{"id":171354,"date":"2026-09-05T15:38:41","date_gmt":"2026-09-05T15:38:41","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/?page_id=171354"},"modified":"2026-09-05T15:54:50","modified_gmt":"2026-09-05T15:54:50","slug":"lemures","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/lemures\/","title":{"rendered":"Lemures"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"171354\" class=\"elementor elementor-171354 elementor-844\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-10fdade e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"10fdade\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-herohlft0 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"herohlft0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c3ceb64 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"c3ceb64\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-96ae5e1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"96ae5e1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Lemures, esperits de morts i de la llar en la religi\u00f3 romana<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e45238a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e45238a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\nL\u00e8murs (llat\u00ed: Lemures), morts inquiets i la festa de maig de la Lemuria.\nEsperits de morts i de la llar en la religi\u00f3 romana, en l&#8217;ortografia catalana tamb\u00e9 coneguts com a l\u00e8murs.\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-klsbdg01 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"klsbdg01\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-klshtm01 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"klshtm01\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"iwg-pill-row\"><span class=\"iwg-klasse-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Esperit: \u00c9sser incorpori o semicorpori, difunts, \u00e9ssers de la natura, esperits de la llar o guardians dels llindars. Actua en la vida quotidiana, sovint lligat a llocs o fam\u00edlies.\">Esperit<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/?page_id=171346\" class=\"iwg-kultur-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Religi\u00f3 romana des de la monarquia fins a l'antiguitat tardana, sincr\u00e8tica amb capes gregues i etrusques.\">Roma<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/?page_id=171451\" class=\"iwg-tradition-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Difunts, els esperits dels quals continuen actuant en aquest m\u00f3n, esperits de la llar, avantpassats, morts inquiets.\">Esperit dels morts<\/a><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3f74855 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3f74855\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1c30362 elementor-toc--minimized-on-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-table-of-contents\" data-id=\"1c30362\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;exclude_headings_by_selector&quot;:[],&quot;no_headings_message&quot;:&quot;No s&#039;ha trobat cap encap\\u00e7alament en aquesta p\\u00e0gina.&quot;,&quot;headings_by_tags&quot;:[&quot;h2&quot;,&quot;h3&quot;],&quot;marker_view&quot;:&quot;bullets&quot;,&quot;icon&quot;:{&quot;value&quot;:&quot;fas fa-circle&quot;,&quot;library&quot;:&quot;fa-solid&quot;,&quot;rendered_tag&quot;:&quot;&lt;svg class=\\&quot;e-font-icon-svg e-fas-circle\\&quot; viewBox=\\&quot;0 0 512 512\\&quot; xmlns=\\&quot;http:\\\/\\\/www.w3.org\\\/2000\\\/svg\\&quot;&gt;&lt;path d=\\&quot;M256 8C119 8 8 119 8 256s111 248 248 248 248-111 248-248S393 8 256 8z\\&quot;&gt;&lt;\\\/path&gt;&lt;\\\/svg&gt;&quot;},&quot;minimize_box&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;minimized_on&quot;:&quot;tablet&quot;,&quot;hierarchical_view&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;min_height&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"table-of-contents.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__header\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-toc__header-title\">\n\t\t\t\t\u00cdndex\t\t\t<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--expand\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__1c30362\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Open table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-down\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M207.029 381.476L12.686 187.132c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941l22.667-22.667c9.357-9.357 24.522-9.375 33.901-.04L224 284.505l154.745-154.021c9.379-9.335 24.544-9.317 33.901.04l22.667 22.667c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941L240.971 381.476c-9.373 9.372-24.569 9.372-33.942 0z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--collapse\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__1c30362\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Close table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-up\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M240.971 130.524l194.343 194.343c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941l-22.667 22.667c-9.357 9.357-24.522 9.375-33.901.04L224 227.495 69.255 381.516c-9.379 9.335-24.544 9.317-33.901-.04l-22.667-22.667c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941L207.03 130.525c9.372-9.373 24.568-9.373 33.941-.001z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-toc__1c30362\" class=\"elementor-toc__body\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__spinner-container\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg class=\"elementor-toc__spinner eicon-animation-spin e-font-icon-svg e-eicon-loading\" aria-hidden=\"true\" viewBox=\"0 0 1000 1000\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M500 975V858C696 858 858 696 858 500S696 142 500 142 142 304 142 500H25C25 237 238 25 500 25S975 237 975 500 763 975 500 975Z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-herorght0 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"herorght0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-heroimg00 iwg-hero-image elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"heroimg00\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"683\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/geister_rom_lemures-683x1024.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-1644\" alt=\"Lemures\" srcset=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/geister_rom_lemures-683x1024.webp 683w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/geister_rom_lemures-200x300.webp 200w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/geister_rom_lemures-768x1152.webp 768w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/geister_rom_lemures.webp 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 683px) 100vw, 683px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-32917199 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"32917199\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-26e916cb e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"26e916cb\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-253a40d4 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"253a40d4\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1200c304 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1200c304\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Lemures<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-11758e7f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"11758e7f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Els lemures s\u00f3n els esperits inquiets o mal\u00e8vols dels morts en la tradici\u00f3 romana. A difer\u00e8ncia dels <em>manes<\/em>, que eren venerats en el <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Veneraci\u00f3 dels difunts d'una fam\u00edlia com a poders protectors que continuen actuant.\" tabindex=\"0\">culte ancestral<\/span> habitual, els lemures es consideraven potencialment perillosos: tornaven a les cases, pertorbaven el son i la fam\u00edlia, i exigien ser aplacats.<\/p><p>Cada any al maig, els dies 9, 11 i 13, se celebrava la festa de la Lemuria, en la qual el pare de fam\u00edlia expulsava els lemures de la casa amb un <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un acte religi\u00f3s fix i recurrent.\" tabindex=\"0\">ritus<\/span> fixat.<\/p><p>La descripci\u00f3 liter\u00e0ria m\u00e9s coneguda la dona Ovidi al cinqu\u00e8 llibre dels seus <em>Fasti<\/em>. El <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Una seq\u00fc\u00e8ncia regulada d'actes simb\u00f2lics amb significat religi\u00f3s o cultural.\" tabindex=\"0\">ritual<\/span>, llan\u00e7ar faves, pronunciar una f\u00f3rmula, no mirar enrere, \u00e9s un dels rituals antics m\u00e9s detallats que conservem en forma escrita. La seva empremta arriba fins a descripcions folkl\u00f2riques modernes.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-159dcf9a e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"159dcf9a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-48cee66f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"48cee66f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">D'un cop d'ull: Lemures<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3f50d82c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"3f50d82c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Tipus:<\/strong> Esperits inquiets dels morts<br>Origen: Difunts amb sepultura incompleta o mort violenta<br>Textos: Ovidi (<em>Fasti<\/em> V), Horaci, Plaute, Persi<br>Per\u00edode: De la Rep\u00fablica fins a l&#8217;<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"\u00c8poca de transici\u00f3 entre l'antiguitat i l'edat mitjana, aproximadament del segle III al VII.\" tabindex=\"0\">antiguitat tardana<\/span><br>Difusi\u00f3: It\u00e0lia, Imperi rom\u00e0<br>Defensa: <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un acte religi\u00f3s fix i recurrent.\" tabindex=\"0\">Ritus<\/span> de la Lemuria (maig), sepultura adequada, <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ofrena a una divinitat per expressar gratitud, petici\u00f3 o veneraci\u00f3.\" tabindex=\"0\">ofrenes<\/span> de les Parentalia<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-18613602 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"18613602\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-262b8a9f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"262b8a9f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Introducci\u00f3<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-46dcb7d e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"46dcb7d\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-61d3ab3 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"61d3ab3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-117c166 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"117c166\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Per\u00edode dels textos<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-73997a0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"73997a0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Els lemures ja eren coneguts a la primera Rep\u00fablica. Segons Ovidi, la festa de la Lemuria data de la fundaci\u00f3 m\u00edtica per R\u00f2mul. Les fonts liter\u00e0ries s&#8217;estenen des del segle III aC (Plaute) fins a l&#8217;<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"\u00c8poca de transici\u00f3 entre l'antiguitat i l'edat mitjana, aproximadament del segle III al VII.\" tabindex=\"0\">antiguitat tardana<\/span>. Els autors cristians adopten m\u00e9s tard el terme per referir-se gen\u00e8ricament a esperits demon\u00edacs.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d47b156 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d47b156\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ff38c2b elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"ff38c2b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">\u00c0rea de difusi\u00f3<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4e49fcc elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4e49fcc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>El nucli es troba a It\u00e0lia, amb l&#8217;expansi\u00f3 de Roma s&#8217;est\u00e9n per tot l&#8217;Imperi. A les prov\u00edncies, la creen\u00e7a es fusiona amb tradicions locals d&#8217;esperits. La festa de la Lemuria forma part fixa del calendari rom\u00e0.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-db03c39 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"db03c39\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-229a87b e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"229a87b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1f471fc elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1f471fc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Estat de les fonts<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-36b1201 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"36b1201\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>El text central \u00e9s els <em>Fasti<\/em> V d&#8217;Ovidi (479, 492), amb la descripci\u00f3 detallada del <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un acte religi\u00f3s fix i recurrent.\" tabindex=\"0\">ritus<\/span> de la Lemuria. Tamb\u00e9 hi ha esments a Horaci, Persi, Plaute i <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Agust\u00ed d'Hipona (354\u2013430); pare de l'Esgl\u00e9sia cristiana, obres principals Confessiones i De civitate Dei.\">Agust\u00ed<\/span>. Inscripcions relacionades amb el <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"El conjunt d'actes de veneraci\u00f3 religiosa dedicats a una divinitat o figura sagrada.\" tabindex=\"0\">culte<\/span> de les Parentalia i el dret funerari completen el panorama.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3ae0637c e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"3ae0637c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-31d07739 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"31d07739\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Denominaci\u00f3 i grafies<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b7642947 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"b7642947\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a086266 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a086266\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Llat\u00ed:<\/strong> <em>Lemures<\/em>, gaireb\u00e9 sempre en plural; el singular <em>lemur<\/em> \u00e9s rar.<br>Es distingeixen de: <em>manes<\/em> (esperits ancestrals, positius), <em>larvae<\/em> (esperits mal\u00e8vols, sovint sin\u00f2nims dels lemures), <em>di inferi<\/em> (d\u00e9us de l&#8217;infram\u00f3n).<\/p><p>L&#8217;etimologia \u00e9s incerta; Ovidi deriva el nom, de manera especulativa, de \u00abRemus\u00bb. \u00c9s m\u00e9s probable que provingui d&#8217;una arrel que significa \u00abombra\u00bb o \u00abfigura nocturna\u00bb. El l\u00edmit amb les larvae \u00e9s dif\u00fas; alguns autors utilitzen els termes com a sin\u00f2nims, mentre que d&#8217;altres reserven \u00ablemures\u00bb per a la categoria m\u00e9s neutra.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-709a44a8 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"709a44a8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2f585873 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2f585873\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Descripci\u00f3<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-70621c12 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"70621c12\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4296eb49 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4296eb49\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Aparen\u00e7a<\/strong><\/p><p>Espectral, sense tradici\u00f3 iconogr\u00e0fica pr\u00f2pia. La literatura els descriu com a figures p\u00e0l\u00b7lides i silencioses que apareixen en somnis o es fan presents a trav\u00e9s de sorolls, cops, xiuxiuejos o murmuris.<\/p><p><strong>Comportament<\/strong><\/p><p>Tornen quan s&#8217;ha descuidat la seva cura funer\u00e0ria o quan han mort de mort violenta. Pertorben el son, provoquen malsons, afecten la salut dels membres de la fam\u00edlia i fan que les cases resultin inquietants.<\/p><p><strong>\u00c0mbit d&#8217;acci\u00f3<\/strong><\/p><p>La casa de la fam\u00edlia i els llocs on van morir. En relats de viatgers, ocasionalment tamb\u00e9 fondes i llocs estranys amb hist\u00f2ria de mort violenta.<\/p><p><strong>Origen mitol\u00f2gic<\/strong><\/p><p>Segons Ovidi, la festa de la Lemuria es remunta a R\u00f2mul, que volia donar rep\u00f2s al seu germ\u00e0 Rem, assassinat. Hist\u00f2ricament, probablement \u00e9s m\u00e9s antiga, procedent de la tradici\u00f3 it\u00e0lica prevrbana del culte als morts.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-44e71476 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"44e71476\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3c1fc3f0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3c1fc3f0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Fitxa: Lemures<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-84f33b8e e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"84f33b8e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-hqkdc67p elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"hqkdc67p\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Els aspectes m\u00e9s importants dels lemures d&#8217;un cop d&#8217;ull. Trobar\u00e0 el desenvolupament sobre el nom, la descripci\u00f3, la defensa i els paral\u00b7lelismes en els apartats seg\u00fcents.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c5 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c1 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-qh9oavvu iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"qh9oavvu\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-awzx8k2k elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"awzx8k2k\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Origen dels lemures<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-x6rowhv0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"x6rowhv0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Provenen de persones sepultades de manera inadequada o mortes violentament. No es tracta d&#8217;un \u00e9sser creat, sin\u00f3 d&#8217;un difunt hum\u00e0 en la posici\u00f3 equivocada.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8e3o4kxs iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"8e3o4kxs\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-08rkdgov elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"08rkdgov\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Objectiu dels lemures<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-uwjelx8s elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"uwjelx8s\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Sobretot la seva pr\u00f2pia fam\u00edlia, que ha descuidat la cura funer\u00e0ria. Tamb\u00e9 els habitants de cases amb una hist\u00f2ria de mort violenta.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-jm2n74ec iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"jm2n74ec\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8vufse4c elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"8vufse4c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Aparen\u00e7a dels lemures<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-mwb9u015 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"mwb9u015\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Espectral, p\u00e0l\u00b7lida, silenciosa. Sense un programa iconogr\u00e0fic fix. L&#8217;experi\u00e8ncia sol ser ac\u00fastica o on\u00edrica, m\u00e9s rarament visual.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c2 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c2\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-37ss2yr6 iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"37ss2yr6\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3v0wp3wx elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3v0wp3wx\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Efecte dels lemures<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-w3247g2m elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"w3247g2m\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Trastorns del son, malsons, inquietud a la llar, malaltia de la fam\u00edlia. No es tracta de viol\u00e8ncia sobtada, sin\u00f3 de patiment persistent.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0qpjal9w iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"0qpjal9w\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6ndoih0o elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6ndoih0o\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Defensa contra els lemures<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6684tyh9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6684tyh9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Ritus de la Lemuria al maig: caminar descal\u00e7 per la casa a la nit, llan\u00e7ar mongetes negres per sobre l&#8217;espatlla, cridar nou vegades \u00abManes exite paterni\u00bb (\u00abMarxeu, esperits dels pares\u00bb). Els Lemures segueixen les mongetes fora de la casa.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3lfi7x32 iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3lfi7x32\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0kg99ga1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"0kg99ga1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Paral\u00b7lels dels Lemures<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-n0fum6kp elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"n0fum6kp\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/?page_id=171339\">Edimmu<\/a> (Mesopot\u00e0mia), Keres (Gr\u00e8cia), hungry ghosts (\u00c0sia Oriental), Wiederg\u00e4nger (germ\u00e0nic).<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7533bc7a e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"7533bc7a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2447d18d elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2447d18d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Pr\u00e0ctica de protecci\u00f3<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d5d0260c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d5d0260c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-341be2ac elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"341be2ac\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Rituals per allunyar-los<\/strong><\/p><p>La festa anual de la Lemuria \u00e9s el ritu principal d&#8217;allunyament. El pare de fam\u00edlia es lleva enmig de la nit, es renta les mans, camina descal\u00e7 per la casa i llan\u00e7a nou mongetes negres per sobre l&#8217;espatlla, sense mirar enrere. Pronuncia nou vegades la f\u00f3rmula \u00abManes exite paterni\u00bb. Els esperits segueixen les mongetes i abandonen la casa.<\/p><p><strong>Conjurs<\/strong><\/p><p>La f\u00f3rmula de la Lemuria \u00e9s breu i fixa. A m\u00e9s, es conserven f\u00f3rmules curtes de transmissi\u00f3 oral per netejar la casa i protegir el son. Les defixions contra enemics personals poden invocar expressament els Lemures.<\/p><p><strong>Amulets i s\u00edmbols de protecci\u00f3<\/strong><\/p><p>Marques a les portes fetes amb pols de mongetes negres (poc freq\u00fcents). Altars dom\u00e8stics amb figures dels Lars, que alhora representen l&#8217;ordre de la llar. Les ofrenes regulars de les Parentalia al febrer mantenen els avantpassats propicis i aix\u00ed mantenen allunyats els esperits inquiets.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5a584676 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"5a584676\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6d0757bf elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6d0757bf\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Lemures, paral\u00b7lels en altres cultures<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-60563f68 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"60563f68\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5a93fdd6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5a93fdd6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Mesopot\u00e0mia<\/strong><\/p><p>L&#8217;Edimmu \u00e9s el paral\u00b7lelisme m\u00e9s proper: un esperit inquiet dels morts a causa d&#8217;una sepultura no realitzada o d&#8217;una mort violenta. En totes dues tradicions, la defensa consisteix a complir l&#8217;obligaci\u00f3 ritual pendent, a Mesopot\u00e0mia especialment mitjan\u00e7ant el ritus del <em>kispu<\/em>.<\/p><p><strong>Gr\u00e8cia:<\/strong> les Ceres i termes posteriors per a \u00e0nimes inquietes funcionen de manera semblant, per\u00f2 sense una festa tan sistem\u00e0tica com la Lemuria. El culte als morts a Gr\u00e8cia est\u00e0 organitzat de manera m\u00e9s descentralitzada.<\/p><p><strong>Creences populars europees:<\/strong> aparicions, motius de poltergeist, esperits dom\u00e8stics; en totes aquestes tradicions perviu l&#8217;estructura b\u00e0sica dels Lemures: la cura funer\u00e0ria descuidada com a causa, el ritual com a soluci\u00f3.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp8b5b61c e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp8b5b61c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2b5a460 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp2b5a460\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">La Lemuria: desenvolupament del ritu nocturn a la llar<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp12b0fc3 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp12b0fc3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp714177b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp714177b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>La descripci\u00f3 m\u00e9s detallada de la festa dedicada als Lemures la dona Ovidi als <em>Fasti<\/em> (llibre 5, versos 419 a 492). Les <em>Lemuria<\/em> queien el 9, l&#8217;11 i el 13 de maig, \u00e9s a dir, en dies senars, considerats de mal averany en el calendari rom\u00e0.<\/p><p>En aquestes nits, els morts inquiets, que no havien tingut una sepultura digna o descendents que en cuidessin la mem\u00f2ria, havien de vagar per la casa.<\/p><p>Ovidi descriu el ritus com una tasca del <em>pater familias<\/em>. A mitjanit, aquest es llevava descal\u00e7, feia amb el polze i els dits tancats un gest destinat a allunyar les ombres, i es rentava les mans tres vegades amb aigua d&#8217;una font.<\/p><p>Despr\u00e9s es posava mongetes negres a la boca, es girava d&#8217;esquena i les llan\u00e7ava per sobre l&#8217;espatlla. Mentre ho feia, pronunciava nou vegades: haec ego mitto; his redimo meque meosque fabis. Aix\u00f2 significa aproximadament: \u00abAquestes llan\u00e7o; amb aquestes mongetes em rescato a mi mateix i als meus.\u00bb Les ombres havien de recollir les mongetes darrere seu, sense que ell es gir\u00e9s per mirar.<\/p><p>Tot seguit es purificava novament amb aigua, colpejava recipients de bronze i demanava nou vegades als esperits que abandonessin la casa: <em>manes exite paterni<\/em>. Nom\u00e9s llavors podia girar-se; el ritus es considerava complet i la casa purificada.<\/p><p>La recerca hi veu un ritual apotropaic el costum del qual, amb els seus elements, caminar descal\u00e7, travessar el llindar, el soroll de bronze i el n\u00famero nou, est\u00e0 \u00e0mpliament documentat en la m\u00e0gia de l&#8217;antiguitat.<\/p><p>A Roma, les mongetes es consideraven un aliment amb una relaci\u00f3 especial amb els morts; tamb\u00e9 els pitag\u00f2rics les evitaven. El relat d&#8217;Ovidi \u00e9s la font m\u00e9s important, per\u00f2 alhora una font liter\u00e0ria tardana que possiblement embelleix una pr\u00e0ctica m\u00e9s antiga. A partir d&#8217;ella sola no es pot determinar amb certesa fins a quin punt el ritus estava realment est\u00e8s.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpd4641e7 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cpd4641e7\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp0ad70dc elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp0ad70dc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Lemures, Manes i Larves: la distinci\u00f3 entre les classes de morts<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp37fae02 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp37fae02\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp8a7fa6a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp8a7fa6a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>El m\u00f3n de creences rom\u00e0 coneixia diversos termes per als morts i els esperits dels difunts, que sovint se superposaven i que encara avui es discuteixen en la investigaci\u00f3. Els <em>di manes<\/em> eren els esperits ancestrals venerats col\u00b7lectivament, en general ben\u00e8vols, als quals es dedicaven inscripcions funer\u00e0ries amb la f\u00f3rmula <em>dis manibus<\/em>. A ells estava dedicada la festa dels <em>Parentalia<\/em>, al febrer, com a moment de cura pac\u00edfica dels morts.<\/p><p>En canvi, els <em>lemures<\/em>, segons una interpretaci\u00f3 difosa, designaven els morts inquiets i potencialment perillosos que no havien trobat rep\u00f2s. Els gram\u00e0tics de l&#8217;<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"\u00c8poca de la cultura grega i romana, aproximadament del 800 aC al 600 dC\" tabindex=\"0\">antiguitat<\/span> i autors posteriors van intentar delimitar una altra classe: les <em>larvae<\/em>, com a fantasmes nocius i esfere\u00efdors, de vegades identificats amb els lemures.<\/p><p>Agust\u00ed, a <em>De civitate Dei<\/em> (llibre 9), es refereix a una sistematitzaci\u00f3 que troba en el fil\u00f2sof Apuleu: l&#8217;\u00e0nima d&#8217;un difunt s&#8217;anomena <em>lemur<\/em>; si es mostra ben\u00e8vola envers els descendents, es converteix en <em>lar familiaris<\/em>, i si actua de manera punitiva, en <em>larva<\/em>; si roman incert si \u00e9s bona o dolenta, se&#8217;n parla com de <em>di manes<\/em>.<\/p><p>Aquesta ordenaci\u00f3, per\u00f2, \u00e9s una construcci\u00f3 tardana i de car\u00e0cter filos\u00f2fic que dif\u00edcilment reflecteix la creen\u00e7a viscuda de la Rep\u00fablica m\u00e9s antiga. Les fonts s\u00f3n heterog\u00e8nies, i ja els autors de l&#8217;<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"\u00c8poca de la cultura grega i romana, aproximadament del 800 aC al 600 dC\" tabindex=\"0\">antiguitat<\/span> eren conscients d&#8217;aquesta imprecisi\u00f3.<\/p><p>Historiadors de la religi\u00f3 moderns com Franz Cumont, i posteriorment altres investigadors de la religi\u00f3 funer\u00e0ria romana, subratllen que aquests termes representen m\u00e9s aviat denominacions canviants per a diferents aspectes de la condici\u00f3 dels morts que categories fixes.<\/p><p>Qui vulgui saber m\u00e9s sobre els esperits protectors de la llar trobar\u00e0 informaci\u00f3 complement\u00e0ria a l&#8217;entrada sobre els <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/?page_id=171778\">Lars<\/a>; per al paral\u00b7lel egipci d&#8217;un mort inquiet, vegeu les concepcions al voltant del <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/?page_id=171341\">tracte ordenat amb el ca\u00f2tic<\/a>.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpf2931f4 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cpf2931f4\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpef6ffee elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cpef6ffee\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Etimologia i intents antics d'interpretaci\u00f3<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp91fbef8 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp91fbef8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp4cf35ed elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp4cf35ed\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>L&#8217;origen de la paraula <em>lemures<\/em> no est\u00e0 establert amb certesa. Ja en l&#8217;<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"\u00c8poca de la cultura grega i romana, aproximadament del 800 aC al 600 dC\" tabindex=\"0\">Antiguitat<\/span> circulaven explicacions que s\u00f3n m\u00e9s aviat etimologies populars que propostes ling\u00fc\u00edsticament s\u00f2lides.<\/p><p>Ovidi, als <em>Fasti<\/em>, deriva el nom de la festa <em>Lemuria<\/em> d&#8217;una suposada forma m\u00e9s antiga <em>Remuria<\/em> i el relaciona amb Rem, el germ\u00e0 mort a mans de R\u00f2mul, l&#8217;<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un \u00e9sser incorpori al qual s'atribueix efecte en el m\u00f3n.\" tabindex=\"0\">esperit<\/span> inquiet del qual hauria estat apaivagat mitjan\u00e7ant un ritu expiatori. Aquesta relaci\u00f3 \u00e9s una construcci\u00f3 liter\u00e0ria i es considera per la investigaci\u00f3 com a no hist\u00f2rica.<\/p><p>Des del punt de vista ling\u00fc\u00edstic es considera possible una relaci\u00f3 amb paraules gregues per a figures esfere\u00efdores nocturnes, per\u00f2 l&#8217;etimologia continua sent controvertida. Alguns investigadors suposen un origen prelat\u00ed, potser no indoeuropeu, cosa que no \u00e9s implausible tenint en compte la posici\u00f3 religiosa especial del terme; tot i aix\u00ed, no hi ha cap prova segura.<\/p><p>M\u00e9s revelador que l&#8217;origen de la paraula \u00e9s el fet que <em>lemures<\/em> pr\u00e0cticament mai apareix en singular i gaireb\u00e9 mai fora de contextos rituals o erudits. La paraula pertany a l&#8217;\u00e0mbit del calendari i de la religi\u00f3 dom\u00e8stica, no a la narraci\u00f3 mitol\u00f2gica. No existeixen mites pr\u00f2piament dits sobre els lemures, ni genealogies, ni hist\u00f2ries de lemures individuals amb nom propi.<\/p><p><span data-nosnippet>Aquesta particularitat els distingeix clarament dels d\u00e9us i herois del pante\u00f3 greco-rom\u00e0 i els situa m\u00e9s a prop de termes col\u00b7lectius rituals com <em>manes<\/em>. L&#8217;\u00fas zool\u00f2gic modern del nom per als l\u00e8murs de Madagascar es remunta a Carl von Linn\u00e9, que el 1758 va anomenar aquests animals nocturns i d&#8217;aspecte fantasmag\u00f2ric en honor dels esperits dels morts romans.<\/span><\/p><p>Aquesta transfer\u00e8ncia de nom no t\u00e9 res a veure amb la religi\u00f3 antiga, per\u00f2 mostra fins a quin punt la idea dels lemures encara era present en la tradici\u00f3 erudita de l&#8217;edat moderna primerenca.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpe6686a6 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cpe6686a6\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2b1b3d6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp2b1b3d6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Els lemures en la literatura llatina m\u00e9s enll\u00e0 d'Ovidi<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp308011f e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp308011f\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp7c0df33 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp7c0df33\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Fora de la descripci\u00f3 ovidiana de la festa, els lemures apareixen nom\u00e9s espor\u00e0dicament en la literatura antiga, el qual cosa subratlla la seva posici\u00f3 marginal dins del <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un relat transm\u00e8s sobre d\u00e9us, or\u00edgens i l'ordre del m\u00f3n.\" tabindex=\"0\">mite<\/span> narratiu.<\/p><p>Horaci els esmenta de manera incidental a les <em>Ep\u00edstoles<\/em> (llibre 2, carta 2), en una enumeraci\u00f3 de terrors nocturns: al costat de somnis, esglais m\u00e0gics, meravelles tess\u00e0liques i bruixes, hi figuren els <em>nocturni lemures<\/em>.<\/p><p>Aquest passatge mostra que el terme, en l&#8217;\u00fas culte de la primeria del Principat, podia servir com a paradigma del terror fantasmal, sense que aix\u00f2 impliqu\u00e9s un <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"El conjunt d'accions rituals de veneraci\u00f3 dedicades a una divinitat o figura sagrada.\" tabindex=\"0\">culte<\/span> prec\u00eds.<\/p><p>En Persi i en la prosa posterior el terme apareix ocasionalment amb el sentit de \u00abfantasma\u00bb o \u00abvisi\u00f3 esfere\u00efdora\u00bb.<\/p><p>El comedi\u00f2graf Plaute anomena la seva obra sobre una casa encantada <em>Mostellaria<\/em>, a partir de <em>mostellum<\/em>, un petit monstre, per\u00f2 ja el mateix argument mostra que la idea del mort inquiet que assetja una casa estava profundament arrelada en el pensament quotidi\u00e0 rom\u00e0.<\/p><p>Els autors cristians de l&#8217;<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"\u00c8poca de transici\u00f3 entre l'antiguitat i l'edat mitjana, aproximadament del segle III al VII\" tabindex=\"0\">antiguitat tardana<\/span> van recuperar el terme per categoritzar o desacreditar les creences paganes sobre els esperits. Agust\u00ed, com ja s&#8217;ha esmentat, l&#8217;utilitza en el marc d&#8217;una sistematitzaci\u00f3 demonol\u00f2gica. En conjunt, es dibuixa una imatge en la qual els lemures s\u00f3n liter\u00e0riament presents m\u00e9s com a element atmosf\u00e8ric i vocable erudit que com a objecte de narracions elaborades.<\/p><p>Aquest estat de les fonts obliga la investigaci\u00f3 a reconstruir el significat religi\u00f3s dels lemures gaireb\u00e9 exclusivament a partir del <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Una seq\u00fc\u00e8ncia regulada d'accions simb\u00f2liques amb significat religi\u00f3s o cultural.\" tabindex=\"0\">ritual<\/span> i del calendari. Sobre morts inquiets comparables d&#8217;altres cultures, vegeu les entrades sobre figures relacionades com les <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/?page_id=171355\">Larves<\/a> i els <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/?page_id=171779\">Manes<\/a>.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpe936fb5 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cpe936fb5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpbbdd01e elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cpbbdd01e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Hist\u00f2ria de la investigaci\u00f3: de la creen\u00e7a en esperits a la ci\u00e8ncia de la religi\u00f3<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp6409ee5 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp6409ee5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cped34b1c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cped34b1c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>L&#8217;estudi cient\u00edfic dels Lemures est\u00e0 estretament vinculat al desenvolupament de la <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"La ci\u00e8ncia que investiga les religions de manera comparativa i sense vincle confessional.\" tabindex=\"0\">ci\u00e8ncia de la religi\u00f3<\/span> del segle XIX i principis del XX.<\/p><p>En la investigaci\u00f3 m\u00e9s antiga, els Lemures es consideraven una prova d&#8217;una suposada \u00abcreen\u00e7a en esperits\u00bb primitiva i preteista, a partir de la qual s&#8217;hauria desenvolupat la religi\u00f3 superior. Aquesta visi\u00f3 evolucionista va marcar, entre d&#8217;altres, els treballs de l&#8217;entorn d&#8217;Edward Burnett Tylor i el seu concepte d&#8217;<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Idea segons la qual tamb\u00e9 els animals, les plantes i les coses posseeixen una \u00e0nima.\" tabindex=\"0\">animisme<\/span>.<\/p><p><span data-nosnippet>Per a la religi\u00f3 romana en particular, van ser fonamentals els estudis de Georg Wissowa, el manual del qual, <em>Religion und Kultus der R\u00f6mer<\/em> (1902, segona edici\u00f3 1912), va situar les Lemuria dins el calendari fix de la religi\u00f3 estatal romana. Wissowa i els seus successors van subratllar el car\u00e0cter ritual i formulari, i van advertir contra la temptaci\u00f3 de deduir dels Lemures una doctrina elaborada sobre l&#8217;ultratomba.<\/span><\/p><p>Investigadors posteriors, com Kurt Latte a <em>R\u00f6mische Religionsgeschichte<\/em> (1960), van matisar encara m\u00e9s aquesta imatge i van situar les festes dels morts dins la religi\u00f3 dom\u00e8stica i la funci\u00f3 social del culte als avantpassats.<\/p><p>La investigaci\u00f3 m\u00e9s recent, per exemple en l&#8217;entorn dels treballs de John Scheid sobre la pr\u00e0ctica romana de <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ofrena a una divinitat per expressar agra\u00efment, petici\u00f3 o veneraci\u00f3.\" tabindex=\"0\">sacrifici<\/span> i festivitat, posa menys l&#8217;accent en la q\u00fcesti\u00f3 de la \u00abcreen\u00e7a\u00bb que en la l\u00f2gica ritual: qu\u00e8 feia el pare de fam\u00edlia i quin ordre social i calendari establia amb aix\u00f2.<\/p><p>Encara avui queda oberta la q\u00fcesti\u00f3 de l&#8217;antiguitat i la difusi\u00f3 original del <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un acte religi\u00f3s fixat i recurrent.\" tabindex=\"0\">ritu<\/span> descrit per Ovidi. Com que Ovidi \u00e9s l&#8217;\u00fanica font coherent i treballa de manera liter\u00e0ria, no es pot determinar amb certesa quant d&#8217;aix\u00f2 \u00e9s pr\u00e0ctica viscuda i quant \u00e9s reconstrucci\u00f3 erudita de l&#8217;\u00e8poca augusta.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp192c1c9 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp192c1c9\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpec649d2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cpec649d2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Les Lemuria en el calendari festiu rom\u00e0 i la seva funci\u00f3 social<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp1fd7767 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp1fd7767\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp947f508 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp947f508\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Les <em>Lemuria<\/em> no eren un <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un costum transm\u00e8s i repetit regularment en una comunitat.\" tabindex=\"0\">costum<\/span> a\u00efllat, sin\u00f3 part d&#8217;un calendari festiu ben estructurat que organitzava la relaci\u00f3 romana amb els morts en dos pols.<\/p><p>Al febrer hi havia les <em>Parentalia<\/em>, un temps d&#8217;atenci\u00f3 pac\u00edfica i cuidadora envers els propis difunts, tancat amb les <em>Feralia<\/em>. Les <em>Lemuria<\/em> de maig eren el contrapunt: aqu\u00ed no es tractava de cura, sin\u00f3 de rebuig i separaci\u00f3.<\/p><p>El calendari rom\u00e0 marcava els tres dies de les Lemuria com <em>nefasti<\/em>, \u00e9s a dir, dies en qu\u00e8 s&#8217;aturaven els afers p\u00fablics oficials. Les fonts tamb\u00e9 diuen que durant les Lemuria els <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un edifici dedicat a la veneraci\u00f3 d'una o diverses divinitats.\" tabindex=\"0\">temples<\/span> romanien tancats i no se celebraven casaments; el maig es considerava per aix\u00f2 un mes desfavorable per casar-se, una <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Denominaci\u00f3 despectiva per a idees considerades religiosament infundades.\" tabindex=\"0\">superstici\u00f3<\/span> que en part va perviure fins a l&#8217;\u00e8poca moderna.<\/p><p>La funci\u00f3 social de la festa es pot copsar b\u00e9. El <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Un acte religi\u00f3s fixat i recurrent.\" tabindex=\"0\">ritu<\/span> era assumpte de la casa, no de l&#8217;Estat, i l&#8217;executava el <em>pater familias<\/em> en representaci\u00f3 de tota la comunitat familiar.<\/p><p>Aix\u00ed, el <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Una seq\u00fc\u00e8ncia regulada d'actes simb\u00f2lics amb significat religi\u00f3s o cultural.\" tabindex=\"0\">ritual<\/span> confirmava cada any el paper del pare de fam\u00edlia com a cap religi\u00f3s de la casa i, al mateix temps, tra\u00e7ava una frontera clara entre els habitants vius de la casa i els morts no integrats.<\/p><p>Qui havia estat degudament enterrat i era recordat pels seus descendents pertanyia als <em>manes<\/em> i, per tant, continuava formant part de la fam\u00edlia; qui no ho era, era expulsat simb\u00f2licament de la casa any rere any com a <em>lemur<\/em>.<\/p><p>Les Lemuria feien aix\u00ed una doble tasca d&#8217;ordenaci\u00f3, una temporal en el calendari i una social en la relaci\u00f3 entre vius i morts. Aquesta vinculaci\u00f3 entre el <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Una seq\u00fc\u00e8ncia regulada d'actes simb\u00f2lics amb significat religi\u00f3s o cultural.\" tabindex=\"0\">ritual<\/span> i l&#8217;estructura social \u00e9s m\u00e9s central per entendre la religi\u00f3 dom\u00e8stica romana que qualsevol especulaci\u00f3 sobre l&#8217;aspecte dels Lemures mateixos.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-36dd7469 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"36dd7469\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-13760ab4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"13760ab4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Enlla\u00e7os relacionats<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-28c87796 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"28c87796\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5d6538df elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5d6538df\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Enlla\u00e7os interns recomanats:<\/p><ul><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/?page_id=171346\">Roma<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/?page_id=171355\">Larvae<\/a> (parents propers)<\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/?page_id=171339\">Edimmu<\/a> (paral\u00b7lel mesopot\u00e0mic)<\/li><li>Parentalia i Lemuria (calendari festiu)<\/li><li>Reapareguts i <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Creences i costums religiosos estesos en la vida quotidiana.\" tabindex=\"0\">creen\u00e7a popular<\/span><\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-grl4kl40 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"grl4kl40\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bzsbfrmh elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"bzsbfrmh\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Bibliografia de recerca<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2c13224a e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"2c13224a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0eymh9ub elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"0eymh9ub\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<footer class=\"iwg-literatur\"><p>Una selecci\u00f3 de treballs centrals sobre els Lemures i el culte als morts rom\u00e0:<\/p><ul><li><span data-nosnippet>Scheid, John: <em>Religion et pi\u00e9t\u00e9 \u00e0 Rome<\/em>. Paris 1985.<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Toynbee, Jocelyn M. C.: <em><a href=\"https:\/\/www.press.jhu.edu\/books\/title\/1410\/death-and-burial-roman-world\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Death and Burial in the Roman World<\/a><\/em>. London 1971.<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Fantham, Elaine: <em>Ovid: Fasti, Book IV<\/em>. Cambridge 1998 (amb comentari al llibre V).<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Dumezil, Georges: <em><a href=\"https:\/\/www.payot-rivages.fr\/payot\/livre\/la-religion-romaine-archa%C3%AFque-9782228892971\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">La religion romaine archa\u00efque<\/a><\/em>. Paris 1966.<\/span><\/li><\/ul><div data-nosnippet=\"true\" class=\"iwg-litliste\"><p><strong>Bibliografia est\u00e0ndard (Roma):<\/strong><\/p><ul><li><span data-nosnippet><strong>Walde, Christine (ed.)<\/strong>: <em><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"\u00c8poca de la cultura grega i romana, aproximadament del 800 aC al 600 dC.\" tabindex=\"0\">Antiguitat<\/span> <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"El conjunt de relats m\u00edtics transmesos d'una cultura.\" tabindex=\"0\">mitologia<\/span>. Personatges, temes, motius. Stuttgart 2008.<\/em><\/span><\/li><\/ul><\/div><\/footer>\n<p class=\"iwg-bib-more\"><span data-nosnippet>M\u00e9s obres de refer\u00e8ncia al <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/?page_id=171483\">\u00cdndex bibliogr\u00e0fic<\/a>.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgca-lemures-sec e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgca-lemures-sec\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" id=\"iwg-ca-lemures\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgca-lemures-te iwg-ca-textwrap elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgca-lemures-te\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-nosnippet=\"true\"><p class=\"iwg-ca-bridge\">La pr\u00e0ctica de protecci\u00f3 descrita aqu\u00ed \u00e9s una classificaci\u00f3 de tradicions hist\u00f2riques des de la perspectiva de la ci\u00e8ncia de les religions. iWell Guard s&#8217;inspira en aquesta l\u00ednia cultural i hist\u00f2rica d&#8217;objectes de protecci\u00f3 portables i n&#8217;\u00e9s una forma contempor\u00e0nia. <a href=\"\/ueber-iwell-guard\/?utm_source=iwell-guard.com&#038;utm_medium=text-link&#038;utm_campaign=schadwesen-tradition\">M\u00e9s informaci\u00f3 sobre l&#8217;iWell Guard \u2192<\/a><\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":1644,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"elementor_header_footer","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_focuskw":"Lemures","_yoast_wpseo_title":"Lemures - Esperits de morts i de la llar en la religi\u00f3 romana","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"Els lemures s\u00f3n els esperits inquiets o mal\u00e8vols dels morts en la tradici\u00f3 romana. A difer\u00e8ncia dels manes, que eren venerats en el culte ancestral habitual...","_yoast_wpseo_meta-robots-noindex":"","_yoast_wpseo_canonical":"","_angie_page":false,"gefaehrdungsstufe":"2","wesen_kultur":"rom","wesen_klasse":"geister","footnotes":""},"categories":[],"class_list":["post-171354","page","type-page","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v27.7 (Yoast SEO v28.3) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Lemures - Esperits de morts i de la llar en la religi\u00f3 romana<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Els lemures s\u00f3n els esperits inquiets o mal\u00e8vols dels morts en la tradici\u00f3 romana. 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