{"id":171349,"date":"2026-09-05T15:38:39","date_gmt":"2026-09-05T15:38:39","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/?page_id=171349"},"modified":"2026-09-05T15:54:41","modified_gmt":"2026-09-05T15:54:41","slug":"empusa","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/empusa\/","title":{"rendered":"Empusa"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"171349\" class=\"elementor elementor-171349 elementor-840\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-10fdade e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"10fdade\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-herohlft0 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"herohlft0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c3ceb64 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"c3ceb64\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-96ae5e1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"96ae5e1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Empusa, dimoni de la tradici\u00f3 grega<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e45238a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e45238a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Dimoni nocturn capa\u00e7 de transformar-se, del seguici d&#8217;H\u00e8cate.<\/strong> La tradici\u00f3 grega descriu Empusa com un dimoni mutable del seguici d&#8217;H\u00e8cate.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-klsbdg01 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"klsbdg01\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-klshtm01 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"klshtm01\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"iwg-pill-row\"><span class=\"iwg-klasse-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Dimoni: \u00e9sser sobrenatural amb efecte generalment nociu o ambivalent. Se situa entre d\u00e9us i humans, causa malaltia, temptaci\u00f3 o desgr\u00e0cia i s'allunya mitjan\u00e7ant conjurs, apotropaics i rituals.\">Dimoni<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/?page_id=171347\" class=\"iwg-kultur-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Religi\u00f3 i mitologia de la Gr\u00e8cia antiga des de l'\u00e8poca mic\u00e8nica fins a l'antiguitat tardana.\">Gr\u00e8cia<\/a><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3f74855 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3f74855\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1c30362 elementor-toc--minimized-on-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-table-of-contents\" data-id=\"1c30362\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;exclude_headings_by_selector&quot;:[],&quot;no_headings_message&quot;:&quot;No s&#039;ha trobat cap encap\\u00e7alament en aquesta p\\u00e0gina.&quot;,&quot;headings_by_tags&quot;:[&quot;h2&quot;,&quot;h3&quot;],&quot;marker_view&quot;:&quot;bullets&quot;,&quot;icon&quot;:{&quot;value&quot;:&quot;fas fa-circle&quot;,&quot;library&quot;:&quot;fa-solid&quot;,&quot;rendered_tag&quot;:&quot;&lt;svg class=\\&quot;e-font-icon-svg e-fas-circle\\&quot; viewBox=\\&quot;0 0 512 512\\&quot; xmlns=\\&quot;http:\\\/\\\/www.w3.org\\\/2000\\\/svg\\&quot;&gt;&lt;path d=\\&quot;M256 8C119 8 8 119 8 256s111 248 248 248 248-111 248-248S393 8 256 8z\\&quot;&gt;&lt;\\\/path&gt;&lt;\\\/svg&gt;&quot;},&quot;minimize_box&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;minimized_on&quot;:&quot;tablet&quot;,&quot;hierarchical_view&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;min_height&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"table-of-contents.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__header\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-toc__header-title\">\n\t\t\t\t\u00cdndex\t\t\t<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--expand\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__1c30362\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Open table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-down\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M207.029 381.476L12.686 187.132c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941l22.667-22.667c9.357-9.357 24.522-9.375 33.901-.04L224 284.505l154.745-154.021c9.379-9.335 24.544-9.317 33.901.04l22.667 22.667c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941L240.971 381.476c-9.373 9.372-24.569 9.372-33.942 0z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--collapse\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__1c30362\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Close table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-up\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M240.971 130.524l194.343 194.343c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941l-22.667 22.667c-9.357 9.357-24.522 9.375-33.901.04L224 227.495 69.255 381.516c-9.379 9.335-24.544 9.317-33.901-.04l-22.667-22.667c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941L207.03 130.525c9.372-9.373 24.568-9.373 33.941-.001z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-toc__1c30362\" class=\"elementor-toc__body\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__spinner-container\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg class=\"elementor-toc__spinner eicon-animation-spin e-font-icon-svg e-eicon-loading\" aria-hidden=\"true\" viewBox=\"0 0 1000 1000\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M500 975V858C696 858 858 696 858 500S696 142 500 142 142 304 142 500H25C25 237 238 25 500 25S975 237 975 500 763 975 500 975Z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-herorght0 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"herorght0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-heroimg00 iwg-hero-image elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"heroimg00\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"683\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/daemonen_griechenland_empusa-683x1024.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-173791\" alt=\"Empusa - Dimonis de la tradici\u00f3 grega, il\u00b7lustratiu i hist\u00f2ric\" srcset=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/daemonen_griechenland_empusa-683x1024.webp 683w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/daemonen_griechenland_empusa-200x300.webp 200w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/daemonen_griechenland_empusa-768x1152.webp 768w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/daemonen_griechenland_empusa.webp 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 683px) 100vw, 683px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-32917199 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"32917199\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-26e916cb e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"26e916cb\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-253a40d4 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"253a40d4\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1200c304 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1200c304\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Empusa<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-11758e7f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"11758e7f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Empusa \u00e9s una de les figures nocturnes m\u00e9s caracter\u00edstiques de la tradici\u00f3 grega: un \u00e9sser capa\u00e7 de transformar-se que apareix als viatgers, pren la forma d&#8217;una dona bella i sedueix, xucla i mata les seves <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ofrena a una divinitat per expressar gratitud, s\u00faplica o veneraci\u00f3.\" tabindex=\"0\">v\u00edctimes<\/span>. Pertany al seguici d&#8217;H\u00e8cate i apareix especialment a les cru\u00eflles i llocs apartats durant la nit.<\/p><p>A la literatura antiga apareix primer en Arist\u00f2fanes, m\u00e9s tard de manera destacada a la <em>Vita Apollonii<\/em> de Fil\u00f2strat, on es fa passar per una dona encantadora i nom\u00e9s \u00e9s desemmascarada gr\u00e0cies a la saviesa d&#8217;Apol\u00b7loni. La seva caracter\u00edstica m\u00e9s coneguda: una cama de bronze, l&#8217;altra com la d&#8217;un ase.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-159dcf9a e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"159dcf9a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-48cee66f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"48cee66f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Resum r\u00e0pid: Empusa<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3f50d82c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"3f50d82c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Tipus:<\/strong> Dimoni nocturn i capa\u00e7 de transformar-se<br>Origen: Seguici d&#8217;H\u00e8cate<br>Textos: Arist\u00f2fanes, Fil\u00f2strat, papirs m\u00e0gics, <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Creences i pr\u00e0ctiques religioses esteses en la vida quotidiana.\" tabindex=\"0\">creen\u00e7a popular<\/span> bizantina<br>Per\u00edode: Cl\u00e0ssic fins l&#8217;<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"\u00c8poca de transici\u00f3 entre l'Antiguitat i l'Edat Mitjana, aproximadament entre els segles III i VII.\" tabindex=\"0\">Antiguitat tardana<\/span> i l&#8217;\u00e8poca bizantina<br>Difusi\u00f3: \u00c0mbit cultural grecorom\u00e0<br>Defensa: Insults (l&#8217;espanten, segons Arist\u00f2fanes), conjurs, ofrenes a les cru\u00eflles<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-18613602 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"18613602\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-262b8a9f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"262b8a9f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Introducci\u00f3<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-46dcb7d e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"46dcb7d\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-61d3ab3 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"61d3ab3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-117c166 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"117c166\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Per\u00edode dels textos<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-73997a0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"73997a0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Els primers testimonis apareixen en Arist\u00f2fanes (s. V aC, <em>Les granotes<\/em>). La forma narrativa completa apareix en Fil\u00f2strat (s. II\/III dC). Els papirs m\u00e0gics l&#8217;esmenten en context de conjurs nocturns. En la creen\u00e7a popular bizantina roman present fins a l&#8217;Edat Mitjana.<\/p><p><strong>Classificaci\u00f3 mitol\u00f2gica<\/strong><\/p><p>Empusa \u00e9s, en la <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"El conjunt de relats sobre d\u00e9us transmesos per una cultura.\" tabindex=\"0\">mitologia<\/span> grega, un \u00e9sser demon\u00edac, servent d&#8217;H\u00e8cate, que sedueix i devora els viatgers durant la nit. \u00c9s una metamorfa, sovint amb cames an\u00f2males. Les empuses estan emparentades amb les lamies, per\u00f2 estan menys interessades en la sang que en la carn. Encarnen el perill de la nit.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d47b156 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d47b156\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ff38c2b elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"ff38c2b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">\u00c0rea de difusi\u00f3<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4e49fcc elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4e49fcc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>L&#8217;\u00e0rea central \u00e9s el m\u00f3n grec: territori continental, illes i costa d&#8217;\u00c0sia Menor. Les mencions d&#8217;Empusa es troben especialment en les com\u00e8dies \u00e0tiques (Arist\u00f2fanes, <em>Les granotes<\/em> 285, 293) i en escrits de l&#8217;Antiguitat tardana sobre els cultes d&#8217;H\u00e8cate. En la <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"\u00c8poca de transici\u00f3 entre l'Antiguitat i l'Edat Mitjana, aproximadament entre els segles III i VII.\" tabindex=\"0\">Antiguitat tardana<\/span> romana, el perfil d&#8217;Empusa es fon en part amb Lamia i amb el complex de l&#8217;Strix.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-db03c39 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"db03c39\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-229a87b e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"229a87b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1f471fc elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1f471fc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Estat de les fonts<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-36b1201 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"36b1201\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Testimonis literaris a\u00efllats, papirs m\u00e0gics, literatura popular bizantina. No hi ha tradici\u00f3 iconogr\u00e0fica pr\u00f2pia; la descripci\u00f3 es nodreix de detalls literaris, especialment del relat de Fil\u00f2strat.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3ae0637c e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"3ae0637c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-31d07739 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"31d07739\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Nom<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b7642947 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"b7642947\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a086266 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a086266\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Grec:<\/strong> \u1f1c\u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c5\u03c3\u03b1 (<em>Empousa<\/em>), etimologia incerta. Possible derivaci\u00f3 d&#8217;<em>en-pous<\/em> (\u00abd&#8217;un sol peu\u00bb) a causa de la seva caracter\u00edstica pota d&#8217;ase. Altres investigadors hi veuen un rerefons pregrec. Plural: empuses, empusai. Emparentada amb les mormolykeiai (figures esparveradores), les lamies i amb H\u00e8cate com a l\u00edder nocturna.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-709a44a8 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"709a44a8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2f585873 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2f585873\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Caracter\u00edstiques<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-70621c12 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"70621c12\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4296eb49 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4296eb49\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Aparen\u00e7a<\/strong><\/p><p>Forma b\u00e0sica: figura de dona, sovint bella i seductora. Tret caracter\u00edstic: una cama de bronze, l&#8217;altra com la d&#8217;un ase. Es descriuen transformacions entre dona, gossa, vaca i altres animals.<\/p><p><strong>Comportament<\/strong><\/p><p>Empusa surt al pas dels viatgers, especialment dels que caminen sols, de nit, a les cru\u00eflles o en llocs apartats. Es presenta com a companya de viatge, amant, i despr\u00e9s es revela com a animal. El seu objectiu \u00e9s xuclar i matar la v\u00edctima.<\/p><p><strong>\u00c0mbit d&#8217;actuaci\u00f3<\/strong><\/p><p>La nit, les cru\u00eflles, els camins apartats, els \u00e0pats amb desconeguts. Actua all\u00e0 on manca l&#8217;espai social protector.<\/p><p><strong>Origen mitol\u00f2gic<\/strong><\/p><p>Seguici d&#8217;H\u00e8cate, sense hist\u00f2ria familiar pr\u00f2pia. Empusa no \u00e9s una antiga deessa com Lamia, sin\u00f3, des del principi, una servidora demon\u00edaca d&#8217;una divinitat nocturna.<\/p><p><strong>Aparen\u00e7a i simbolisme<\/strong><\/p><p>Empusa es representa amb tors hum\u00e0 i cames an\u00f2males, un peu de bronze i l&#8217;altre pota d&#8217;ase. De vegades porta cap o m\u00e0scara d&#8217;animal. En despr\u00e8n foc. Emana una sensaci\u00f3 d&#8217;anomalia i perill. Se l&#8217;associa amb el simbolisme d&#8217;H\u00e8cate.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-44e71476 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"44e71476\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3c1fc3f0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3c1fc3f0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Fitxa: Empusa<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-84f33b8e e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"84f33b8e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-hqkdc67p elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"hqkdc67p\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Els aspectes m\u00e9s importants d&#8217;Empusa d&#8217;un cop d&#8217;ull. Trobareu el desenvolupament sobre el nom, la descripci\u00f3, la defensa i els paral\u00b7lelismes en els apartats seg\u00fcents.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c5 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c1 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-qh9oavvu iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"qh9oavvu\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-awzx8k2k elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"awzx8k2k\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Context cultural<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-x6rowhv0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"x6rowhv0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Seguici d&#8217;H\u00e8cate. Sense genealogia divina, sense hist\u00f2ria d&#8217;origen pr\u00f2pia; Empusa \u00e9s un \u00e9sser purament nocturn.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8e3o4kxs iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"8e3o4kxs\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-08rkdgov elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"08rkdgov\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Relacionat amb<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-uwjelx8s elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"uwjelx8s\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Viatgers solitaris, especialment homes joves. Persones en terra estranya, a les cru\u00eflles, en \u00e0pats nocturns amb desconeguts.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-jm2n74ec iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"jm2n74ec\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8vufse4c elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"8vufse4c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Representaci\u00f3<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-mwb9u015 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"mwb9u015\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Dona, sovint bella; una cama de bronze, l&#8217;altra com la d&#8217;un ase. Es transforma en gossa, vaca i, finalment, en la seva forma \u00abveritable\u00bb i esgarrifosa.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c2 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c2\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-37ss2yr6 iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"37ss2yr6\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3v0wp3wx elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3v0wp3wx\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">\u00c0mbit d'acci\u00f3<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-w3247g2m elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"w3247g2m\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Seducci\u00f3, xuclament, mort. El seu efecte \u00e9s lent, no un atac sobtat, sin\u00f3 una posada en escena de l&#8217;engany.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0qpjal9w iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"0qpjal9w\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6ndoih0o elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6ndoih0o\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Protecci\u00f3<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6684tyh9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6684tyh9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Segons Arist\u00f2fanes: els insults l&#8217;espanten. Fil\u00f2strat: cedeix davant la veritat pronunciada. Els papirs m\u00e0gics esmenten f\u00f3rmules de protecci\u00f3 amb <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"L'acte de suplicar o invocar una divinitat o for\u00e7a.\" tabindex=\"0\">invocaci\u00f3<\/span> a H\u00e8cate.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3lfi7x32 iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3lfi7x32\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0kg99ga1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"0kg99ga1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Paral\u00b7lelismes d'Empusa<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-n0fum6kp elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"n0fum6kp\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Lil\u012btu, Lamia, Strix (romana), Vrykolakas (bizantina), \u00cdncub\/S\u00facube (medieval-cristiana), Nachtmahr.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7533bc7a e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"7533bc7a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2447d18d elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2447d18d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Pr\u00e0ctica de protecci\u00f3<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d5d0260c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d5d0260c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-341be2ac elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"341be2ac\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Rituals per repel\u00b7lir-la<\/strong><\/p><p>Als encreuaments de camins s&#8217;oferien <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ofrena a una divinitat per expressar agra\u00efment, s\u00faplica o veneraci\u00f3.\" tabindex=\"0\">ofrenes<\/span> a H\u00e8cate: coques, ous, animals negres. Aquestes <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ofrena a una divinitat per expressar agra\u00efment, s\u00faplica o veneraci\u00f3.\" tabindex=\"0\">ofrenes<\/span> havien de servir alhora per apaivagar les servents d&#8217;H\u00e8cate, entre elles Empusa, i mantenir-les a dist\u00e0ncia.<\/p><p><strong>Conjurs<\/strong><\/p><p>Els papirs m\u00e0gics grecs contenen f\u00f3rmules contra atacants nocturns que invoquen H\u00e8cate i rebutgen les seves servents. L&#8217;estructura habitual: <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Acte de s\u00faplica o invocaci\u00f3 dirigit a una divinitat o poder.\" tabindex=\"0\">invocaci\u00f3<\/span> de la senyora, identificaci\u00f3 de l&#8217;amena\u00e7a i ordre d&#8217;allunyament.<\/p><p><strong>Amulets i s\u00edmbols de protecci\u00f3<\/strong><\/p><p>Els hekataia, petites est\u00e0tues d&#8217;H\u00e8cate a les entrades de les cases, protegien tamb\u00e9 contra Empusa. El gorgoneion com a imatge apotropaica. Amulets amb noms a l&#8217;<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"\u00c8poca de transici\u00f3 entre l'antiguitat i l'edat mitjana, aproximadament del segle III al VII.\" tabindex=\"0\">antiguitat tardana<\/span>.<\/p><p><strong><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Conjunt d'actes de veneraci\u00f3 religiosa dedicats a una divinitat o figura sagrada.\" tabindex=\"0\">Culte<\/span> i veneraci\u00f3<\/strong><\/p><p>Empusa no era objecte de culte, per\u00f2 se la temia amb respecte com a servent d&#8217;H\u00e8cate. Els viatgers nocturns portaven amulets de protecci\u00f3. La <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Pr\u00e0ctiques que pretenen intervenir en el curs dels esdeveniments mitjan\u00e7ant accions o f\u00f3rmules especials.\" tabindex=\"0\">m\u00e0gia<\/span> d&#8217;H\u00e8cate podia invocar-la o allunyar-la. En les tradicions mist\u00e8riques, les Empuses eren enteses com a aspectes del poder d&#8217;H\u00e8cate. Es recomanava mantenir la calma en travessar els seus territoris.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5a584676 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"5a584676\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6d0757bf elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6d0757bf\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Empusa, paral\u00b7lelismes en altres cultures<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-60563f68 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"60563f68\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5a93fdd6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5a93fdd6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Mesopot\u00e0mia:<\/strong> l&#8217;ardat-lil\u00ee acc\u00e0dia comparteix el perfil de la dimoni femenina nocturna i sexual, i constitueix un precedent tipol\u00f2gic; no es pot demostrar cap contacte cultural directe.<\/p><p><strong>Roma<\/strong><\/p><p>Strix i Striga assumeixen la funci\u00f3 de transformaci\u00f3 nocturna; les <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/?page_id=171358\">Lamiae<\/a> constitueixen la forma col\u00b7lectivitzada del complex Lamia-Empusa. Lluci\u00e0 de Sam\u00f2sata testimonia, ja a l&#8217;<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"\u00c8poca de transici\u00f3 entre l'antiguitat i l'edat mitjana, aproximadament del segle III al VII.\" tabindex=\"0\">antiguitat tardana<\/span>, la identificaci\u00f3 popular d&#8217;ambd\u00f3s conceptes.<\/p><p><strong>Edat mitjana i <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"\u00c8poca aproximadament del segle XV al XVIII.\" tabindex=\"0\">edat moderna primerenca<\/span>:<\/strong> en l&#8217;escriptura escol\u00e0stico-teol\u00f2gica, Empusa es fon amb el concepte de s\u00facube. Durant les persecucions de bruixes, l&#8217;element de la cama \u00fanica (peu d&#8217;ase o de boc) es converteix en marcador est\u00e0ndard del pacte amb el diable.<\/p><p><strong>Recepci\u00f3 moderna<\/strong><\/p><p>Charles Kingsley utilitza Empusa com a personatge a <em>Hypatia<\/em> (1853). En la recepci\u00f3 moderna de la fantasia i la mitologia (per exemple a la s\u00e8rie Percy Jackson de Rick Riordan), apareix com a acompanyant d&#8217;H\u00e8cate i seductora que canvia de forma. En la literatura psicoanal\u00edtica (Robert Graves), es llegeix com a arquetip de la feminitat nocturna i amena\u00e7adora.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp6a5a612 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp6a5a612\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp00eb0b2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp00eb0b2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">L'aparici\u00f3 a les com\u00e8dies d'Arist\u00f2fanes<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp097f7c1 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp097f7c1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp98c1db7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp98c1db7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>El rastre literari m\u00e9s antic i detallat d&#8217;Empusa es troba a la com\u00e8dia \u00e0tica del segle V abans de la nostra era.<\/p><p>A l&#8217;obra d&#8217;Arist\u00f2fanes <em>Les granotes<\/em> (representada l&#8217;any 405 a. e. c.), el d\u00e9u Dion\u00eds, en el seu cam\u00ed cap al m\u00f3n inferior, es troba amb una Empusa que es transforma r\u00e0pidament: primer en un bou, despr\u00e9s en una mula, despr\u00e9s en una dona bella, despr\u00e9s en un gos.<\/p><p>L&#8217;esclau Xantias la descriu, a m\u00e9s, amb una cama de bronze i l&#8217;altra de fem d&#8217;ase. L&#8217;escena est\u00e0 plantejada com un moment d&#8217;esglai que alhora es trenca c\u00f2micament, ja que Dion\u00eds entra en p\u00e0nic mentre Xantias comenta l&#8217;aparici\u00f3 amb mig to burleta.<\/p><p>Aquest passatge \u00e9s important des del punt de vista de la ci\u00e8ncia de la religi\u00f3 per diversos motius. En primer lloc, mostra que Empusa ja havia de ser una figura terror\u00edfica familiar per al p\u00fablic aten\u00e8s, altrament l&#8217;al\u00b7lusi\u00f3 no hauria funcionat.<\/p><p>En segon lloc, confirma el nucli de la imatge d&#8217;Empusa: la r\u00e0pida metamorfosi i la combinaci\u00f3 de seducci\u00f3 i amena\u00e7a. En tercer lloc, la seva localitzaci\u00f3 a l&#8217;entrada del m\u00f3n inferior remet a la seva pertinen\u00e7a a l&#8217;entorn d&#8217;H\u00e8cate, la deessa dels encreuaments de camins i dels llindars.<\/p><p>Un escoli, \u00e9s a dir, un comentari <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"\u00c8poca de la cultura grega i romana, aproximadament del 800 a. C. al 600 d. C.\" tabindex=\"0\">antic<\/span> a aquest passatge d&#8217;Arist\u00f2fanes, afegeix que Empusa espantava els viatgers en llocs solitaris i que es podia fer fugir insultant-la, cosa que la feia fugir cridant.<\/p><p>Aquest detall \u00e9s significatiu: Empusa no apareix aqu\u00ed com un poder omnipotent, sin\u00f3 com un \u00e9sser que dep\u00e8n de la por i que perd el seu efecte davant la burla. La com\u00e8dia, doncs, utilitza una creen\u00e7a popular realment estesa i alhora la converteix en objecte de riure.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp3732fb6 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp3732fb6\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpe16d753 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cpe16d753\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Empusa, Lamia i el relat de Fil\u00f2strat<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpe5a86fe e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cpe5a86fe\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp00e1d27 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp00e1d27\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>En l&#8217;<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"\u00c8poca de la cultura grega i romana, aproximadament del 800 aC al 600 dC\" tabindex=\"0\">Antiguitat<\/span> tardana, els l\u00edmits entre Empusa, Lamia i les figures terror\u00edfiques anomenades <em>mormolykeia<\/em> es tornen difusos. Diversos autors les tracten com a \u00e9ssers emparentats o intercanviables, tots vinculats a l&#8217;esfera d&#8217;H\u00e8cate, i especialment perillosos per als joves.<\/p><p>L&#8217;elaboraci\u00f3 narrativa m\u00e9s detallada la trobem en Fil\u00f2strat, en la seva <em>Vida d&#8217;Apol\u00b7loni de T\u00edana<\/em> (llibre 4), escrita cap a l&#8217;any 220 de la nostra era. All\u00e0, el jove deixeble Menip s&#8217;enamora d&#8217;una dona bella i rica amb qui vol casar-se.<\/p><p>Apol\u00b7loni de T\u00edana descobreix el veritable rostre de l&#8217;aparici\u00f3 i, durant el banquet nupcial, la denuncia com una <em>empousa<\/em>, anomenada tamb\u00e9 <em>lamia<\/em> en altres passatges del text.<\/p><p>L&#8217;\u00e9sser confessa que volia engreixar el jove per alimentar-se de la seva sang i carn, ja que es nodreix de cossos joves i bells. Davant les paraules d&#8217;Apol\u00b7loni, els edificis i servents suposadament espl\u00e8ndids es desfan en el no res.<\/p><p><span data-nosnippet>Aquest episodi ha tingut una influ\u00e8ncia extraordin\u00e0ria posteriorment. John Keats el va reelaborar el 1820 en el seu poema <em>Lamia<\/em>, i a trav\u00e9s d&#8217;aquesta via va contribuir a configurar la imatge rom\u00e0ntica i moderna de la seductora bella i perillosa, que de vegades es llegeix com una figura primerenca de vampir.<\/span><\/p><p>Des del punt de vista de la ci\u00e8ncia de la religi\u00f3, cal subratllar que Fil\u00f2strat no ofereix aqu\u00ed un testimoni de creen\u00e7a popular, sin\u00f3 un relat pedag\u00f2gic liter\u00e0riament elaborat: serveix per demostrar la capacitat de percepci\u00f3 sobrehumana del savi Apol\u00b7loni. En aquest text, l&#8217;Empusa \u00e9s un mitj\u00e0, no una finalitat.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp9303adf e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp9303adf\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp4ea35c3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp4ea35c3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Etimologia i la controv\u00e8rsia sobre el significat del nom<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp4b86d37 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp4b86d37\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp8c435d0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp8c435d0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>L&#8217;origen del nom <em>Empousa<\/em> \u00e9s discutit des de l&#8217;<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"\u00c8poca de la cultura grega i romana, aproximadament del 800 aC al 600 dC\" tabindex=\"0\">Antiguitat<\/span> i encara avui no s&#8217;ha aclarit del tot. Ja els gram\u00e0tics <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"\u00c8poca de la cultura grega i romana, aproximadament del 800 aC al 600 dC\" tabindex=\"0\">antics<\/span> van oferir interpretacions que, tanmateix, seguien m\u00e9s el so de la paraula que la veritable hist\u00f2ria ling\u00fc\u00edstica.<\/p><p>Una explicaci\u00f3 <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"\u00c8poca de la cultura grega i romana, aproximadament del 800 aC al 600 dC\" tabindex=\"0\">antiga<\/span> molt estesa relacionava el nom amb el fet de coixejar d&#8217;un peu, \u00e9s a dir, amb el tret caracter\u00edstic d&#8217;una de les seves cames, de bronze o d&#8217;animal. Aquesta interpretaci\u00f3 segueix sent incerta.<\/p><p>Les propostes ling\u00fc\u00edstiques modernes parteixen en part d&#8217;una relaci\u00f3 amb mots que signifiquen peu o moviment, i en part hi veuen una formaci\u00f3 que expressaria l&#8217;acci\u00f3 d&#8217;introduir-se o penetrar. Cap d&#8217;aquestes explicacions s&#8217;ha imposat de manera general.<\/p><p>A m\u00e9s, cal tenir en compte que el nom potser no \u00e9s origin\u00e0riament grec, sin\u00f3 que podria provenir d&#8217;un substrat pregrec o estranger, com se sospita en el cas de nombrosos noms de figures menors de terror.<\/p><p>M\u00e9s revelador que l&#8217;arrel incerta \u00e9s l&#8217;\u00fas de la paraula. <em>Empousa<\/em> podia ser en grec tant un nom propi com una denominaci\u00f3 gen\u00e8rica; els textos <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"\u00c8poca de la cultura grega i romana, aproximadament del 800 aC al 600 dC\" tabindex=\"0\">antics<\/span> parlen de l&#8217;Empusa com d&#8217;una figura individual, per\u00f2 tamb\u00e9 en coneixen una pluralitat.<\/p><p>Aquesta mateixa doble naturalesa es manifesta en els mots emparentats <em>lamia<\/em> i <em>mormo<\/em>. D&#8217;aix\u00f2 es pot deduir que no es tracta tant d&#8217;un individu mitol\u00f2gic clarament definit com d&#8217;una categoria d&#8217;\u00e9ssers terror\u00edfics que vivia en l&#8217;educaci\u00f3 dom\u00e8stica i en la imaginaci\u00f3 popular.<\/p><p>Per aix\u00f2 la recerca situa l&#8217;Empusa entre les anomenades <em>bogey-figures<\/em>, figures de terror amb qu\u00e8 s&#8217;intimidava els infants i es feien inquietants els camins solitaris.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp6b0f885 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp6b0f885\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp7861cd5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp7861cd5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">L'Empusa com a espantall infantil i creen\u00e7a popular<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp4e7304b e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp4e7304b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp9847e8f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp9847e8f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>A difer\u00e8ncia dels grans d\u00e9us del pante\u00f3 grec, l&#8217;Empusa no era objecte d&#8217;un culte reglat amb temples, sacerdots o festes. Pertanyia a l&#8217;esfera de la creen\u00e7a dom\u00e8stica i quotidiana, que nom\u00e9s ha quedat reflectida en mencions ocasionals de fonts liter\u00e0ries.<\/p><p>Aquesta situaci\u00f3 de les fonts explica per qu\u00e8 el nostre coneixement continua essent incomplet: all\u00f2 que les mares i dides explicaven als seus fills sobre l&#8217;Empusa no es va registrar sistem\u00e0ticament.<\/p><p>Tot i aix\u00f2, a partir d&#8217;indicis dispersos es pot reconstruir una imatge. L&#8217;Empusa formava part d&#8217;un grup de figures agrupades sota el terme <em>mormolykeia<\/em>, amb les quals s&#8217;espantava els infants desobedients o inquiets.<\/p><p>Se l&#8217;inclo\u00efa en el seguici d&#8217;H\u00e8cate i es considerava activa en cru\u00eflles, llindars i llocs solitaris, precisament els espais que en la imaginaci\u00f3 grega es consideraven perillosos i permeables a l&#8217;esfera dels morts. La seva aparici\u00f3 tenia prefer\u00e8ncia per l&#8217;hora del migdia o la nit.<\/p><p>\u00c9s remarcable la feblesa que se li atribu\u00efa. Diverses fonts subratllen que l&#8217;Empusa fuig quan se l&#8217;insulta o se&#8217;n riuen.<\/p><p>Aquesta idea remet a una funci\u00f3 important d&#8217;aquest tipus de figures: feien la por manejable, ja que al mateix temps proporcionaven un remei. L&#8217;infant o el viatger no estava indefens davant l&#8217;Empusa, sin\u00f3 que podia trencar-ne el poder mitjan\u00e7ant un comportament determinat.<\/p><p>Des del punt de vista cient\u00edfic, l&#8217;Empusa pertany, doncs, a les figures menors de l&#8217;imaginari grec que responien a la necessitat de donar una forma tangible i combatible a pors difuses relacionades amb la foscor, la solitud i l&#8217;amena\u00e7a sexual. Funcions semblants les complien, en altres cultures, figures com la <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/?page_id=171350\">Lamia<\/a>.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-36dd7469 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"36dd7469\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-13760ab4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"13760ab4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Enlla\u00e7os relacionats<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-28c87796 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"28c87796\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5d6538df elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5d6538df\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Enlla\u00e7os interns recomanats:<\/p><ul><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/?page_id=171347\">Gr\u00e8cia<\/a> (p\u00e0gina cultural superior)<\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/?page_id=171352\">H\u00e8cate<\/a> (senyora de l&#8217;Empusa)<\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/?page_id=171350\">Lamia<\/a> (estructuralment emparentada)<\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/?page_id=171337\">Lil\u00fb i Lil\u012btu<\/a> (paral\u00b7lel mesopot\u00e0mic)<\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/?page_id=171498\">\u00c9ssers de la nit<\/a> i <a class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/?page_id=171640\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Estat de percepci\u00f3 en qu\u00e8 la consci\u00e8ncia es desperta per\u00f2 el cos encara est\u00e0 paralitzat per l'atonia REM; sovint associat amb al\u00b7lucinacions.\" style=\"color:inherit;text-decoration:none\">Par\u00e0lisi del son<\/a><\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-grl4kl40 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"grl4kl40\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bzsbfrmh elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"bzsbfrmh\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Fonts i bibliografia<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2c13224a e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"2c13224a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0eymh9ub elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"0eymh9ub\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<footer class=\"iwg-literatura\" data-nosnippet=\"true\"><p>Una selecci\u00f3 de treballs centrals sobre Empusa i les figures nocturnes de la tradici\u00f3 grega:<\/p><ul><li><span data-nosnippet>Graf, Fritz: <em>Magic in the Ancient World<\/em>. Cambridge, MA 1997.<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Greenfield, Richard P. H.: <em>Traditions of Belief in Late Byzantine Demonology<\/em>. Amsterdam 1988.<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Luck, Georg: <em>Arcana Mundi. Magic and the Occult in the Greek and Roman Worlds<\/em>. Baltimore 1985.<\/span><\/li><\/ul><\/footer>\n<p class=\"iwg-bib-more\"><span data-nosnippet>M\u00e9s obres de refer\u00e8ncia al <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/ca\/?page_id=171483\">Bibliografia<\/a>.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgca-empusa-sec e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgca-empusa-sec\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" id=\"iwg-ca-empusa\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgca-empusa-te iwg-ca-textwrap elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgca-empusa-te\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-nosnippet=\"true\"><p class=\"iwg-ca-bridge\">La pr\u00e0ctica de protecci\u00f3 descrita aqu\u00ed \u00e9s una interpretaci\u00f3 cient\u00edfica de tradicions hist\u00f2riques. iWell Guard s&#8217;inscriu en aquesta l\u00ednia cultural d&#8217;objectes de protecci\u00f3 portables i en representa una forma contempor\u00e0nia. <a href=\"\/ueber-iwell-guard\/?utm_source=iwell-guard.com&#038;utm_medium=text-link&#038;utm_campaign=schadwesen-tradition\">M\u00e9s sobre iWell Guard \u2192<\/a><\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgkw2-add-empusa e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgkw2-add-empusa\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgkw2-add-empusa-t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgkw2-add-empusa-t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>En les fonts antigues, Empusa apareix com un <em><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"\u00c9sser espiritual al qual s'atribueix un efecte nociu o ambivalent.\" tabindex=\"0\">dimoni<\/span><\/em> canviant de forma al servei d&#8217;H\u00e8cate, que assetja els vianants solitaris, especialment els homes joves, i que tant en les com\u00e8dies d&#8217;Arist\u00f2fanes com en l&#8217;obra de Fil\u00f2strat es descriu com un \u00e9sser terror\u00edfic sense forma definida.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":1662,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"elementor_header_footer","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_focuskw":"Empusa","_yoast_wpseo_title":"Empusa - Dimoni nocturn del seguici d'H\u00e8cate","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"Empusa \u00e9s una de les figures nocturnes m\u00e9s caracter\u00edstiques de la tradici\u00f3 grega: un \u00e9sser capa\u00e7 de 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