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1f471fc elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1f471fc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Estat de les fonts<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-36b1201 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"36b1201\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Textos ugar\u00edtics (KTU 1.5); Job 40, 41; Sl 74, Sl 104; Is 27,1; 1 Enoc 60; Ap 12, 13; grimoris (Dictionnaire Infernal); Hobbes; recepci\u00f3 moderna.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3ae0637c e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"3ae0637c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-31d07739 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"31d07739\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Nom<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b7642947 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"b7642947\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a086266 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a086266\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Hebreu:<\/strong> <em>Liwjatan<\/em>, \u00abel que es cargola\u00bb, \u00abel retor\u00e7at\u00bb.<br>Ugar\u00edtic: <em>Lotan<\/em>, amb una continu\u00eftat etimol\u00f2gica i tem\u00e0tica directa.<br>Grec (LXX): <em>drak\u014dn<\/em>.<br>Llat\u00ed (Vulgata): <em>Leviathan<\/em>.<\/p><p>El parentiu tem\u00e0tic amb Ti\u0101mat, Apopis i Vrtra \u00e9s indiscutible; ling\u00fc\u00edsticament, Leviatan es troba en l\u00ednia directa amb el Lotan ugar\u00edtic. En la tradici\u00f3 cabal\u00edstica, de vegades es concep com a femen\u00ed (com a esposa d&#8217;un \u00abLeviatan mal\u00e8fic\u00bb) o doble (dos leviatans).<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-709a44a8 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"709a44a8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2f585873 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2f585873\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Trets caracter\u00edstics<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-70621c12 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"70621c12\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4296eb49 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4296eb49\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Aparen\u00e7a<\/strong><\/p><p>Serp marina gigant o monstre mar\u00ed en forma de drac. Job 40,41 el descriu amb una gola que llan\u00e7a foc, cuirassa d&#8217;escates i for\u00e7a invencible. <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Doctrina sobre els continguts de les imatges i el seu significat.\" tabindex=\"0\">Iconografia<\/span> medieval: drac, Leviatan com a gola infernal que devora els condemnats.<\/p><p><strong>Comportament<\/strong><\/p><p>A Job \u00e9s la joguina de D\u00e9u, prova de la superioritat divina. A Isa\u00efes 27,1 \u00e9s l&#8217;enemic que D\u00e9u ven\u00e7 amb l&#8217;espasa al final dels temps. A l&#8217;Apocalipsi \u00e9s el drac apocal\u00edptic sorgit del mar.<\/p><p><strong>\u00c0mbit d&#8217;acci\u00f3<\/strong><\/p><p>El mar, l&#8217;abisme, el ca\u00f2tic. En la interpretaci\u00f3 escatol\u00f2gica, la fi dels temps; en la iconografia infernal medieval, l&#8217;infern mateix.<\/p><p><strong>Origen mitol\u00f2gic<\/strong><\/p><p>Arrel ugar\u00edtica en el <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un element de contingut recurrent en l'art o la narrativa.\" tabindex=\"0\">motiu<\/span> de Lotan, inserit en el combat contra el caos del d\u00e9u Baal contra la for\u00e7a marina Yamm. B\u00edblicament \u00e9s tant moment de la creaci\u00f3 (domesticaci\u00f3) com de la fi dels temps (destrucci\u00f3).<\/p><div><p><strong>Job 40, 41 com a font m\u00e9s detallada<\/strong><\/p><p>La descripci\u00f3 m\u00e9s detallada del Leviatan a la B\u00edblia es troba a Job 41 (en algunes numeracions, 40,25, 41,26): un retrat detallat de 34 versicles de l&#8217;\u00e9sser, amb escates, al\u00e8 de foc, boca gigantina i invencibilitat.<\/p><p>El context teol\u00f2gic \u00e9s la resposta de D\u00e9u a Job des de la tempesta (Job 38, 41), en la qual D\u00e9u demostra la seva sobirania c\u00f2smica tamb\u00e9 sobre les forces del caos. El Leviatan hi apareix juntament amb el Behemot com a doble prova de que la creaci\u00f3 cont\u00e9 forces que escapen al domini hum\u00e0 per\u00f2 estan sotmeses al div\u00ed.<\/p><p>El Salm 74,14 al\u00b7ludeix a la prehist\u00f2ria cosmol\u00f2gica (\u00abVas esclafar els caps del Leviatan\u00bb); el Salm 104,26 hi posa un accent posterior, gaireb\u00e9 l\u00fadic (\u00abel Leviatan, que vas formar perqu\u00e8 hi jugu\u00e9s\u00bb). La tradici\u00f3 rab\u00ednica jueva (<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Obra principal del judaisme rab\u00ednic, en versi\u00f3 babil\u00f2nica i jerosolimitana; cont\u00e9 la Mixn\u00e0 i la Guemar\u00e0.\">Talmud<\/span> Bavli, Bava Batra 75a) narra un banquet dels justos a la fi dels temps, en el qual es menja la carn del Leviatan.<\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-44e71476 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"44e71476\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3c1fc3f0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3c1fc3f0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Fitxa: Leviatan<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-84f33b8e e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"84f33b8e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-hqkdc67p elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"hqkdc67p\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Els aspectes m\u00e9s importants del Leviatan d&#8217;un cop d&#8217;ull.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c5 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c1 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-qh9oavvu iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"qh9oavvu\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-awzx8k2k elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"awzx8k2k\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Origen del Leviatan<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-x6rowhv0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"x6rowhv0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Lotan ugar\u00edtic, hebreu Liwyatan. A l&#8217;Antic Testament \u00e9s alhora element domesticat en la creaci\u00f3 i enemic escatol\u00f2gic.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8e3o4kxs iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"8e3o4kxs\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-08rkdgov elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"08rkdgov\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Objecte d'acci\u00f3<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-uwjelx8s elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"uwjelx8s\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Amena\u00e7a c\u00f2smica; en la recepci\u00f3 medieval, condemnats (gola infernal). Tem\u00e0ticament: els humans davant els l\u00edmits del que es pot dominar.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-jm2n74ec iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"jm2n74ec\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8vufse4c elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"8vufse4c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Aparen\u00e7a<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-mwb9u015 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"mwb9u015\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Serp marina gigant, gola que llan\u00e7a foc, cuirassa d&#8217;escates. Medievalment representat com la gola infernal que devora \u00e0nimes.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c2 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c2\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-37ss2yr6 iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"37ss2yr6\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3v0wp3wx elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3v0wp3wx\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">\u00c0mbit d'acci\u00f3<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-w3247g2m elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"w3247g2m\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Encarnaci\u00f3 del caos, amena\u00e7a l&#8217;ordre, \u00e9s ven\u00e7ut al final. En la tradici\u00f3 dels grimoris: <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"\u00c9sser espiritual al qual s'atribueix un efecte nociu o ambivalent.\" tabindex=\"0\">dimoni<\/span> de l&#8217;enveja.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0qpjal9w iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"0qpjal9w\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6ndoih0o elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6ndoih0o\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Defensa contra el Leviatan<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6684tyh9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6684tyh9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>No hi ha defensa quotidiana. Teol\u00f2gicament: confian\u00e7a en D\u00e9u com a vencedor. En la literatura cabal\u00edstica i de grimoris, f\u00f3rmules espec\u00edfiques de lligament.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3lfi7x32 iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3lfi7x32\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0kg99ga1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"0kg99ga1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Paral\u00b7lels del Leviatan<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-n0fum6kp elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"n0fum6kp\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Tiamat (Mesopot\u00e0mia), <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/apophis\/\">Apofis<\/a> (Egipte), Vritra (v\u00e8dic), la serp de Migard, el drac de l&#8217;Apocalipsi.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7533bc7a e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"7533bc7a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2447d18d elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2447d18d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Funci\u00f3 en el ritu<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d5d0260c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d5d0260c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-341be2ac elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"341be2ac\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Lit\u00fargicament<\/strong><\/p><p>En la narraci\u00f3 jueva del banquet de la fi dels temps, el Leviatan serveix d&#8217;aliment als justos (<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Obra principal del judaisme rab\u00ednic amb interpretaci\u00f3 de la tradici\u00f3 religiosa.\" tabindex=\"0\">Talmud<\/span>, Baba Batra 74b, 75a). En la <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Ordre fix del culte religi\u00f3s amb textos, cants i actes rituals.\">lit\u00fargia<\/span> cristiana no hi ha relaci\u00f3 directa, per\u00f2 l&#8217;<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Doctrina sobre els continguts de les imatges i el seu significat.\" tabindex=\"0\">iconografia<\/span> del drac en la lit\u00fargia pasqual hi ressona.<\/p><p><strong>Invocacions<\/strong><\/p><p>Els grimoris (Pseudomonarchia Daemonum, Dictionnaire Infernal) situen el Leviatan com un dels dimonis superiors, amb segell i rang. En la tradici\u00f3 cabal\u00edstica forma part de la <em>Sitra Achra<\/em>.<\/p><p><strong>Simb\u00f2licament<\/strong><\/p><p>Com a figura del caos \u00e9s la contraimatge de l&#8217;ordre div\u00ed; com a gola infernal \u00e9s el punt de refer\u00e8ncia iconogr\u00e0fic de les representacions medievals de la fi dels temps. En Hobbes, s\u00edmbol del poder sobir\u00e0 de l&#8217;Estat.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5a584676 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"5a584676\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6d0757bf elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6d0757bf\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Paral\u00b7lelismes i perviv\u00e8ncia<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-60563f68 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"60563f68\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5a93fdd6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5a93fdd6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Pr\u00f2xim Orient:<\/strong> el Lotan ugar\u00edtic, la Tiamat babil\u00f2nica, la mateixa fam\u00edlia de motius. El patr\u00f3 b\u00e0sic: la creaci\u00f3 mitjan\u00e7ant la domesticaci\u00f3 de la for\u00e7a del mar primigeni.<\/p><p><strong>Tradicions indoeuropees:<\/strong> Vritra al Rigveda, la serp de Migard, el drac de la llegenda heroica grega. Tots representen l&#8217;element primordial que el d\u00e9u heroi ha de v\u00e8ncer.<\/p><p><strong>Recepci\u00f3 moderna<\/strong><\/p><p>El <em>Leviatan<\/em> de Hobbes com a met\u00e0fora pol\u00edtica del poder de l&#8217;Estat. Melville cita el Leviatan a Moby-Dick. Modernament: cinema, literatura, vocabulari pol\u00edtic (estat de vigil\u00e0ncia = \u00abLeviatan\u00bb).<\/p><div><p><strong>Recepci\u00f3 pol\u00edtica i moderna<\/strong><\/p><p><span data-nosnippet>Thomas Hobbes, l&#8217;any 1651, amb la seva obra pol\u00edtica principal <em>Leviathan, or The Matter, Forme and Power of a Common-wealth Ecclesiasticall and Civill<\/em>, va convertir la figura en al\u00b7legoria de l&#8217;Estat absolut: el \u00abd\u00e9u mortal\u00bb Leviatan \u00e9s el sobir\u00e0 creat per contracte a partir de l&#8217;estat de natura (<em>bellum omnium contra omnes<\/em>) i que governa sobre la vida i la mort dels ciutadans.<\/span><\/p><p>La tria d&#8217;aquesta imatge concreta per part de Hobbes \u00e9s notable des del punt de vista de la hist\u00f2ria de les religions: identifica l&#8217;Estat amb la for\u00e7a del caos, la domesticaci\u00f3 b\u00edblica de la qual atorga a l&#8217;Estat la seva funci\u00f3.<\/p><p><span data-nosnippet>En la recepci\u00f3 moderna (Carl Schmitt, <em>Der Leviathan in der Staatslehre des Thomas Hobbes<\/em>, 1938) i en els debats sobre la sobirania de l&#8217;Estat, el Leviatan continua sent una figura de refer\u00e8ncia central.<\/span><\/p><p><span data-nosnippet>Aquesta recepci\u00f3 pol\u00edtica avan\u00e7a en paral\u00b7lel amb la recepci\u00f3 teol\u00f2gico-demonol\u00f2gica, en la qual el Leviatan figura, en la jerarquia infernal medieval (Peter Binsfeld, <em>De confessionibus maleficarum<\/em>, 1589), com un dels set pr\u00ednceps infernals, responsable del pecat capital de l&#8217;<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"En la tradici\u00f3 cristiana, doctrina que s'aparta de la posici\u00f3 ortodoxa; a l'antiguitat i l'edat mitjana era sancionada.\">heretgia<\/span>.<\/span><\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp0fa89a2 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp0fa89a2\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp45b6119 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp45b6119\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">El Leviatan al llibre de Job: el discurs de D\u00e9u des de la tempesta<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp5b95145 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp5b95145\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp1068a65 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp1068a65\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>La descripci\u00f3 m\u00e9s detallada del Leviatan a la B\u00edblia hebrea es troba al llibre de Job, al cap\u00edtol 41. Forma part dels discursos de D\u00e9u, amb els quals D\u00e9u respon des de la tempesta als laments de Job.<\/p><p>D\u00e9u descriu el monstre mitjan\u00e7ant una llarga s\u00e8rie de preguntes que apunten totes cap a la mateixa conclusi\u00f3: cap \u00e9sser hum\u00e0 pot fer front al Leviatan. Ning\u00fa pot posar-li un ganxo pel nas, subjectar-li la boca amb una brida ni foradar-li la pell amb llances.<\/p><p>La descripci\u00f3 \u00e9s concreta i plena d&#8217;imatges. El Leviatan t\u00e9 escates impenetrables que s&#8217;ajunten com escuts, de la seva boca surten torxes, de les seves narius s&#8217;eleva fum, el seu al\u00e8 enc\u00e9n carbons.<\/p><p>Quan s&#8217;aixeca, fins i tot els forts s&#8217;espanten. Considera el ferro com palla i el bronze com fusta corcada. Fa bullir les profunditats com una olla. \u00c9s rei sobre tots els altius.<\/p><p>En la hist\u00f2ria de la interpretaci\u00f3 hi ha hagut controv\u00e8rsia sobre el que significa realment. Una l\u00ednia m\u00e9s antiga interpretava el Leviatan de manera racionalista com un cocodril, una altra hi veia un s\u00edmbol pur del caos. Avui la investigaci\u00f3 subratlla el context ret\u00f2ric: dins el llibre de Job, el Leviatan representa el l\u00edmit del poder i de la comprensi\u00f3 humanes.<\/p><p>D\u00e9u mostra a Job una criatura que l&#8217;\u00e9sser hum\u00e0 no pot ni controlar ni comprendre, per\u00f2 que no representa cap amena\u00e7a per a D\u00e9u mateix. El discurs div\u00ed converteix, paradoxalment, el monstre del caos en una part de l&#8217;ordre inabastable i vast\u00edssim de la creaci\u00f3, el sentit del qual queda fora de l&#8217;abast hum\u00e0.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp6f647dc e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp6f647dc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpe9f0c9f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cpe9f0c9f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">El rerefons semita occidental: Lotan i el combat contra el caos<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp10055ac e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp10055ac\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpf9e4b2d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cpf9e4b2d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>El Leviatan no \u00e9s una invenci\u00f3 b\u00edblica a\u00efllada. El descobriment dels textos ugar\u00edtics a Ras Shamra, a la costa s\u00edria, des de 1929, ha posat de manifest un rerefons m\u00e9s antic.<\/p><p>En els textos mitol\u00f2gics d&#8217;Ugarit, que pertanyen al segon mil\u00b7lenni abans de l&#8217;era cristiana, apareix una serp anomenada <em>Lotan<\/em>, que t\u00e9 una estreta relaci\u00f3 fon\u00e8tica amb l&#8217;hebreu Livyatan. Lotan hi \u00e9s descrit com una serp sinuosa de diversos caps, que \u00e9s abatuda pel d\u00e9u de la tempesta Baal o per la deessa Anat.<\/p><p>Aix\u00ed, el Leviatan s&#8217;inscriu en el <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un element tem\u00e0tic recurrent en l'art o en la narrativa.\" tabindex=\"0\">motiu<\/span> molt est\u00e8s de l&#8217;antic Orient Pr\u00f2xim del combat contra el caos. A Mesopot\u00e0mia, el d\u00e9u Marduk lluita a l&#8217;<em>Enuma Elix<\/em> contra les aig\u00fces primordials de Tiamat, mentre que a Ugarit Baal derrota el mar Yam i el drac Lotan.<\/p><p>El patr\u00f3 b\u00e0sic \u00e9s similar arreu: un poder ordenador ven\u00e7 un poder ca\u00f2tic i aqu\u00f3s, sovint amb forma de serp, i amb aix\u00f2 institueix o reafirma l&#8217;ordre del m\u00f3n.<\/p><p>La B\u00edblia hebrea coneix aquest <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un element tem\u00e0tic recurrent en l'art o en la narrativa.\" tabindex=\"0\">motiu<\/span> i el recupera, tot i que en una elaboraci\u00f3 pr\u00f2pia. Diversos salms i textos prof\u00e8tics parlen de com D\u00e9u ha esclafat els caps del Leviatan o del drac mar\u00ed.<\/p><p><span data-nosnippet>Historiadors de les religions com John Day han mostrat a <em>God&#8217;s Conflict with the Dragon and the Sea<\/em> (1985) com aquestes imatges m\u00e9s antigues perviuen en els textos b\u00edblics, tot i que hi s\u00f3n atribu\u00efdes a l&#8217;\u00fanic D\u00e9u d&#8217;Israel.<\/span><\/p><p>Aix\u00ed, el Leviatan passa de ser un adversari div\u00ed aut\u00f2nom a esdevenir una criatura que D\u00e9u sotmet, o que, com en el llibre de Job, apareix fins i tot com una simple joguina poderosa per\u00f2 inofensiva a les seves mans.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpab2b5fc e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cpab2b5fc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpfe388ca elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cpfe388ca\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">El fest\u00ed de la fi dels temps: el Leviatan en la tradici\u00f3 jueva<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpb6217c3 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cpb6217c3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpe28435f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cpe28435f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>En la literatura jueva postb\u00edblica, el Leviatan \u00e9s reelaborat de manera pr\u00f2pia. Una tradici\u00f3 \u00e0mplia, present en apocalipsis, al <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Obra principal del judaisme rab\u00ednic amb la interpretaci\u00f3 de la tradici\u00f3 religiosa.\" tabindex=\"0\">Talmud<\/span> i en la literatura midr\u00e0ixica, el vincula amb la fi dels temps.<\/p><p>Sovint apareix aparellat amb el monstre terrestre <em>Behemot<\/em>; de vegades s&#8217;hi afegeix com a tercer l&#8217;ocell <em>Ziz<\/em>. El Leviatan domina el mar, Behemot la terra.<\/p><p>Una idea molt estesa diu que D\u00e9u va crear origin\u00e0riament els dos monstres primigenis com a parella, per\u00f2 va impedir-ne la reproducci\u00f3 perqu\u00e8 no arribessin a dominar el m\u00f3n.<\/p><p>Al final dels temps, segons una narraci\u00f3 testimoniada en diverses fonts, el Leviatan i Behemot seran matats i la seva carn ser\u00e0 servida als justos com a fest\u00ed. De la pell del Leviatan, segons un embelliment talm\u00fadic, D\u00e9u en confecciona una tenda o un dosser per als pietosos.<\/p><p>Aquestes imatges s\u00f3n molt reveladores des del punt de vista de la hist\u00f2ria de les religions. El monstre del caos, que en les capes m\u00e9s antigues representava una amena\u00e7a real per a la creaci\u00f3, queda aqu\u00ed totalment integrat en la hist\u00f2ria de la salvaci\u00f3. Des del principi \u00e9s sota control i, al final, fins i tot serveix de recompensa als justos.<\/p><p>La idea del fest\u00ed del Leviatan t\u00e9 una llarga hist\u00f2ria d&#8217;influ\u00e8ncia en la <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"L'ordre establert del culte religi\u00f3s d'una comunitat de fe.\" tabindex=\"0\">lit\u00fargia<\/span> i la <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"La religiositat viscuda en la vida quotidiana, sovint al costat de la doctrina oficial.\" tabindex=\"0\">religiositat popular<\/span> jueves; encara es troba en cants de taula per a la festa dels Tabernacles. La investigaci\u00f3 hi veu un exemple de com un antic <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un element tem\u00e0tic recurrent en l'art o en la narrativa.\" tabindex=\"0\">motiu<\/span> m\u00edtic ha pogut mantenir-se viu al llarg dels segles gr\u00e0cies a reinterpretacions successives, sense perdre mai del tot el seu origen amena\u00e7ador.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpb39e41a e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cpb39e41a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp7ec3be5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp7ec3be5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Interpretaci\u00f3 cristiana: de les fauces de l'infern al s\u00edmbol pol\u00edtic<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp5bb46b3 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp5bb46b3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2624cb4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp2624cb4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>En la tradici\u00f3 interpretativa cristiana, el Leviat\u00e0 va ser interpretat majorit\u00e0riament de manera negativa. Pares de l&#8217;Esgl\u00e9sia com Gregori el Gran, en els seus comentaris sobre Job, el van relacionar amb el diable o l&#8217;Anticrist.<\/p><p>A partir de la gola que llan\u00e7a foc del llibre de Job, es va desenvolupar en l&#8217;art medieval el motiu iconogr\u00e0fic de la boca de l&#8217;infern, una enorme gola de monstre oberta cap a la qual eren empesos els condemnats. Aquesta imatge va marcar la il\u00b7luminaci\u00f3 de manuscrits, els portals d&#8217;esgl\u00e9sies i, m\u00e9s tard, el teatre religi\u00f3s.<\/p><p>Una altra l\u00ednia interpretativa utilitzava el Leviat\u00e0 de manera al\u00b7leg\u00f2rica per al\u00b7ludir a la idea de la redempci\u00f3. En alguns textos medievals, el Leviat\u00e0 atrapat amb un ham apareix com a imatge de com el diable \u00e9s enganyat mitjan\u00e7ant l&#8217;encarnaci\u00f3 de Crist: la creu es converteix en l&#8217;ham on cau el monstre.<\/p><p>Aquesta idea unia l&#8217;antiga imatge del Leviat\u00e0 inatrapable amb la doctrina cristiana de la salvaci\u00f3.<\/p><p><span data-nosnippet>La reformulaci\u00f3 de m\u00e9s abast de l&#8217;\u00e8poca moderna prov\u00e9 de Thomas Hobbes. En la seva obra <em>Leviathan<\/em>, de 1651, va triar el monstre b\u00edblic com a <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Una imatge il\u00b7lustrativa que representa una idea abstracta.\" tabindex=\"0\">s\u00edmbol<\/span> de l&#8217;Estat, un home artificial format per molts homes, que amb el seu poder superior posa fi a l&#8217;estat de natura de guerra de tots contra tots.<\/span><\/p><p>En aix\u00f2, Hobbes es va recolzar expl\u00edcitament en el passatge de Job sobre el rei de tots els superbs.<\/p><p>El fam\u00f3s gravat de la portada, que mostra un sobir\u00e0 enorme format per moltes figures petites, \u00e9s una de les imatges pol\u00edtiques m\u00e9s conegudes de tots els temps. Des de Hobbes, Leviat\u00e0 \u00e9s en el llenguatge pol\u00edtic una expressi\u00f3 per referir-se a un poder estatal aclaparador, un fil de sentit que ja nom\u00e9s es connecta amb el drac primigeni del caos a trav\u00e9s del <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un element de contingut recurrent en l'art o la narraci\u00f3.\" tabindex=\"0\">motiu<\/span> del poder invencible.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-36dd7469 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"36dd7469\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-13760ab4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"13760ab4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Enlla\u00e7os relacionats<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-28c87796 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"28c87796\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5d6538df elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5d6538df\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Enlla\u00e7os interns recomanats:<\/p><ul><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/?page_id=171364\">Cristianisme<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/?page_id=171368\">Satan<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/?page_id=171370\">Llucifer<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/?page_id=171372\">Beelzebub<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/?page_id=171373\">Legi\u00f3<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/apophis\/\">Apopis<\/a> (paral\u00b7lel m\u00e9s estret)<\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/mesopotamia\/\">Mesopot\u00e0mia<\/a> (tradici\u00f3 de Tiamat)<\/li><li>Motius de drac i lluita c\u00f2smica contra el caos<\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-grl4kl40 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"grl4kl40\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bzsbfrmh elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"bzsbfrmh\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Bibliografia de recerca<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2c13224a e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"2c13224a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0eymh9ub elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"0eymh9ub\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<footer class=\"iwg-literatur\"><p>Una selecci\u00f3 de treballs centrals sobre el Leviat\u00e0:<\/p><ul><li><span data-nosnippet>Day, John: <em>God&#8217;s Conflict with the Dragon and the Sea<\/em>. Cambridge 1985.<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Uehlinger, Christoph: \u201eLeviathan.\u00bb A: <em>Dictionary of Deities and Demons in the Bible<\/em>. 2a ed. Leiden 1999.<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Wakeman, Mary K.: <em>God&#8217;s Battle with the Monster<\/em>. Leiden 1973.<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Batto, Bernard F.: <em>Slaying the Dragon<\/em>. Louisville 1992.<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Schmidt, Brian B.: \u201eSea Monsters.\u00bb A: <em>Encyclopedia of the Dead Sea Scrolls<\/em>. Nova York 2000.<\/span><\/li><\/ul><div data-nosnippet=\"true\" class=\"iwg-litliste\"><p><strong>Bibliografia est\u00e0ndard (Cristianisme):<\/strong><\/p><ul><li><span data-nosnippet><strong>Markschies, Christoph<\/strong>: <em>Das antike Christentum. <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"\u00c8poca de la cultura grega i romana, aproximadament entre el 800 aC i el 600 dC.\" tabindex=\"0\">antike<\/span> Christentum. <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"L'actitud i pr\u00e0ctica religiosa viscuda d'una persona.\" tabindex=\"0\">Fr\u00f6mmigkeit<\/span>, Lebensformen, Institutionen. Beck, Munic 2006.<\/em><\/span><\/li><\/ul><\/div><\/footer>\n<p class=\"iwg-bib-more\"><span data-nosnippet>M\u00e9s obres est\u00e0ndard al <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/?page_id=171483\">\u00edndex bibliogr\u00e0fic<\/a>.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-wv-leviathan-faq-33e931 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"wv-leviathan-faq-33e931\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-wv-leviathan-faq-col-8e5934\" data-id=\"wv-leviathan-faq-col-8e5934\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-wv-leviathan-h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"wv-leviathan-h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Preguntes freq\u00fcents sobre el Leviat\u00e0<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-wv-leviathan-t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"wv-leviathan-t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n<details class=\"iwg-faq-item\">\n  <summary><strong>Qu\u00e8 \u00e9s el Leviat\u00e0?<\/strong><\/summary>\n  <p>El Leviat\u00e0 \u00e9s un enorme monstre mar\u00ed de la tradici\u00f3 judeocristiana. A la B\u00edblia hebrea (Isa\u00efes, Salms, Job) apareix com una for\u00e7a primig\u00e8nia ca\u00f2tica del mar, que D\u00e9u doma al principi de la creaci\u00f3. En l&#8217;apocal\u00edptica jueva posterior i en la demonologia cristiana, el Leviat\u00e0 va esdevenir la personificaci\u00f3 del mal. En Thomas Hobbes, el nom es va convertir en el s\u00edmbol de l&#8217;Estat totpoder\u00f3s.<\/p>\n<\/details>\n\n<details class=\"iwg-faq-item\">\n  <summary><strong>\u00c9s el Leviat\u00e0 un <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"\u00c9sser espiritual al qual s'atribueix un efecte perjudicial o ambivalent.\" tabindex=\"0\">dimoni<\/span> o un animal?<\/strong><\/summary>\n  <p>En la tradici\u00f3 b\u00edblica original, el Leviat\u00e0 \u00e9s un enorme animal c\u00f2smic, \u00edntimament emparentat amb el Lotan ugar\u00edtic i la Tiamat mesopot\u00e0mica. En l&#8217;apocal\u00edptica jueva posterior (el Llibre d&#8217;Enoc) i en la demonologia cristiana de l&#8217;\u00e8poca moderna primerenca, va esdevenir un <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"\u00c9sser espiritual al qual s'atribueix un efecte perjudicial o ambivalent.\" tabindex=\"0\">dimoni<\/span>: segons Peter Binsfeld, un dels set arxidimonis, responsable del pecat capital de l&#8217;enveja.<\/p>\n<\/details>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-wv-leviathan-s elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"wv-leviathan-s\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<script type=\"application\/ld+json\">{\"@context\": \"https:\/\/schema.org\", \"@type\": \"FAQPage\", \"mainEntity\": [{\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"Qu\u00e8 \u00e9s el Leviat\u00e0?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"El Leviat\u00e0 \u00e9s un enorme monstre mar\u00ed de la tradici\u00f3 judeocristiana. A la B\u00edblia hebrea (Isa\u00efes, Salms, Job) apareix com una for\u00e7a primig\u00e8nia ca\u00f2tica del mar, que D\u00e9u doma al principi de la creaci\u00f3. En l'apocal\u00edptica jueva posterior i en la demonologia cristiana, el Leviat\u00e0 va esdevenir la personificaci\u00f3 del mal: en Thomas Hobbes, el nom es va convertir en el s\u00edmbol de l'Estat totpoder\u00f3s.\"}}, {\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"\u00c9s el Leviat\u00e0 un dimoni o un animal?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"En la tradici\u00f3 b\u00edblica original, el Leviat\u00e0 \u00e9s un enorme animal c\u00f2smic, \u00edntimament emparentat amb el Lotan ugar\u00edtic i la Tiamat mesopot\u00e0mica. En l'apocal\u00edptica jueva posterior (el Llibre d'Enoc) i en la demonologia cristiana de l'\u00e8poca moderna primerenca, va esdevenir un dimoni: segons Peter Binsfeld, un dels set arxidimonis, responsable del pecat capital de l'enveja.\"}}]}<\/script>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":1566,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"elementor_header_footer","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_focuskw":"Caos de Leviatan","_yoast_wpseo_title":"Leviatan \u2013 drac del caos i adversari de la creaci\u00f3","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"Leviatan, serp primordial del mar i figura del caos de la tradici\u00f3 hebrea: des de Job i els Salms fins a l'apocal\u00edptica cristiana.","_yoast_wpseo_meta-robots-noindex":"","_yoast_wpseo_canonical":"","_angie_page":false,"gefaehrdungsstufe":"5","wesen_kultur":"christentum","wesen_klasse":"goetter","footnotes":""},"categories":[],"class_list":["post-171371","page","type-page","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v27.7 (Yoast SEO v28.3) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Leviatan \u2013 drac del caos i adversari de la creaci\u00f3<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Leviatan, serp primordial del mar i figura del caos de la tradici\u00f3 hebrea: des de Job i els Salms fins a l&#039;apocal\u00edptica cristiana.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/leviatan\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"ca_ES\" \/>\n<meta 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